Document (#44020)

Author

Aspray, W.
Aspray, P.

Title

Does technology really outpace policy, and does it matter? : a primer for technical experts and others

Source

Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology. 74(2023) no.8, S.885-904

Year

2023

Abstract

This paper reconsiders the outpacing argument, the belief that changes in law and other means of regulation cannot keep pace with recent changes in technology. We focus on information and communication technologies (ICTs) in and of themselves as well as applied in computer science, telecommunications, health, finance, and other applications, but our argument applies also in rapidly developing technological fields such as environmental science, materials science, and genetic engineering. First, we discuss why the outpacing argument is so closely associated with information and computing technologies. We then outline 12 arguments that support the outpacing argument, by pointing to some particular weaknesses of policy making, using the United States as the primary example. Then arguing in the opposite direction, we present 4 brief and 3 more extended criticisms of the outpacing thesis. The paper's final section responds to calls within the technical community for greater engagement of policy and ethical concerns and reviews the paper's major arguments. While the paper focuses on ICTs and policy making in the United States, our critique of the outpacing argument and our exploration of its complex character are of utility to actors in other political contexts and in other technical fields.

Content

Vgl.: https://asistdl.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/asi.24762.

Similar documents (content)

1. Rubel, A.; Biava, R.: ¬A framework for analyzing and comparing privacy states (2014) 0.21

   0.20802344 = sum of:
     0.20802344 = product of:
       0.74294084 = sum of:
         0.095649324 = weight(abstract_txt:finance in 2340) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.095649324 = score(doc=2340,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.15029383 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.0289041 = boost
               8.146119 = idf(docFreq=34, maxDocs=44421)
               0.017931452 = queryNorm
             0.63641554 = fieldWeight in 2340, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               8.146119 = idf(docFreq=34, maxDocs=44421)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=2340)
         0.034683265 = weight(abstract_txt:then in 2340) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.034683265 = score(doc=2340,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.09628896 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.1646825 = boost
               4.6105576 = idf(docFreq=1200, maxDocs=44421)
               0.017931452 = queryNorm
             0.3601998 = fieldWeight in 2340, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               4.6105576 = idf(docFreq=1200, maxDocs=44421)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=2340)
         0.030306168 = weight(abstract_txt:science in 2340) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.030306168 = score(doc=2340,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.100742854 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.4590564 = boost
               3.850585 = idf(docFreq=2567, maxDocs=44421)
               0.017931452 = queryNorm
             0.30082697 = fieldWeight in 2340, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               3.850585 = idf(docFreq=2567, maxDocs=44421)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=2340)
         0.06890783 = weight(abstract_txt:states in 2340) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.06890783 = score(doc=2340,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.1521746 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.4641664 = boost
               5.796106 = idf(docFreq=366, maxDocs=44421)
               0.017931452 = queryNorm
             0.45282078 = fieldWeight in 2340, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               5.796106 = idf(docFreq=366, maxDocs=44421)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=2340)
         0.0777858 = weight(abstract_txt:united in 2340) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.0777858 = score(doc=2340,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.16497952 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.5245242 = boost
               6.035041 = idf(docFreq=288, maxDocs=44421)
               0.017931452 = queryNorm
             0.47148758 = fieldWeight in 2340, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               6.035041 = idf(docFreq=288, maxDocs=44421)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=2340)
         0.17673792 = weight(abstract_txt:policy in 2340) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.17673792 = score(doc=2340,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.28513443 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.834387 = boost
               5.6101575 = idf(docFreq=441, maxDocs=44421)
               0.017931452 = queryNorm
             0.6198407 = fieldWeight in 2340, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               5.6101575 = idf(docFreq=441, maxDocs=44421)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=2340)
         0.25887054 = weight(abstract_txt:argument in 2340) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.25887054 = score(doc=2340,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.49911228 = queryWeight, product of:
               4.1926484 = boost
               6.6388726 = idf(docFreq=157, maxDocs=44421)
               0.017931452 = queryNorm
             0.5186619 = fieldWeight in 2340, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               6.6388726 = idf(docFreq=157, maxDocs=44421)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=2340)
       0.28 = coord(7/25)
   

2. Nissan, E.; Shimony, S.E.: TAMBALACOQUE: for a formal account of the gist of a scholarly argument (1996) 0.13

   0.12847959 = sum of:
     0.12847959 = product of:
       0.8029974 = sum of:
         0.060398348 = weight(abstract_txt:does in 5431) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.060398348 = score(doc=5431,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.123421945 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.3186074 = boost
               5.2198906 = idf(docFreq=652, maxDocs=44421)
               0.017931452 = queryNorm
             0.48936474 = fieldWeight in 5431, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               5.2198906 = idf(docFreq=652, maxDocs=44421)
               0.09375 = fieldNorm(doc=5431)
         0.036367398 = weight(abstract_txt:science in 5431) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.036367398 = score(doc=5431,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.100742854 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.4590564 = boost
               3.850585 = idf(docFreq=2567, maxDocs=44421)
               0.017931452 = queryNorm
             0.36099234 = fieldWeight in 5431, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               3.850585 = idf(docFreq=2567, maxDocs=44421)
               0.09375 = fieldNorm(doc=5431)
         0.26691377 = weight(abstract_txt:paper's in 5431) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.26691377 = score(doc=5431,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.3323709 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.1638684 = boost
               8.565973 = idf(docFreq=22, maxDocs=44421)
               0.017931452 = queryNorm
             0.80306 = fieldWeight in 5431, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               8.565973 = idf(docFreq=22, maxDocs=44421)
               0.09375 = fieldNorm(doc=5431)
         0.43931788 = weight(abstract_txt:argument in 5431) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.43931788 = score(doc=5431,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.49911228 = queryWeight, product of:
               4.1926484 = boost
               6.6388726 = idf(docFreq=157, maxDocs=44421)
               0.017931452 = queryNorm
             0.8801985 = fieldWeight in 5431, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               6.6388726 = idf(docFreq=157, maxDocs=44421)
               0.09375 = fieldNorm(doc=5431)
       0.16 = coord(4/25)
   

3. Holland, G.A.: Associating social constructionism and extended cognition in information studies (2006) 0.10

   0.0984798 = sum of:
     0.0984798 = product of:
       0.492399 = sum of:
         0.024278285 = weight(abstract_txt:then in 589) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.024278285 = score(doc=589,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.09628896 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.1646825 = boost
               4.6105576 = idf(docFreq=1200, maxDocs=44421)
               0.017931452 = queryNorm
             0.25213987 = fieldWeight in 589, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               4.6105576 = idf(docFreq=1200, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=589)
         0.0561278 = weight(abstract_txt:science in 589) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.0561278 = score(doc=589,freq=7.0), product of:
             0.100742854 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.4590564 = boost
               3.850585 = idf(docFreq=2567, maxDocs=44421)
               0.017931452 = queryNorm
             0.5571393 = fieldWeight in 589, product of:
               2.6457512 = tf(freq=7.0), with freq of:
                 7.0 = termFreq=7.0
               3.850585 = idf(docFreq=2567, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=589)
         0.10925652 = weight(abstract_txt:arguments in 589) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.10925652 = score(doc=589,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.20831445 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.7130854 = boost
               6.7814865 = idf(docFreq=136, maxDocs=44421)
               0.017931452 = queryNorm
             0.52447885 = fieldWeight in 589, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               6.7814865 = idf(docFreq=136, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=589)
         0.04646767 = weight(abstract_txt:technical in 589) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.04646767 = score(doc=589,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.16991387 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.8948698 = boost
               5.0007367 = idf(docFreq=812, maxDocs=44421)
               0.017931452 = queryNorm
             0.2734778 = fieldWeight in 589, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               5.0007367 = idf(docFreq=812, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=589)
         0.25626874 = weight(abstract_txt:argument in 589) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.25626874 = score(doc=589,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.49911228 = queryWeight, product of:
               4.1926484 = boost
               6.6388726 = idf(docFreq=157, maxDocs=44421)
               0.017931452 = queryNorm
             0.5134491 = fieldWeight in 589, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               6.6388726 = idf(docFreq=157, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=589)
       0.2 = coord(5/25)
   

4. Suh, M.M.; Hsieh, G.: ¬The "Had Mores" : Exploring korean immigrants' information behavior and ICT usage when settling in the United States (2019) 0.10

   0.09579022 = sum of:
     0.09579022 = product of:
       0.4789511 = sum of:
         0.034814704 = weight(abstract_txt:technologies in 673) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.034814704 = score(doc=673,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.11201555 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.2561991 = boost
               4.972839 = idf(docFreq=835, maxDocs=44421)
               0.017931452 = queryNorm
             0.31080243 = fieldWeight in 673, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               4.972839 = idf(docFreq=835, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=673)
         0.03556149 = weight(abstract_txt:changes in 673) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.03556149 = score(doc=673,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.11361173 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.2651176 = boost
               5.008144 = idf(docFreq=806, maxDocs=44421)
               0.017931452 = queryNorm
             0.313009 = fieldWeight in 673, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               5.008144 = idf(docFreq=806, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=673)
         0.055126257 = weight(abstract_txt:states in 673) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.055126257 = score(doc=673,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.1521746 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.4641664 = boost
               5.796106 = idf(docFreq=366, maxDocs=44421)
               0.017931452 = queryNorm
             0.36225662 = fieldWeight in 673, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               5.796106 = idf(docFreq=366, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=673)
         0.06222863 = weight(abstract_txt:united in 673) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.06222863 = score(doc=673,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.16497952 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.5245242 = boost
               6.035041 = idf(docFreq=288, maxDocs=44421)
               0.017931452 = queryNorm
             0.37719005 = fieldWeight in 673, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               6.035041 = idf(docFreq=288, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=673)
         0.29122 = weight(abstract_txt:icts in 673) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.29122 = score(doc=673,freq=3.0), product of:
             0.3200444 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.123364 = boost
               8.405631 = idf(docFreq=26, maxDocs=44421)
               0.017931452 = queryNorm
             0.90993625 = fieldWeight in 673, product of:
               1.7320508 = tf(freq=3.0), with freq of:
                 3.0 = termFreq=3.0
               8.405631 = idf(docFreq=26, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=673)
       0.2 = coord(5/25)
   

5. Warner, J.: What should we understand by information technology (and some hints at other issues)? (2000) 0.09

   0.09035063 = sum of:
     0.09035063 = product of:
       0.37646097 = sum of:
         0.044438932 = weight(abstract_txt:technology in 840) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.044438932 = score(doc=840,freq=4.0), product of:
             0.08303457 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.0815555 = boost
               4.2814875 = idf(docFreq=1668, maxDocs=44421)
               0.017931452 = queryNorm
             0.53518593 = fieldWeight in 840, product of:
               2.0 = tf(freq=4.0), with freq of:
                 4.0 = termFreq=4.0
               4.2814875 = idf(docFreq=1668, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=840)
         0.06962941 = weight(abstract_txt:technologies in 840) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.06962941 = score(doc=840,freq=4.0), product of:
             0.11201555 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.2561991 = boost
               4.972839 = idf(docFreq=835, maxDocs=44421)
               0.017931452 = queryNorm
             0.62160486 = fieldWeight in 840, product of:
               2.0 = tf(freq=4.0), with freq of:
                 4.0 = termFreq=4.0
               4.972839 = idf(docFreq=835, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=840)
         0.024244932 = weight(abstract_txt:science in 840) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.024244932 = score(doc=840,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.100742854 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.4590564 = boost
               3.850585 = idf(docFreq=2567, maxDocs=44421)
               0.017931452 = queryNorm
             0.24066156 = fieldWeight in 840, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               3.850585 = idf(docFreq=2567, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=840)
         0.09548148 = weight(abstract_txt:states in 840) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.09548148 = score(doc=840,freq=3.0), product of:
             0.1521746 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.4641664 = boost
               5.796106 = idf(docFreq=366, maxDocs=44421)
               0.017931452 = queryNorm
             0.62744683 = fieldWeight in 840, product of:
               1.7320508 = tf(freq=3.0), with freq of:
                 3.0 = termFreq=3.0
               5.796106 = idf(docFreq=366, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=840)
         0.10778315 = weight(abstract_txt:united in 840) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.10778315 = score(doc=840,freq=3.0), product of:
             0.16497952 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.5245242 = boost
               6.035041 = idf(docFreq=288, maxDocs=44421)
               0.017931452 = queryNorm
             0.6533123 = fieldWeight in 840, product of:
               1.7320508 = tf(freq=3.0), with freq of:
                 3.0 = termFreq=3.0
               6.035041 = idf(docFreq=288, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=840)
         0.03488309 = weight(abstract_txt:other in 840) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.03488309 = score(doc=840,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.112162195 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.7776963 = boost
               3.5186288 = idf(docFreq=3578, maxDocs=44421)
               0.017931452 = queryNorm
             0.31100577 = fieldWeight in 840, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               3.5186288 = idf(docFreq=3578, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=840)
       0.24 = coord(6/25)