Document (#43875)

Author

Lund, B.D.

Title

¬A brief review of ChatGPT : its value and the underlying GPT technology

Source

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/366809571_A_Brief_Review_of_ChatGPT_Its_Value_and_the_Underlying_GPT_Technology

Year

2023

Abstract

In this review paper, ChatGPT, a public tool developed by OpenAI that utilizes GPT technology to fulfill a range of text-based requests is examined. ChatGPT is a sophisticated chatbot capable of understanding and interpreting user requests, generating appropriate responses in nearly natural human language, and completing advanced tasks such as writing thank you letters and addressing productivity issues. The details of how ChatGPT works, as well as the potential impacts of this technology on various industries, are discussed. The concept of Generative Pre-Trained Transformer (GPT), the language model on which ChatGPT is based, is also explored, as well as the process of unsupervised pretraining and supervised fine-tuning that is used to refine the GPT algorithm. A letter written by ChatGPT to a colleague from Iran is presented as an example of the chatbot's capabilities.

Theme

Computerlinguistik

Object

ChatGPT

Similar documents (author)

1. Lund, G.O.: Kartlegging av Dewey - brukere : Norge (1980) 5.28

   5.277107 = sum of:
     5.277107 = weight(author_txt:lund in 2562) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
       5.277107 = fieldWeight in 2562, product of:
         1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
           1.0 = termFreq=1.0
         8.443371 = idf(docFreq=25, maxDocs=44421)
         0.625 = fieldNorm(doc=2562)
   

2. Lund, H.: Electronic documents and authorship : who did it? (1994) 5.28

   5.277107 = sum of:
     5.277107 = weight(author_txt:lund in 88) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
       5.277107 = fieldWeight in 88, product of:
         1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
           1.0 = termFreq=1.0
         8.443371 = idf(docFreq=25, maxDocs=44421)
         0.625 = fieldNorm(doc=88)
   

3. Lund, J.J.: ¬The cataloging process in the university library : a proposal for reorganization (1942) 5.28

   5.277107 = sum of:
     5.277107 = weight(author_txt:lund in 6271) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
       5.277107 = fieldWeight in 6271, product of:
         1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
           1.0 = termFreq=1.0
         8.443371 = idf(docFreq=25, maxDocs=44421)
         0.625 = fieldNorm(doc=6271)
   

4. Lund, N.W.: Document, text and medium : concepts, theories and disciplines (2010) 5.28

   5.277107 = sum of:
     5.277107 = weight(author_txt:lund in 149) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
       5.277107 = fieldWeight in 149, product of:
         1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
           1.0 = termFreq=1.0
         8.443371 = idf(docFreq=25, maxDocs=44421)
         0.625 = fieldNorm(doc=149)
   

5. Lund, B.D.: ¬A chat with ChatGPT : how will AI impact scholarly publishing? (2022) 5.28

   5.277107 = sum of:
     5.277107 = weight(author_txt:lund in 1851) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
       5.277107 = fieldWeight in 1851, product of:
         1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
           1.0 = termFreq=1.0
         8.443371 = idf(docFreq=25, maxDocs=44421)
         0.625 = fieldNorm(doc=1851)
   

Similar documents (content)

1. Lund, B.D.; Wang, T.; Mannuru, N.R.; Nie, B.; Shimray, S.; Wang, Z.: ChatGPT and a new academic reality : artificial Intelligence-written research papers and the ethics of the large language models in scholarly publishing (2023) 0.49

   0.48869652 = sum of:
     0.48869652 = product of:
       1.5271766 = sum of:
         0.079138346 = weight(abstract_txt:fulfill in 1944) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.079138346 = score(doc=1944,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.12681323 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.1142478 = boost
               7.9878955 = idf(docFreq=40, maxDocs=44421)
               0.014247886 = queryNorm
             0.6240543 = fieldWeight in 1944, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               7.9878955 = idf(docFreq=40, maxDocs=44421)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=1944)
         0.085766815 = weight(abstract_txt:generative in 1944) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.085766815 = score(doc=1944,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.13379897 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.1445266 = boost
               8.20496 = idf(docFreq=32, maxDocs=44421)
               0.014247886 = queryNorm
             0.6410125 = fieldWeight in 1944, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               8.20496 = idf(docFreq=32, maxDocs=44421)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=1944)
         0.039029878 = weight(abstract_txt:language in 1944) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.039029878 = score(doc=1944,freq=3.0), product of:
             0.06915246 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.1636391 = boost
               4.1709876 = idf(docFreq=1863, maxDocs=44421)
               0.014247886 = queryNorm
             0.5644033 = fieldWeight in 1944, product of:
               1.7320508 = tf(freq=3.0), with freq of:
                 3.0 = termFreq=3.0
               4.1709876 = idf(docFreq=1863, maxDocs=44421)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=1944)
         0.11053012 = weight(abstract_txt:chatbot in 1944) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.11053012 = score(doc=1944,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.15845053 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.2455075 = boost
               8.928879 = idf(docFreq=15, maxDocs=44421)
               0.014247886 = queryNorm
             0.69756866 = fieldWeight in 1944, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               8.928879 = idf(docFreq=15, maxDocs=44421)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=1944)
         0.13330378 = weight(abstract_txt:transformer in 1944) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.13330378 = score(doc=1944,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.17952912 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.3257662 = boost
               9.504243 = idf(docFreq=8, maxDocs=44421)
               0.014247886 = queryNorm
             0.74251896 = fieldWeight in 1944, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               9.504243 = idf(docFreq=8, maxDocs=44421)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=1944)
         0.051702335 = weight(abstract_txt:technology in 1944) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.051702335 = score(doc=1944,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.10929756 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.7917002 = boost
               4.2814875 = idf(docFreq=1668, maxDocs=44421)
               0.014247886 = queryNorm
             0.47304198 = fieldWeight in 1944, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               4.2814875 = idf(docFreq=1668, maxDocs=44421)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=1944)
         0.103010006 = weight(abstract_txt:requests in 1944) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.103010006 = score(doc=1944,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.19047421 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.9312238 = boost
               6.922344 = idf(docFreq=118, maxDocs=44421)
               0.014247886 = queryNorm
             0.54080814 = fieldWeight in 1944, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               6.922344 = idf(docFreq=118, maxDocs=44421)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=1944)
         0.92469543 = weight(abstract_txt:chatgpt in 1944) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.92469543 = score(doc=1944,freq=4.0), product of:
             0.7474856 = queryWeight, product of:
               6.626383 = boost
               7.917278 = idf(docFreq=43, maxDocs=44421)
               0.014247886 = queryNorm
             1.2370746 = fieldWeight in 1944, product of:
               2.0 = tf(freq=4.0), with freq of:
                 4.0 = termFreq=4.0
               7.917278 = idf(docFreq=43, maxDocs=44421)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=1944)
       0.32 = coord(8/25)
   

2. Aydin, Ö.; Karaarslan, E.: OpenAI ChatGPT generated literature review: : digital twin in healthcare (2022) 0.43

   0.42723835 = sum of:
     0.42723835 = product of:
       1.5258512 = sum of:
         0.051460087 = weight(abstract_txt:generative in 1852) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.051460087 = score(doc=1852,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.13379897 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.1445266 = boost
               8.20496 = idf(docFreq=32, maxDocs=44421)
               0.014247886 = queryNorm
             0.3846075 = fieldWeight in 1852, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               8.20496 = idf(docFreq=32, maxDocs=44421)
               0.046875 = fieldNorm(doc=1852)
         0.030232413 = weight(abstract_txt:language in 1852) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.030232413 = score(doc=1852,freq=5.0), product of:
             0.06915246 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.1636391 = boost
               4.1709876 = idf(docFreq=1863, maxDocs=44421)
               0.014247886 = queryNorm
             0.43718493 = fieldWeight in 1852, product of:
               2.236068 = tf(freq=5.0), with freq of:
                 5.0 = termFreq=5.0
               4.1709876 = idf(docFreq=1863, maxDocs=44421)
               0.046875 = fieldNorm(doc=1852)
         0.114866264 = weight(abstract_txt:chatbot in 1852) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.114866264 = score(doc=1852,freq=3.0), product of:
             0.15845053 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.2455075 = boost
               8.928879 = idf(docFreq=15, maxDocs=44421)
               0.014247886 = queryNorm
             0.7249346 = fieldWeight in 1852, product of:
               1.7320508 = tf(freq=3.0), with freq of:
                 3.0 = termFreq=3.0
               8.928879 = idf(docFreq=15, maxDocs=44421)
               0.046875 = fieldNorm(doc=1852)
         0.21926649 = weight(abstract_txt:openai in 1852) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.21926649 = score(doc=1852,freq=10.0), product of:
             0.16322522 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.264134 = boost
               9.06241 = idf(docFreq=13, maxDocs=44421)
               0.014247886 = queryNorm
             1.343337 = fieldWeight in 1852, product of:
               3.1622777 = tf(freq=10.0), with freq of:
                 10.0 = termFreq=10.0
               9.06241 = idf(docFreq=13, maxDocs=44421)
               0.046875 = fieldNorm(doc=1852)
         0.079982266 = weight(abstract_txt:transformer in 1852) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.079982266 = score(doc=1852,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.17952912 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.3257662 = boost
               9.504243 = idf(docFreq=8, maxDocs=44421)
               0.014247886 = queryNorm
             0.4455114 = fieldWeight in 1852, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               9.504243 = idf(docFreq=8, maxDocs=44421)
               0.046875 = fieldNorm(doc=1852)
         0.029832747 = weight(abstract_txt:review in 1852) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.029832747 = score(doc=1852,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.093025334 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.3496312 = boost
               4.837664 = idf(docFreq=956, maxDocs=44421)
               0.014247886 = queryNorm
             0.32069486 = fieldWeight in 1852, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               4.837664 = idf(docFreq=956, maxDocs=44421)
               0.046875 = fieldNorm(doc=1852)
         1.000211 = weight(abstract_txt:chatgpt in 1852) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           1.000211 = score(doc=1852,freq=13.0), product of:
             0.7474856 = queryWeight, product of:
               6.626383 = boost
               7.917278 = idf(docFreq=43, maxDocs=44421)
               0.014247886 = queryNorm
             1.3381008 = fieldWeight in 1852, product of:
               3.6055512 = tf(freq=13.0), with freq of:
                 13.0 = termFreq=13.0
               7.917278 = idf(docFreq=43, maxDocs=44421)
               0.046875 = fieldNorm(doc=1852)
       0.28 = coord(7/25)
   

3. Zhai, X.: ChatGPT user experience: : implications for education (2022) 0.18

   0.17626452 = sum of:
     0.17626452 = product of:
       1.1016533 = sum of:
         0.0147655625 = weight(abstract_txt:well in 1850) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.0147655625 = score(doc=1850,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.06053733 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.0887449 = boost
               3.9025342 = idf(docFreq=2437, maxDocs=44421)
               0.014247886 = queryNorm
             0.24390839 = fieldWeight in 1850, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               3.9025342 = idf(docFreq=2437, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=1850)
         0.0884241 = weight(abstract_txt:chatbot in 1850) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.0884241 = score(doc=1850,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.15845053 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.2455075 = boost
               8.928879 = idf(docFreq=15, maxDocs=44421)
               0.014247886 = queryNorm
             0.5580549 = fieldWeight in 1850, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               8.928879 = idf(docFreq=15, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=1850)
         0.09245087 = weight(abstract_txt:openai in 1850) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.09245087 = score(doc=1850,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.16322522 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.264134 = boost
               9.06241 = idf(docFreq=13, maxDocs=44421)
               0.014247886 = queryNorm
             0.56640065 = fieldWeight in 1850, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               9.06241 = idf(docFreq=13, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=1850)
         0.90601283 = weight(abstract_txt:chatgpt in 1850) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.90601283 = score(doc=1850,freq=6.0), product of:
             0.7474856 = queryWeight, product of:
               6.626383 = boost
               7.917278 = idf(docFreq=43, maxDocs=44421)
               0.014247886 = queryNorm
             1.2120807 = fieldWeight in 1850, product of:
               2.4494898 = tf(freq=6.0), with freq of:
                 6.0 = termFreq=6.0
               7.917278 = idf(docFreq=43, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=1850)
       0.16 = coord(4/25)
   

4. Spannagel, C.: Hat ChatGPT eine Zukunft in der Mathematik? (2023) 0.14

   0.13520265 = sum of:
     0.13520265 = product of:
       1.1266887 = sum of:
         0.027040692 = weight(abstract_txt:language in 2059) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.027040692 = score(doc=2059,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.06915246 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.1636391 = boost
               4.1709876 = idf(docFreq=1863, maxDocs=44421)
               0.014247886 = queryNorm
             0.39103007 = fieldWeight in 2059, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               4.1709876 = idf(docFreq=1863, maxDocs=44421)
               0.09375 = fieldNorm(doc=2059)
         0.1386763 = weight(abstract_txt:openai in 2059) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.1386763 = score(doc=2059,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.16322522 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.264134 = boost
               9.06241 = idf(docFreq=13, maxDocs=44421)
               0.014247886 = queryNorm
             0.849601 = fieldWeight in 2059, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               9.06241 = idf(docFreq=13, maxDocs=44421)
               0.09375 = fieldNorm(doc=2059)
         0.9609717 = weight(abstract_txt:chatgpt in 2059) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.9609717 = score(doc=2059,freq=3.0), product of:
             0.7474856 = queryWeight, product of:
               6.626383 = boost
               7.917278 = idf(docFreq=43, maxDocs=44421)
               0.014247886 = queryNorm
             1.2856057 = fieldWeight in 2059, product of:
               1.7320508 = tf(freq=3.0), with freq of:
                 3.0 = termFreq=3.0
               7.917278 = idf(docFreq=43, maxDocs=44421)
               0.09375 = fieldNorm(doc=2059)
       0.12 = coord(3/25)
   

5. Weiß, E.-M.: ChatGPT soll es richten : Microsoft baut KI in Suchmaschine Bing ein (2023) 0.13

   0.12897256 = sum of:
     0.12897256 = product of:
       1.0747714 = sum of:
         0.11053012 = weight(abstract_txt:chatbot in 1867) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.11053012 = score(doc=1867,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.15845053 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.2455075 = boost
               8.928879 = idf(docFreq=15, maxDocs=44421)
               0.014247886 = queryNorm
             0.69756866 = fieldWeight in 1867, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               8.928879 = idf(docFreq=15, maxDocs=44421)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=1867)
         0.16343158 = weight(abstract_txt:openai in 1867) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.16343158 = score(doc=1867,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.16322522 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.264134 = boost
               9.06241 = idf(docFreq=13, maxDocs=44421)
               0.014247886 = queryNorm
             1.0012643 = fieldWeight in 1867, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               9.06241 = idf(docFreq=13, maxDocs=44421)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=1867)
         0.80080974 = weight(abstract_txt:chatgpt in 1867) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.80080974 = score(doc=1867,freq=3.0), product of:
             0.7474856 = queryWeight, product of:
               6.626383 = boost
               7.917278 = idf(docFreq=43, maxDocs=44421)
               0.014247886 = queryNorm
             1.071338 = fieldWeight in 1867, product of:
               1.7320508 = tf(freq=3.0), with freq of:
                 3.0 = termFreq=3.0
               7.917278 = idf(docFreq=43, maxDocs=44421)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=1867)
       0.12 = coord(3/25)