Document (#23078)

Author
Mineau, G.W.
Title
¬The engineering of a CG-based system : fundamental issues
Source
Conceptual structures: logical, linguistic, and computational issues. 8th International Conference on Conceptual Structures, ICCS 2000, Darmstadt, Germany, August 14-18, 2000. Ed.: B. Ganter et al
Imprint
Berlin : Springer
Year
2000
Pages
S.140-156
Series
Lecture notes in computer science; vol.1867: Lecture notes on artificial intelligence
Abstract
This paper presents some important issues that a knowledge engineer must consider when developing a conceptual graph (CG) based system, particularly in the context of a deductive data/knowledge base. These issues entail fundamental representation choices that must be made prior to the development of the system. Of course, inevitable consequences follow and delimit the scope of the system in terms of its representational and inferential capabilities. However, for industrial development, a less ambitious but realistic approach is often more suited to the kind of constraints usually imposed by the market place: feasibility, scalability, simplicity, interpretability, portability, partial knowledge, time to market, etc. This paper presents and discusses some of these issues and sets the stage for an in-depth discussion pertaining to the development of CG-based systems for industrial applications, particularly for applications where a CG system provides the conceptual level of knowledge organization functionalities required by an information system

Similar documents (content)

  1. Monireh, E.; Sarker, M.K.; Bianchi, F.; Hitzler, P.; Doran, D.; Xie, N.: Reasoning over RDF knowledge bases using deep learning (2018) 0.17
    0.16504194 = sum of:
      0.16504194 = product of:
        0.5894355 = sum of:
          0.12598425 = weight(abstract_txt:scalability in 553) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.12598425 = score(doc=553,freq=2.0), product of:
              0.18251133 = queryWeight, product of:
                7.809647 = idf(docFreq=48, maxDocs=44421)
                0.023369985 = queryNorm
              0.6902818 = fieldWeight in 553, product of:
                1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                  2.0 = termFreq=2.0
                7.809647 = idf(docFreq=48, maxDocs=44421)
                0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=553)
          0.21137647 = weight(abstract_txt:deductive in 553) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.21137647 = score(doc=553,freq=4.0), product of:
              0.20453773 = queryWeight, product of:
                1.0586241 = boost
                8.267481 = idf(docFreq=30, maxDocs=44421)
                0.023369985 = queryNorm
              1.0334351 = fieldWeight in 553, product of:
                2.0 = tf(freq=4.0), with freq of:
                  4.0 = termFreq=4.0
                8.267481 = idf(docFreq=30, maxDocs=44421)
                0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=553)
          0.018095434 = weight(abstract_txt:based in 553) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.018095434 = score(doc=553,freq=1.0), product of:
              0.090958245 = queryWeight, product of:
                1.2227474 = boost
                3.1830752 = idf(docFreq=5005, maxDocs=44421)
                0.023369985 = queryNorm
              0.1989422 = fieldWeight in 553, product of:
                1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                  1.0 = termFreq=1.0
                3.1830752 = idf(docFreq=5005, maxDocs=44421)
                0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=553)
          0.064724386 = weight(abstract_txt:fundamental in 553) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.064724386 = score(doc=553,freq=1.0), product of:
              0.18584217 = queryWeight, product of:
                1.4270599 = boost
                5.5724173 = idf(docFreq=458, maxDocs=44421)
                0.023369985 = queryNorm
              0.34827608 = fieldWeight in 553, product of:
                1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                  1.0 = termFreq=1.0
                5.5724173 = idf(docFreq=458, maxDocs=44421)
                0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=553)
          0.06673559 = weight(abstract_txt:knowledge in 553) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.06673559 = score(doc=553,freq=4.0), product of:
              0.15054303 = queryWeight, product of:
                1.8164164 = boost
                3.5463927 = idf(docFreq=3480, maxDocs=44421)
                0.023369985 = queryNorm
              0.44329908 = fieldWeight in 553, product of:
                2.0 = tf(freq=4.0), with freq of:
                  4.0 = termFreq=4.0
                3.5463927 = idf(docFreq=3480, maxDocs=44421)
                0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=553)
          0.05946467 = weight(abstract_txt:issues in 553) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.05946467 = score(doc=553,freq=1.0), product of:
              0.22128314 = queryWeight, product of:
                2.2022126 = boost
                4.299626 = idf(docFreq=1638, maxDocs=44421)
                0.023369985 = queryNorm
              0.26872662 = fieldWeight in 553, product of:
                1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                  1.0 = termFreq=1.0
                4.299626 = idf(docFreq=1638, maxDocs=44421)
                0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=553)
          0.043054685 = weight(abstract_txt:system in 553) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.043054685 = score(doc=553,freq=1.0), product of:
              0.20424575 = queryWeight, product of:
                2.5912375 = boost
                3.372775 = idf(docFreq=4140, maxDocs=44421)
                0.023369985 = queryNorm
              0.21079844 = fieldWeight in 553, product of:
                1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                  1.0 = termFreq=1.0
                3.372775 = idf(docFreq=4140, maxDocs=44421)
                0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=553)
        0.28 = coord(7/25)
    
  2. Martinsons, M.G.: Human resource management applications of knowledge based systems (1997) 0.16
    0.15788601 = sum of:
      0.15788601 = product of:
        0.5638786 = sum of:
          0.052009452 = weight(abstract_txt:presents in 350) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.052009452 = score(doc=350,freq=1.0), product of:
              0.11061019 = queryWeight, product of:
                1.1009501 = boost
                4.299016 = idf(docFreq=1639, maxDocs=44421)
                0.023369985 = queryNorm
              0.4702049 = fieldWeight in 350, product of:
                1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                  1.0 = termFreq=1.0
                4.299016 = idf(docFreq=1639, maxDocs=44421)
                0.109375 = fieldNorm(doc=350)
          0.09836299 = weight(abstract_txt:applications in 350) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.09836299 = score(doc=350,freq=2.0), product of:
              0.13426149 = queryWeight, product of:
                1.2129581 = boost
                4.7363873 = idf(docFreq=1058, maxDocs=44421)
                0.023369985 = queryNorm
              0.7326225 = fieldWeight in 350, product of:
                1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                  2.0 = termFreq=2.0
                4.7363873 = idf(docFreq=1058, maxDocs=44421)
                0.109375 = fieldNorm(doc=350)
          0.04478391 = weight(abstract_txt:based in 350) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.04478391 = score(doc=350,freq=2.0), product of:
              0.090958245 = queryWeight, product of:
                1.2227474 = boost
                3.1830752 = idf(docFreq=5005, maxDocs=44421)
                0.023369985 = queryNorm
              0.49235678 = fieldWeight in 350, product of:
                1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                  2.0 = termFreq=2.0
                3.1830752 = idf(docFreq=5005, maxDocs=44421)
                0.109375 = fieldNorm(doc=350)
          0.11326767 = weight(abstract_txt:fundamental in 350) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.11326767 = score(doc=350,freq=1.0), product of:
              0.18584217 = queryWeight, product of:
                1.4270599 = boost
                5.5724173 = idf(docFreq=458, maxDocs=44421)
                0.023369985 = queryNorm
              0.6094831 = fieldWeight in 350, product of:
                1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                  1.0 = termFreq=1.0
                5.5724173 = idf(docFreq=458, maxDocs=44421)
                0.109375 = fieldNorm(doc=350)
          0.078968115 = weight(abstract_txt:development in 350) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.078968115 = score(doc=350,freq=2.0), product of:
              0.13275836 = queryWeight, product of:
                1.4772251 = boost
                3.8455355 = idf(docFreq=2580, maxDocs=44421)
                0.023369985 = queryNorm
              0.5948259 = fieldWeight in 350, product of:
                1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                  2.0 = termFreq=2.0
                3.8455355 = idf(docFreq=2580, maxDocs=44421)
                0.109375 = fieldNorm(doc=350)
          0.10114075 = weight(abstract_txt:knowledge in 350) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.10114075 = score(doc=350,freq=3.0), product of:
              0.15054303 = queryWeight, product of:
                1.8164164 = boost
                3.5463927 = idf(docFreq=3480, maxDocs=44421)
                0.023369985 = queryNorm
              0.6718395 = fieldWeight in 350, product of:
                1.7320508 = tf(freq=3.0), with freq of:
                  3.0 = termFreq=3.0
                3.5463927 = idf(docFreq=3480, maxDocs=44421)
                0.109375 = fieldNorm(doc=350)
          0.075345695 = weight(abstract_txt:system in 350) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.075345695 = score(doc=350,freq=1.0), product of:
              0.20424575 = queryWeight, product of:
                2.5912375 = boost
                3.372775 = idf(docFreq=4140, maxDocs=44421)
                0.023369985 = queryNorm
              0.36889726 = fieldWeight in 350, product of:
                1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                  1.0 = termFreq=1.0
                3.372775 = idf(docFreq=4140, maxDocs=44421)
                0.109375 = fieldNorm(doc=350)
        0.28 = coord(7/25)
    
  3. Evens, M.W.: Natural language interface for an expert system (2002) 0.12
    0.11721559 = sum of:
      0.11721559 = product of:
        0.4186271 = sum of:
          0.12186957 = weight(abstract_txt:engineer in 706) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.12186957 = score(doc=706,freq=3.0), product of:
              0.21333335 = queryWeight, product of:
                1.0811462 = boost
                8.443371 = idf(docFreq=25, maxDocs=44421)
                0.023369985 = queryNorm
              0.57126355 = fieldWeight in 706, product of:
                1.7320508 = tf(freq=3.0), with freq of:
                  3.0 = termFreq=3.0
                8.443371 = idf(docFreq=25, maxDocs=44421)
                0.0390625 = fieldNorm(doc=706)
          0.011309646 = weight(abstract_txt:based in 706) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.011309646 = score(doc=706,freq=1.0), product of:
              0.090958245 = queryWeight, product of:
                1.2227474 = boost
                3.1830752 = idf(docFreq=5005, maxDocs=44421)
                0.023369985 = queryNorm
              0.12433887 = fieldWeight in 706, product of:
                1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                  1.0 = termFreq=1.0
                3.1830752 = idf(docFreq=5005, maxDocs=44421)
                0.0390625 = fieldNorm(doc=706)
          0.048394676 = weight(abstract_txt:particularly in 706) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.048394676 = score(doc=706,freq=2.0), product of:
              0.16622667 = queryWeight, product of:
                1.3496478 = boost
                5.2701364 = idf(docFreq=620, maxDocs=44421)
                0.023369985 = queryNorm
              0.29113665 = fieldWeight in 706, product of:
                1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                  2.0 = termFreq=2.0
                5.2701364 = idf(docFreq=620, maxDocs=44421)
                0.0390625 = fieldNorm(doc=706)
          0.04045274 = weight(abstract_txt:fundamental in 706) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.04045274 = score(doc=706,freq=1.0), product of:
              0.18584217 = queryWeight, product of:
                1.4270599 = boost
                5.5724173 = idf(docFreq=458, maxDocs=44421)
                0.023369985 = queryNorm
              0.21767256 = fieldWeight in 706, product of:
                1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                  1.0 = termFreq=1.0
                5.5724173 = idf(docFreq=458, maxDocs=44421)
                0.0390625 = fieldNorm(doc=706)
          0.036121696 = weight(abstract_txt:knowledge in 706) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.036121696 = score(doc=706,freq=3.0), product of:
              0.15054303 = queryWeight, product of:
                1.8164164 = boost
                3.5463927 = idf(docFreq=3480, maxDocs=44421)
                0.023369985 = queryNorm
              0.23994267 = fieldWeight in 706, product of:
                1.7320508 = tf(freq=3.0), with freq of:
                  3.0 = termFreq=3.0
                3.5463927 = idf(docFreq=3480, maxDocs=44421)
                0.0390625 = fieldNorm(doc=706)
          0.03716542 = weight(abstract_txt:issues in 706) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.03716542 = score(doc=706,freq=1.0), product of:
              0.22128314 = queryWeight, product of:
                2.2022126 = boost
                4.299626 = idf(docFreq=1638, maxDocs=44421)
                0.023369985 = queryNorm
              0.16795413 = fieldWeight in 706, product of:
                1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                  1.0 = termFreq=1.0
                4.299626 = idf(docFreq=1638, maxDocs=44421)
                0.0390625 = fieldNorm(doc=706)
          0.123313345 = weight(abstract_txt:system in 706) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.123313345 = score(doc=706,freq=21.0), product of:
              0.20424575 = queryWeight, product of:
                2.5912375 = boost
                3.372775 = idf(docFreq=4140, maxDocs=44421)
                0.023369985 = queryNorm
              0.6037499 = fieldWeight in 706, product of:
                4.582576 = tf(freq=21.0), with freq of:
                  21.0 = termFreq=21.0
                3.372775 = idf(docFreq=4140, maxDocs=44421)
                0.0390625 = fieldNorm(doc=706)
        0.28 = coord(7/25)
    
  4. Moulin, B.; Boulet, M.M.; Meyer, M.A.: Toward user-centre approaches for the design of knowledge-based systems (1992) 0.11
    0.10696202 = sum of:
      0.10696202 = product of:
        0.44567508 = sum of:
          0.037149604 = weight(abstract_txt:presents in 5811) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.037149604 = score(doc=5811,freq=1.0), product of:
              0.11061019 = queryWeight, product of:
                1.1009501 = boost
                4.299016 = idf(docFreq=1639, maxDocs=44421)
                0.023369985 = queryNorm
              0.3358606 = fieldWeight in 5811, product of:
                1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                  1.0 = termFreq=1.0
                4.299016 = idf(docFreq=1639, maxDocs=44421)
                0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=5811)
          0.039177764 = weight(abstract_txt:based in 5811) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.039177764 = score(doc=5811,freq=3.0), product of:
              0.090958245 = queryWeight, product of:
                1.2227474 = boost
                3.1830752 = idf(docFreq=5005, maxDocs=44421)
                0.023369985 = queryNorm
              0.4307225 = fieldWeight in 5811, product of:
                1.7320508 = tf(freq=3.0), with freq of:
                  3.0 = termFreq=3.0
                3.1830752 = idf(docFreq=5005, maxDocs=44421)
                0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=5811)
          0.07976985 = weight(abstract_txt:development in 5811) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.07976985 = score(doc=5811,freq=4.0), product of:
              0.13275836 = queryWeight, product of:
                1.4772251 = boost
                3.8455355 = idf(docFreq=2580, maxDocs=44421)
                0.023369985 = queryNorm
              0.60086495 = fieldWeight in 5811, product of:
                2.0 = tf(freq=4.0), with freq of:
                  4.0 = termFreq=4.0
                3.8455355 = idf(docFreq=2580, maxDocs=44421)
                0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=5811)
          0.08341949 = weight(abstract_txt:knowledge in 5811) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.08341949 = score(doc=5811,freq=4.0), product of:
              0.15054303 = queryWeight, product of:
                1.8164164 = boost
                3.5463927 = idf(docFreq=3480, maxDocs=44421)
                0.023369985 = queryNorm
              0.5541239 = fieldWeight in 5811, product of:
                2.0 = tf(freq=4.0), with freq of:
                  4.0 = termFreq=4.0
                3.5463927 = idf(docFreq=3480, maxDocs=44421)
                0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=5811)
          0.07433084 = weight(abstract_txt:issues in 5811) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.07433084 = score(doc=5811,freq=1.0), product of:
              0.22128314 = queryWeight, product of:
                2.2022126 = boost
                4.299626 = idf(docFreq=1638, maxDocs=44421)
                0.023369985 = queryNorm
              0.33590826 = fieldWeight in 5811, product of:
                1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                  1.0 = termFreq=1.0
                4.299626 = idf(docFreq=1638, maxDocs=44421)
                0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=5811)
          0.13182752 = weight(abstract_txt:system in 5811) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.13182752 = score(doc=5811,freq=6.0), product of:
              0.20424575 = queryWeight, product of:
                2.5912375 = boost
                3.372775 = idf(docFreq=4140, maxDocs=44421)
                0.023369985 = queryNorm
              0.6454358 = fieldWeight in 5811, product of:
                2.4494898 = tf(freq=6.0), with freq of:
                  6.0 = termFreq=6.0
                3.372775 = idf(docFreq=4140, maxDocs=44421)
                0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=5811)
        0.24 = coord(6/25)
    
  5. Ferrández, O.; Izquierdo, R.; Ferrández, S.; Vicedo González, J.L.: Addressing ontology-based question answering with collections of user queries (2009) 0.11
    0.106119595 = sum of:
      0.106119595 = product of:
        0.442165 = sum of:
          0.037149604 = weight(abstract_txt:presents in 212) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.037149604 = score(doc=212,freq=1.0), product of:
              0.11061019 = queryWeight, product of:
                1.1009501 = boost
                4.299016 = idf(docFreq=1639, maxDocs=44421)
                0.023369985 = queryNorm
              0.3358606 = fieldWeight in 212, product of:
                1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                  1.0 = termFreq=1.0
                4.299016 = idf(docFreq=1639, maxDocs=44421)
                0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=212)
          0.1739996 = weight(abstract_txt:portability in 212) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.1739996 = score(doc=212,freq=1.0), product of:
              0.24576186 = queryWeight, product of:
                1.1604123 = boost
                9.06241 = idf(docFreq=13, maxDocs=44421)
                0.023369985 = queryNorm
              0.7080008 = fieldWeight in 212, product of:
                1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                  1.0 = termFreq=1.0
                9.06241 = idf(docFreq=13, maxDocs=44421)
                0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=212)
          0.049680814 = weight(abstract_txt:applications in 212) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.049680814 = score(doc=212,freq=1.0), product of:
              0.13426149 = queryWeight, product of:
                1.2129581 = boost
                4.7363873 = idf(docFreq=1058, maxDocs=44421)
                0.023369985 = queryNorm
              0.37003025 = fieldWeight in 212, product of:
                1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                  1.0 = termFreq=1.0
                4.7363873 = idf(docFreq=1058, maxDocs=44421)
                0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=212)
          0.03198851 = weight(abstract_txt:based in 212) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.03198851 = score(doc=212,freq=2.0), product of:
              0.090958245 = queryWeight, product of:
                1.2227474 = boost
                3.1830752 = idf(docFreq=5005, maxDocs=44421)
                0.023369985 = queryNorm
              0.35168344 = fieldWeight in 212, product of:
                1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                  2.0 = termFreq=2.0
                3.1830752 = idf(docFreq=5005, maxDocs=44421)
                0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=212)
          0.041709743 = weight(abstract_txt:knowledge in 212) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.041709743 = score(doc=212,freq=1.0), product of:
              0.15054303 = queryWeight, product of:
                1.8164164 = boost
                3.5463927 = idf(docFreq=3480, maxDocs=44421)
                0.023369985 = queryNorm
              0.27706194 = fieldWeight in 212, product of:
                1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                  1.0 = termFreq=1.0
                3.5463927 = idf(docFreq=3480, maxDocs=44421)
                0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=212)
          0.10763672 = weight(abstract_txt:system in 212) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.10763672 = score(doc=212,freq=4.0), product of:
              0.20424575 = queryWeight, product of:
                2.5912375 = boost
                3.372775 = idf(docFreq=4140, maxDocs=44421)
                0.023369985 = queryNorm
              0.52699614 = fieldWeight in 212, product of:
                2.0 = tf(freq=4.0), with freq of:
                  4.0 = termFreq=4.0
                3.372775 = idf(docFreq=4140, maxDocs=44421)
                0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=212)
        0.24 = coord(6/25)