Document (#31841)

Author

Warner, J.

Title

What should we understand by information technology (and some hints at other issues)?

Source

Aslib proceedings. 52(2000) no.9, S.350-370

Year

2000

Abstract

Information science has been convincingly characterised as a response to developments in information and communications technologies and as part of the gestalt of the computer. Despite this, it has had a limited understanding of information technology and has repressed or disguised its origins. Its understanding of itself and its potential for contribution to other discourses has thereby been restricted. The paper develops an understanding of information technology. The idea that the computer as a machine is concerned with the transformation of information, not material or energy, is extended to other information technologies. Technology is regarded as a radical human construction, in a position derived from Marx and mediated by economics. On these bases, an understanding of information technology as a form of knowledge concerned with the transformation of signals from one form or medium into another is proposed. Invention, innovation, and diffusion are distinguished as stages in the development of technologies. For modern information technologies, the history of copyright can provide indicators for innovation and diffusion. The mid- to late 19th century, in the United States and between the United States and Europe, is identified as the critical period for diffusion. An explanation for this is proposed in terms of the dynamism of the period, its hospitality to innovation, and in the United States continental expansion and developing links with Europe.

Similar documents (author)

1. Warner, J.: Retrieval performance tests in relation to online bibliographic searching (1992) 4.99

   4.9924345 = sum of:
     4.9924345 = weight(author_txt:warner in 4521) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
       4.9924345 = fieldWeight in 4521, product of:
         1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
           1.0 = termFreq=1.0
         7.9878955 = idf(docFreq=40, maxDocs=44421)
         0.625 = fieldNorm(doc=4521)
   

2. Warner, A.J.: ¬A linguistic approach to the automated hierarchical organization of phrases (1990) 4.99

   4.9924345 = sum of:
     4.9924345 = weight(author_txt:warner in 4901) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
       4.9924345 = fieldWeight in 4901, product of:
         1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
           1.0 = termFreq=1.0
         7.9878955 = idf(docFreq=40, maxDocs=44421)
         0.625 = fieldNorm(doc=4901)
   

3. Warner, J.: Semiotics, information science, documents, and computers (1990) 4.99

   4.9924345 = sum of:
     4.9924345 = weight(author_txt:warner in 5331) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
       4.9924345 = fieldWeight in 5331, product of:
         1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
           1.0 = termFreq=1.0
         7.9878955 = idf(docFreq=40, maxDocs=44421)
         0.625 = fieldNorm(doc=5331)
   

4. Warner, J.: Semiotics, information science, documents, and computers (1994) 4.99

   4.9924345 = sum of:
     4.9924345 = weight(author_txt:warner in 7651) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
       4.9924345 = fieldWeight in 7651, product of:
         1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
           1.0 = termFreq=1.0
         7.9878955 = idf(docFreq=40, maxDocs=44421)
         0.625 = fieldNorm(doc=7651)
   

5. Warner, A.J.: Quantitative and qualitative assessments of the impact of linguistic theory on information science (1991) 4.99

   4.9924345 = sum of:
     4.9924345 = weight(author_txt:warner in 28) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
       4.9924345 = fieldWeight in 28, product of:
         1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
           1.0 = termFreq=1.0
         7.9878955 = idf(docFreq=40, maxDocs=44421)
         0.625 = fieldNorm(doc=28)
   

Similar documents (content)

1. Heide, L.: Punched-card systems and the early information explosion, 1880-1945 (2009) 0.22

   0.2193485 = sum of:
     0.2193485 = product of:
       0.6854641 = sum of:
         0.110267706 = weight(abstract_txt:invention in 332) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.110267706 = score(doc=332,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.16808026 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.0299742 = boost
               8.482592 = idf(docFreq=24, maxDocs=44421)
               0.019238083 = queryNorm
             0.656042 = fieldWeight in 332, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               8.482592 = idf(docFreq=24, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=332)
         0.02056213 = weight(abstract_txt:computer in 332) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.02056213 = score(doc=332,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.087086305 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.0484747 = boost
               4.317478 = idf(docFreq=1609, maxDocs=44421)
               0.019238083 = queryNorm
             0.23611209 = fieldWeight in 332, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               4.317478 = idf(docFreq=1609, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=332)
         0.0697293 = weight(abstract_txt:europe in 332) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.0697293 = score(doc=332,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.19656883 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.5752168 = boost
               6.4865317 = idf(docFreq=183, maxDocs=44421)
               0.019238083 = queryNorm
             0.35473222 = fieldWeight in 332, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               6.4865317 = idf(docFreq=183, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=332)
         0.14924777 = weight(abstract_txt:states in 332) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.14924777 = score(doc=332,freq=4.0), product of:
             0.23542547 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.1113262 = boost
               5.796106 = idf(docFreq=366, maxDocs=44421)
               0.019238083 = queryNorm
             0.6339491 = fieldWeight in 332, product of:
               2.0 = tf(freq=4.0), with freq of:
                 4.0 = termFreq=4.0
               5.796106 = idf(docFreq=366, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=332)
         0.16847657 = weight(abstract_txt:united in 332) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.16847657 = score(doc=332,freq=4.0), product of:
             0.25523558 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.198362 = boost
               6.035041 = idf(docFreq=288, maxDocs=44421)
               0.019238083 = queryNorm
             0.6600826 = fieldWeight in 332, product of:
               2.0 = tf(freq=4.0), with freq of:
                 4.0 = termFreq=4.0
               6.035041 = idf(docFreq=288, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=332)
         0.08886603 = weight(abstract_txt:technologies in 332) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.08886603 = score(doc=332,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.2310619 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.4152505 = boost
               4.972839 = idf(docFreq=835, maxDocs=44421)
               0.019238083 = queryNorm
             0.38459837 = fieldWeight in 332, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               4.972839 = idf(docFreq=835, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=332)
         0.050130457 = weight(abstract_txt:technology in 332) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.050130457 = score(doc=332,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.2141011 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.5993361 = boost
               4.2814875 = idf(docFreq=1668, maxDocs=44421)
               0.019238083 = queryNorm
             0.23414385 = fieldWeight in 332, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               4.2814875 = idf(docFreq=1668, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=332)
         0.028184107 = weight(abstract_txt:information in 332) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.028184107 = score(doc=332,freq=3.0), product of:
             0.12300925 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.643371 = boost
               2.4188995 = idf(docFreq=10748, maxDocs=44421)
               0.019238083 = queryNorm
             0.22912185 = fieldWeight in 332, product of:
               1.7320508 = tf(freq=3.0), with freq of:
                 3.0 = termFreq=3.0
               2.4188995 = idf(docFreq=10748, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=332)
       0.32 = coord(8/25)
   

2. Pinfield, S.; Salter, J.; Bath, P.A.; Hubbard, B.; Millington, P.; Anders, J.H.S.; Hussain, A.: Open-access repositories worldwide, 2005-2012 : past growth, current characteristics, and future possibilities (2014) 0.19

   0.19430548 = sum of:
     0.19430548 = product of:
       0.69394815 = sum of:
         0.019080125 = weight(abstract_txt:other in 2542) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.019080125 = score(doc=2542,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.08676164 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.281718 = boost
               3.5186288 = idf(docFreq=3578, maxDocs=44421)
               0.019238083 = queryNorm
             0.2199143 = fieldWeight in 2542, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               3.5186288 = idf(docFreq=3578, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=2542)
         0.05225579 = weight(abstract_txt:period in 2542) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.05225579 = score(doc=2542,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.14836545 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.3685144 = boost
               5.6353593 = idf(docFreq=430, maxDocs=44421)
               0.019238083 = queryNorm
             0.35220996 = fieldWeight in 2542, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               5.6353593 = idf(docFreq=430, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=2542)
         0.11269955 = weight(abstract_txt:europe in 2542) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.11269955 = score(doc=2542,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.19656883 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.5752168 = boost
               6.4865317 = idf(docFreq=183, maxDocs=44421)
               0.019238083 = queryNorm
             0.5733338 = fieldWeight in 2542, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               6.4865317 = idf(docFreq=183, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=2542)
         0.085284434 = weight(abstract_txt:states in 2542) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.085284434 = score(doc=2542,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.23542547 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.1113262 = boost
               5.796106 = idf(docFreq=366, maxDocs=44421)
               0.019238083 = queryNorm
             0.36225662 = fieldWeight in 2542, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               5.796106 = idf(docFreq=366, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=2542)
         0.13614963 = weight(abstract_txt:united in 2542) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.13614963 = score(doc=2542,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.25523558 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.198362 = boost
               6.035041 = idf(docFreq=288, maxDocs=44421)
               0.019238083 = queryNorm
             0.5334273 = fieldWeight in 2542, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               6.035041 = idf(docFreq=288, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=2542)
         0.12014117 = weight(abstract_txt:innovation in 2542) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.12014117 = score(doc=2542,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.29584768 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.3668063 = boost
               6.497461 = idf(docFreq=181, maxDocs=44421)
               0.019238083 = queryNorm
             0.4060913 = fieldWeight in 2542, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               6.497461 = idf(docFreq=181, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=2542)
         0.16833746 = weight(abstract_txt:diffusion in 2542) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.16833746 = score(doc=2542,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.37044817 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.6484535 = boost
               7.270651 = idf(docFreq=83, maxDocs=44421)
               0.019238083 = queryNorm
             0.45441568 = fieldWeight in 2542, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               7.270651 = idf(docFreq=83, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=2542)
       0.28 = coord(7/25)
   

3. Vishwanath, A.; Chen, H.: Technology clusters : using multidimensional scaling to evaluate and structure technology clusters (2006) 0.16

   0.16352922 = sum of:
     0.16352922 = product of:
       0.68137175 = sum of:
         0.02313052 = weight(abstract_txt:form in 6) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.02313052 = score(doc=6,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.08617212 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.042957 = boost
               4.294757 = idf(docFreq=1646, maxDocs=44421)
               0.019238083 = queryNorm
             0.2684223 = fieldWeight in 6, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               4.294757 = idf(docFreq=1646, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=6)
         0.019080125 = weight(abstract_txt:other in 6) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.019080125 = score(doc=6,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.08676164 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.281718 = boost
               3.5186288 = idf(docFreq=3578, maxDocs=44421)
               0.019238083 = queryNorm
             0.2199143 = fieldWeight in 6, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               3.5186288 = idf(docFreq=3578, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=6)
         0.16990528 = weight(abstract_txt:innovation in 6) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.16990528 = score(doc=6,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.29584768 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.3668063 = boost
               6.497461 = idf(docFreq=181, maxDocs=44421)
               0.019238083 = queryNorm
             0.5742998 = fieldWeight in 6, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               6.497461 = idf(docFreq=181, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=6)
         0.16058233 = weight(abstract_txt:technologies in 6) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.16058233 = score(doc=6,freq=5.0), product of:
             0.2310619 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.4152505 = boost
               4.972839 = idf(docFreq=835, maxDocs=44421)
               0.019238083 = queryNorm
             0.6949754 = fieldWeight in 6, product of:
               2.236068 = tf(freq=5.0), with freq of:
                 5.0 = termFreq=5.0
               4.972839 = idf(docFreq=835, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=6)
         0.14033605 = weight(abstract_txt:technology in 6) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.14033605 = score(doc=6,freq=6.0), product of:
             0.2141011 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.5993361 = boost
               4.2814875 = idf(docFreq=1668, maxDocs=44421)
               0.019238083 = queryNorm
             0.65546626 = fieldWeight in 6, product of:
               2.4494898 = tf(freq=6.0), with freq of:
                 6.0 = termFreq=6.0
               4.2814875 = idf(docFreq=1668, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=6)
         0.16833746 = weight(abstract_txt:diffusion in 6) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.16833746 = score(doc=6,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.37044817 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.6484535 = boost
               7.270651 = idf(docFreq=83, maxDocs=44421)
               0.019238083 = queryNorm
             0.45441568 = fieldWeight in 6, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               7.270651 = idf(docFreq=83, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=6)
       0.24 = coord(6/25)
   

4. Zhai, Y.; Ding, Y.; Zhang, H.: Innovation adoption : broadcasting versus virality (2021) 0.16

   0.15836272 = sum of:
     0.15836272 = product of:
       0.989767 = sum of:
         0.06531974 = weight(abstract_txt:period in 1163) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.06531974 = score(doc=1163,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.14836545 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.3685144 = boost
               5.6353593 = idf(docFreq=430, maxDocs=44421)
               0.019238083 = queryNorm
             0.44026244 = fieldWeight in 1163, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               5.6353593 = idf(docFreq=430, maxDocs=44421)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=1163)
         0.06737053 = weight(abstract_txt:understanding in 1163) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.06737053 = score(doc=1163,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.19082113 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.1948822 = boost
               4.5191154 = idf(docFreq=1315, maxDocs=44421)
               0.019238083 = queryNorm
             0.3530559 = fieldWeight in 1163, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               4.5191154 = idf(docFreq=1315, maxDocs=44421)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=1163)
         0.30035293 = weight(abstract_txt:innovation in 1163) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.30035293 = score(doc=1163,freq=4.0), product of:
             0.29584768 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.3668063 = boost
               6.497461 = idf(docFreq=181, maxDocs=44421)
               0.019238083 = queryNorm
             1.0152283 = fieldWeight in 1163, product of:
               2.0 = tf(freq=4.0), with freq of:
                 4.0 = termFreq=4.0
               6.497461 = idf(docFreq=181, maxDocs=44421)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=1163)
         0.55672383 = weight(abstract_txt:diffusion in 1163) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.55672383 = score(doc=1163,freq=7.0), product of:
             0.37044817 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.6484535 = boost
               7.270651 = idf(docFreq=83, maxDocs=44421)
               0.019238083 = queryNorm
             1.5028386 = fieldWeight in 1163, product of:
               2.6457512 = tf(freq=7.0), with freq of:
                 7.0 = termFreq=7.0
               7.270651 = idf(docFreq=83, maxDocs=44421)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=1163)
       0.16 = coord(4/25)
   

5. Aspray, W.; Aspray, P.: Does technology really outpace policy, and does it matter? : a primer for technical experts and others (2023) 0.14

   0.14100036 = sum of:
     0.14100036 = product of:
       0.5035727 = sum of:
         0.023499576 = weight(abstract_txt:computer in 2019) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.023499576 = score(doc=2019,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.087086305 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.0484747 = boost
               4.317478 = idf(docFreq=1609, maxDocs=44421)
               0.019238083 = queryNorm
             0.2698424 = fieldWeight in 2019, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               4.317478 = idf(docFreq=1609, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=2019)
         0.03816025 = weight(abstract_txt:other in 2019) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.03816025 = score(doc=2019,freq=4.0), product of:
             0.08676164 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.281718 = boost
               3.5186288 = idf(docFreq=3578, maxDocs=44421)
               0.019238083 = queryNorm
             0.4398286 = fieldWeight in 2019, product of:
               2.0 = tf(freq=4.0), with freq of:
                 4.0 = termFreq=4.0
               3.5186288 = idf(docFreq=3578, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=2019)
         0.12061041 = weight(abstract_txt:states in 2019) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.12061041 = score(doc=2019,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.23542547 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.1113262 = boost
               5.796106 = idf(docFreq=366, maxDocs=44421)
               0.019238083 = queryNorm
             0.51230824 = fieldWeight in 2019, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               5.796106 = idf(docFreq=366, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=2019)
         0.13614963 = weight(abstract_txt:united in 2019) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.13614963 = score(doc=2019,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.25523558 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.198362 = boost
               6.035041 = idf(docFreq=288, maxDocs=44421)
               0.019238083 = queryNorm
             0.5334273 = fieldWeight in 2019, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               6.035041 = idf(docFreq=288, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=2019)
         0.10156118 = weight(abstract_txt:technologies in 2019) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.10156118 = score(doc=2019,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.2310619 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.4152505 = boost
               4.972839 = idf(docFreq=835, maxDocs=44421)
               0.019238083 = queryNorm
             0.439541 = fieldWeight in 2019, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               4.972839 = idf(docFreq=835, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=2019)
         0.05729195 = weight(abstract_txt:technology in 2019) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.05729195 = score(doc=2019,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.2141011 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.5993361 = boost
               4.2814875 = idf(docFreq=1668, maxDocs=44421)
               0.019238083 = queryNorm
             0.26759297 = fieldWeight in 2019, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               4.2814875 = idf(docFreq=1668, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=2019)
         0.026299689 = weight(abstract_txt:information in 2019) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.026299689 = score(doc=2019,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.12300925 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.643371 = boost
               2.4188995 = idf(docFreq=10748, maxDocs=44421)
               0.019238083 = queryNorm
             0.21380253 = fieldWeight in 2019, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               2.4188995 = idf(docFreq=10748, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=2019)
       0.28 = coord(7/25)