Document (#43682)

Author
Beck, T.S.
Title
Image manipulation in scholarly publications : are there ways to an automated solution?
Source
Journal of documentation. 78(2022) no.5, S.1184-1198
Year
2022
Abstract
Purpose This paper provides an introduction to research in the field of image forensics and asks whether advances in the field of algorithm development and digital forensics will facilitate the examination of images in the scientific publication process in the near future. Design/methodology/approach This study looks at the status quo of image analysis in the peer review process and evaluates selected articles from the field of Digital Image and Signal Processing that have addressed the discovery of copy-move, cut-paste and erase-fill manipulations. Findings The article focuses on forensic research and shows that, despite numerous efforts, there is still no applicable tool for the automated detection of image manipulation. Nonetheless, the status quo for examining images in scientific publications remains visual inspection and will likely remain so for the foreseeable future. This study summarizes aspects that make automated detection of image manipulation difficult from a forensic research perspective. Research limitations/implications Results of this study underscore the need for a conceptual reconsideration of the problems involving image manipulation with a view toward the need for interdisciplinary collaboration in conjunction with library and information science (LIS) expertise on information integrity. Practical implications This study not only identifies a number of conceptual challenges but also suggests areas of action that the scientific community can address in the future. Originality/value Image manipulation is often discussed in isolation as a technical challenge. This study takes a more holistic view of the topic and demonstrates the necessity for a multidisciplinary approach.
Content
Vgl.: https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/JD-06-2021-0113/full/html.
Form
Bilder

Similar documents (author)

  1. Beck, H.: ¬Die Notation im systematischen Katalog (1970) 5.11
    5.106579 = sum of:
      5.106579 = weight(author_txt:beck in 275) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
        5.106579 = fieldWeight in 275, product of:
          1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
            1.0 = termFreq=1.0
          8.1705265 = idf(docFreq=33, maxDocs=44218)
          0.625 = fieldNorm(doc=275)
    
  2. Beck, H.: ¬Das Schlagwortregister zum systematischen Katalog (1966) 5.11
    5.106579 = sum of:
      5.106579 = weight(author_txt:beck in 276) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
        5.106579 = fieldWeight in 276, product of:
          1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
            1.0 = termFreq=1.0
          8.1705265 = idf(docFreq=33, maxDocs=44218)
          0.625 = fieldNorm(doc=276)
    
  3. Beck, H.: ¬Der Sachkatalog und die Allgemeingruppen (1965) 5.11
    5.106579 = sum of:
      5.106579 = weight(author_txt:beck in 1514) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
        5.106579 = fieldWeight in 1514, product of:
          1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
            1.0 = termFreq=1.0
          8.1705265 = idf(docFreq=33, maxDocs=44218)
          0.625 = fieldNorm(doc=1514)
    
  4. Beck, H.: Deep structure indexing system (DSIS) : eine Alternative zu PRECIS? (1989) 5.11
    5.106579 = sum of:
      5.106579 = weight(author_txt:beck in 1584) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
        5.106579 = fieldWeight in 1584, product of:
          1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
            1.0 = termFreq=1.0
          8.1705265 = idf(docFreq=33, maxDocs=44218)
          0.625 = fieldNorm(doc=1584)
    
  5. Beck, H.: PRECIS: eine computerunterstützte verbale Sacherschließungsmethode auf linguistischer Grundlage (1986) 5.11
    5.106579 = sum of:
      5.106579 = weight(author_txt:beck in 1585) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
        5.106579 = fieldWeight in 1585, product of:
          1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
            1.0 = termFreq=1.0
          8.1705265 = idf(docFreq=33, maxDocs=44218)
          0.625 = fieldNorm(doc=1585)
    

Similar documents (content)

  1. Hastings, S.K.: Evaluation of image retrieval systems : role of user feedback (1999) 0.29
    0.29179028 = sum of:
      0.29179028 = product of:
        0.9118446 = sum of:
          0.036192037 = weight(abstract_txt:digital in 845) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.036192037 = score(doc=845,freq=2.0), product of:
              0.07560002 = queryWeight, product of:
                4.332974 = idf(docFreq=1577, maxDocs=44218)
                0.017447606 = queryNorm
              0.4787305 = fieldWeight in 845, product of:
                1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                  2.0 = termFreq=2.0
                4.332974 = idf(docFreq=1577, maxDocs=44218)
                0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=845)
          0.011836989 = weight(abstract_txt:that in 845) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.011836989 = score(doc=845,freq=2.0), product of:
              0.04521516 = queryWeight, product of:
                1.0936946 = boost
                2.3694751 = idf(docFreq=11241, maxDocs=44218)
                0.017447606 = queryNorm
              0.26179248 = fieldWeight in 845, product of:
                1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                  2.0 = termFreq=2.0
                2.3694751 = idf(docFreq=11241, maxDocs=44218)
                0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=845)
          0.08713042 = weight(abstract_txt:images in 845) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.08713042 = score(doc=845,freq=3.0), product of:
              0.11863041 = queryWeight, product of:
                1.2526711 = boost
                5.427791 = idf(docFreq=527, maxDocs=44218)
                0.017447606 = queryNorm
              0.73446953 = fieldWeight in 845, product of:
                1.7320508 = tf(freq=3.0), with freq of:
                  3.0 = termFreq=3.0
                5.427791 = idf(docFreq=527, maxDocs=44218)
                0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=845)
          0.034725383 = weight(abstract_txt:research in 845) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.034725383 = score(doc=845,freq=3.0), product of:
              0.08094516 = queryWeight, product of:
                1.4633542 = boost
                3.170338 = idf(docFreq=5046, maxDocs=44218)
                0.017447606 = queryNorm
              0.42899892 = fieldWeight in 845, product of:
                1.7320508 = tf(freq=3.0), with freq of:
                  3.0 = termFreq=3.0
                3.170338 = idf(docFreq=5046, maxDocs=44218)
                0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=845)
          0.013259969 = weight(abstract_txt:this in 845) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.013259969 = score(doc=845,freq=1.0), product of:
              0.07033832 = queryWeight, product of:
                1.6706892 = boost
                2.4130175 = idf(docFreq=10762, maxDocs=44218)
                0.017447606 = queryNorm
              0.18851699 = fieldWeight in 845, product of:
                1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                  1.0 = termFreq=1.0
                2.4130175 = idf(docFreq=10762, maxDocs=44218)
                0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=845)
          0.031565107 = weight(abstract_txt:study in 845) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.031565107 = score(doc=845,freq=1.0), product of:
              0.118007086 = queryWeight, product of:
                1.9754366 = boost
                3.423806 = idf(docFreq=3916, maxDocs=44218)
                0.017447606 = queryNorm
              0.26748484 = fieldWeight in 845, product of:
                1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                  1.0 = termFreq=1.0
                3.423806 = idf(docFreq=3916, maxDocs=44218)
                0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=845)
          0.2603616 = weight(abstract_txt:manipulation in 845) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.2603616 = score(doc=845,freq=1.0), product of:
              0.48174945 = queryWeight, product of:
                3.9913485 = boost
                6.9177637 = idf(docFreq=118, maxDocs=44218)
                0.017447606 = queryNorm
              0.5404503 = fieldWeight in 845, product of:
                1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                  1.0 = termFreq=1.0
                6.9177637 = idf(docFreq=118, maxDocs=44218)
                0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=845)
          0.43677306 = weight(abstract_txt:image in 845) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.43677306 = score(doc=845,freq=5.0), product of:
              0.46521866 = queryWeight, product of:
                4.961324 = boost
                5.374322 = idf(docFreq=556, maxDocs=44218)
                0.017447606 = queryNorm
              0.9388554 = fieldWeight in 845, product of:
                2.236068 = tf(freq=5.0), with freq of:
                  5.0 = termFreq=5.0
                5.374322 = idf(docFreq=556, maxDocs=44218)
                0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=845)
        0.32 = coord(8/25)
    
  2. Rorissa, A.: Relationships between perceived features and similarity of images : a test of Tversky's contrast model (2007) 0.25
    0.25399026 = sum of:
      0.25399026 = product of:
        0.7055285 = sum of:
          0.022653887 = weight(abstract_txt:implications in 520) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.022653887 = score(doc=520,freq=1.0), product of:
              0.080877006 = queryWeight, product of:
                1.034312 = boost
                4.481647 = idf(docFreq=1359, maxDocs=44218)
                0.017447606 = queryNorm
              0.28010294 = fieldWeight in 520, product of:
                1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                  1.0 = termFreq=1.0
                4.481647 = idf(docFreq=1359, maxDocs=44218)
                0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=520)
          0.011597833 = weight(abstract_txt:that in 520) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.011597833 = score(doc=520,freq=3.0), product of:
              0.04521516 = queryWeight, product of:
                1.0936946 = boost
                2.3694751 = idf(docFreq=11241, maxDocs=44218)
                0.017447606 = queryNorm
              0.2565032 = fieldWeight in 520, product of:
                1.7320508 = tf(freq=3.0), with freq of:
                  3.0 = termFreq=3.0
                2.3694751 = idf(docFreq=11241, maxDocs=44218)
                0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=520)
          0.06970434 = weight(abstract_txt:images in 520) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.06970434 = score(doc=520,freq=3.0), product of:
              0.11863041 = queryWeight, product of:
                1.2526711 = boost
                5.427791 = idf(docFreq=527, maxDocs=44218)
                0.017447606 = queryNorm
              0.5875756 = fieldWeight in 520, product of:
                1.7320508 = tf(freq=3.0), with freq of:
                  3.0 = termFreq=3.0
                5.427791 = idf(docFreq=527, maxDocs=44218)
                0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=520)
          0.01603897 = weight(abstract_txt:research in 520) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.01603897 = score(doc=520,freq=1.0), product of:
              0.08094516 = queryWeight, product of:
                1.4633542 = boost
                3.170338 = idf(docFreq=5046, maxDocs=44218)
                0.017447606 = queryNorm
              0.19814612 = fieldWeight in 520, product of:
                1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                  1.0 = termFreq=1.0
                3.170338 = idf(docFreq=5046, maxDocs=44218)
                0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=520)
          0.028854797 = weight(abstract_txt:future in 520) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.028854797 = score(doc=520,freq=1.0), product of:
              0.10878583 = queryWeight, product of:
                1.4691659 = boost
                4.243905 = idf(docFreq=1724, maxDocs=44218)
                0.017447606 = queryNorm
              0.26524407 = fieldWeight in 520, product of:
                1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                  1.0 = termFreq=1.0
                4.243905 = idf(docFreq=1724, maxDocs=44218)
                0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=520)
          0.010607976 = weight(abstract_txt:this in 520) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.010607976 = score(doc=520,freq=1.0), product of:
              0.07033832 = queryWeight, product of:
                1.6706892 = boost
                2.4130175 = idf(docFreq=10762, maxDocs=44218)
                0.017447606 = queryNorm
              0.1508136 = fieldWeight in 520, product of:
                1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                  1.0 = termFreq=1.0
                2.4130175 = idf(docFreq=10762, maxDocs=44218)
                0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=520)
          0.025252085 = weight(abstract_txt:study in 520) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.025252085 = score(doc=520,freq=1.0), product of:
              0.118007086 = queryWeight, product of:
                1.9754366 = boost
                3.423806 = idf(docFreq=3916, maxDocs=44218)
                0.017447606 = queryNorm
              0.21398787 = fieldWeight in 520, product of:
                1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                  1.0 = termFreq=1.0
                3.423806 = idf(docFreq=3916, maxDocs=44218)
                0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=520)
          0.2082893 = weight(abstract_txt:manipulation in 520) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.2082893 = score(doc=520,freq=1.0), product of:
              0.48174945 = queryWeight, product of:
                3.9913485 = boost
                6.9177637 = idf(docFreq=118, maxDocs=44218)
                0.017447606 = queryNorm
              0.43236023 = fieldWeight in 520, product of:
                1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                  1.0 = termFreq=1.0
                6.9177637 = idf(docFreq=118, maxDocs=44218)
                0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=520)
          0.31252936 = weight(abstract_txt:image in 520) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.31252936 = score(doc=520,freq=4.0), product of:
              0.46521866 = queryWeight, product of:
                4.961324 = boost
                5.374322 = idf(docFreq=556, maxDocs=44218)
                0.017447606 = queryNorm
              0.67179024 = fieldWeight in 520, product of:
                2.0 = tf(freq=4.0), with freq of:
                  4.0 = termFreq=4.0
                5.374322 = idf(docFreq=556, maxDocs=44218)
                0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=520)
        0.36 = coord(9/25)
    
  3. Jansen, B.J.: Searching for digital images on the web (2008) 0.24
    0.24190092 = sum of:
      0.24190092 = product of:
        0.7559404 = sum of:
          0.020473307 = weight(abstract_txt:digital in 1730) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.020473307 = score(doc=1730,freq=1.0), product of:
              0.07560002 = queryWeight, product of:
                4.332974 = idf(docFreq=1577, maxDocs=44218)
                0.017447606 = queryNorm
              0.27081087 = fieldWeight in 1730, product of:
                1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                  1.0 = termFreq=1.0
                4.332974 = idf(docFreq=1577, maxDocs=44218)
                0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=1730)
          0.032037433 = weight(abstract_txt:implications in 1730) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.032037433 = score(doc=1730,freq=2.0), product of:
              0.080877006 = queryWeight, product of:
                1.034312 = boost
                4.481647 = idf(docFreq=1359, maxDocs=44218)
                0.017447606 = queryNorm
              0.39612538 = fieldWeight in 1730, product of:
                1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                  2.0 = termFreq=2.0
                4.481647 = idf(docFreq=1359, maxDocs=44218)
                0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=1730)
          0.013392025 = weight(abstract_txt:that in 1730) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.013392025 = score(doc=1730,freq=4.0), product of:
              0.04521516 = queryWeight, product of:
                1.0936946 = boost
                2.3694751 = idf(docFreq=11241, maxDocs=44218)
                0.017447606 = queryNorm
              0.2961844 = fieldWeight in 1730, product of:
                2.0 = tf(freq=4.0), with freq of:
                  4.0 = termFreq=4.0
                2.3694751 = idf(docFreq=11241, maxDocs=44218)
                0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=1730)
          0.06970434 = weight(abstract_txt:images in 1730) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.06970434 = score(doc=1730,freq=3.0), product of:
              0.11863041 = queryWeight, product of:
                1.2526711 = boost
                5.427791 = idf(docFreq=527, maxDocs=44218)
                0.017447606 = queryNorm
              0.5875756 = fieldWeight in 1730, product of:
                1.7320508 = tf(freq=3.0), with freq of:
                  3.0 = termFreq=3.0
                5.427791 = idf(docFreq=527, maxDocs=44218)
                0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=1730)
          0.027780307 = weight(abstract_txt:research in 1730) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.027780307 = score(doc=1730,freq=3.0), product of:
              0.08094516 = queryWeight, product of:
                1.4633542 = boost
                3.170338 = idf(docFreq=5046, maxDocs=44218)
                0.017447606 = queryNorm
              0.34319913 = fieldWeight in 1730, product of:
                1.7320508 = tf(freq=3.0), with freq of:
                  3.0 = termFreq=3.0
                3.170338 = idf(docFreq=5046, maxDocs=44218)
                0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=1730)
          0.025984127 = weight(abstract_txt:this in 1730) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.025984127 = score(doc=1730,freq=6.0), product of:
              0.07033832 = queryWeight, product of:
                1.6706892 = boost
                2.4130175 = idf(docFreq=10762, maxDocs=44218)
                0.017447606 = queryNorm
              0.36941636 = fieldWeight in 1730, product of:
                2.4494898 = tf(freq=6.0), with freq of:
                  6.0 = termFreq=6.0
                2.4130175 = idf(docFreq=10762, maxDocs=44218)
                0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=1730)
          0.025252085 = weight(abstract_txt:study in 1730) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.025252085 = score(doc=1730,freq=1.0), product of:
              0.118007086 = queryWeight, product of:
                1.9754366 = boost
                3.423806 = idf(docFreq=3916, maxDocs=44218)
                0.017447606 = queryNorm
              0.21398787 = fieldWeight in 1730, product of:
                1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                  1.0 = termFreq=1.0
                3.423806 = idf(docFreq=3916, maxDocs=44218)
                0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=1730)
          0.54131675 = weight(abstract_txt:image in 1730) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.54131675 = score(doc=1730,freq=12.0), product of:
              0.46521866 = queryWeight, product of:
                4.961324 = boost
                5.374322 = idf(docFreq=556, maxDocs=44218)
                0.017447606 = queryNorm
              1.1635748 = fieldWeight in 1730, product of:
                3.4641016 = tf(freq=12.0), with freq of:
                  12.0 = termFreq=12.0
                5.374322 = idf(docFreq=556, maxDocs=44218)
                0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=1730)
        0.32 = coord(8/25)
    
  4. Kousha, K.; Thelwall, M.; Rezaie, S.: Can the impact of scholarly images be assessed online? : an exploratory study using image identification technology (2010) 0.22
    0.2151233 = sum of:
      0.2151233 = product of:
        0.5975647 = sum of:
          0.020473307 = weight(abstract_txt:digital in 3966) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.020473307 = score(doc=3966,freq=1.0), product of:
              0.07560002 = queryWeight, product of:
                4.332974 = idf(docFreq=1577, maxDocs=44218)
                0.017447606 = queryNorm
              0.27081087 = fieldWeight in 3966, product of:
                1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                  1.0 = termFreq=1.0
                4.332974 = idf(docFreq=1577, maxDocs=44218)
                0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=3966)
          0.011597833 = weight(abstract_txt:that in 3966) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.011597833 = score(doc=3966,freq=3.0), product of:
              0.04521516 = queryWeight, product of:
                1.0936946 = boost
                2.3694751 = idf(docFreq=11241, maxDocs=44218)
                0.017447606 = queryNorm
              0.2565032 = fieldWeight in 3966, product of:
                1.7320508 = tf(freq=3.0), with freq of:
                  3.0 = termFreq=3.0
                2.3694751 = idf(docFreq=11241, maxDocs=44218)
                0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=3966)
          0.03680955 = weight(abstract_txt:publications in 3966) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.03680955 = score(doc=3966,freq=1.0), product of:
              0.111781575 = queryWeight, product of:
                1.2159736 = boost
                5.268782 = idf(docFreq=618, maxDocs=44218)
                0.017447606 = queryNorm
              0.32929888 = fieldWeight in 3966, product of:
                1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                  1.0 = termFreq=1.0
                5.268782 = idf(docFreq=618, maxDocs=44218)
                0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=3966)
          0.10647513 = weight(abstract_txt:images in 3966) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.10647513 = score(doc=3966,freq=7.0), product of:
              0.11863041 = queryWeight, product of:
                1.2526711 = boost
                5.427791 = idf(docFreq=527, maxDocs=44218)
                0.017447606 = queryNorm
              0.8975366 = fieldWeight in 3966, product of:
                2.6457512 = tf(freq=7.0), with freq of:
                  7.0 = termFreq=7.0
                5.427791 = idf(docFreq=527, maxDocs=44218)
                0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=3966)
          0.01603897 = weight(abstract_txt:research in 3966) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.01603897 = score(doc=3966,freq=1.0), product of:
              0.08094516 = queryWeight, product of:
                1.4633542 = boost
                3.170338 = idf(docFreq=5046, maxDocs=44218)
                0.017447606 = queryNorm
              0.19814612 = fieldWeight in 3966, product of:
                1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                  1.0 = termFreq=1.0
                3.170338 = idf(docFreq=5046, maxDocs=44218)
                0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=3966)
          0.053386565 = weight(abstract_txt:scientific in 3966) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.053386565 = score(doc=3966,freq=2.0), product of:
              0.13012826 = queryWeight, product of:
                1.606832 = boost
                4.6415744 = idf(docFreq=1158, maxDocs=44218)
                0.017447606 = queryNorm
              0.4102611 = fieldWeight in 3966, product of:
                1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                  2.0 = termFreq=2.0
                4.6415744 = idf(docFreq=1158, maxDocs=44218)
                0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=3966)
          0.015001942 = weight(abstract_txt:this in 3966) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.015001942 = score(doc=3966,freq=2.0), product of:
              0.07033832 = queryWeight, product of:
                1.6706892 = boost
                2.4130175 = idf(docFreq=10762, maxDocs=44218)
                0.017447606 = queryNorm
              0.21328263 = fieldWeight in 3966, product of:
                1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                  2.0 = termFreq=2.0
                2.4130175 = idf(docFreq=10762, maxDocs=44218)
                0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=3966)
          0.025252085 = weight(abstract_txt:study in 3966) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.025252085 = score(doc=3966,freq=1.0), product of:
              0.118007086 = queryWeight, product of:
                1.9754366 = boost
                3.423806 = idf(docFreq=3916, maxDocs=44218)
                0.017447606 = queryNorm
              0.21398787 = fieldWeight in 3966, product of:
                1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                  1.0 = termFreq=1.0
                3.423806 = idf(docFreq=3916, maxDocs=44218)
                0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=3966)
          0.31252936 = weight(abstract_txt:image in 3966) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.31252936 = score(doc=3966,freq=4.0), product of:
              0.46521866 = queryWeight, product of:
                4.961324 = boost
                5.374322 = idf(docFreq=556, maxDocs=44218)
                0.017447606 = queryNorm
              0.67179024 = fieldWeight in 3966, product of:
                2.0 = tf(freq=4.0), with freq of:
                  4.0 = termFreq=4.0
                5.374322 = idf(docFreq=556, maxDocs=44218)
                0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=3966)
        0.36 = coord(9/25)
    
  5. Ortega, J.L.: Classification and analysis of PubPeer comments : how a web journal club is used (2022) 0.20
    0.20017956 = sum of:
      0.20017956 = product of:
        0.714927 = sum of:
          0.008370016 = weight(abstract_txt:that in 544) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.008370016 = score(doc=544,freq=1.0), product of:
              0.04521516 = queryWeight, product of:
                1.0936946 = boost
                2.3694751 = idf(docFreq=11241, maxDocs=44218)
                0.017447606 = queryNorm
              0.18511525 = fieldWeight in 544, product of:
                1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                  1.0 = termFreq=1.0
                2.3694751 = idf(docFreq=11241, maxDocs=44218)
                0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=544)
          0.065070696 = weight(abstract_txt:publications in 544) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.065070696 = score(doc=544,freq=2.0), product of:
              0.111781575 = queryWeight, product of:
                1.2159736 = boost
                5.268782 = idf(docFreq=618, maxDocs=44218)
                0.017447606 = queryNorm
              0.58212364 = fieldWeight in 544, product of:
                1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                  2.0 = termFreq=2.0
                5.268782 = idf(docFreq=618, maxDocs=44218)
                0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=544)
          0.020048711 = weight(abstract_txt:research in 544) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.020048711 = score(doc=544,freq=1.0), product of:
              0.08094516 = queryWeight, product of:
                1.4633542 = boost
                3.170338 = idf(docFreq=5046, maxDocs=44218)
                0.017447606 = queryNorm
              0.24768265 = fieldWeight in 544, product of:
                1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                  1.0 = termFreq=1.0
                3.170338 = idf(docFreq=5046, maxDocs=44218)
                0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=544)
          0.013259969 = weight(abstract_txt:this in 544) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.013259969 = score(doc=544,freq=1.0), product of:
              0.07033832 = queryWeight, product of:
                1.6706892 = boost
                2.4130175 = idf(docFreq=10762, maxDocs=44218)
                0.017447606 = queryNorm
              0.18851699 = fieldWeight in 544, product of:
                1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                  1.0 = termFreq=1.0
                2.4130175 = idf(docFreq=10762, maxDocs=44218)
                0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=544)
          0.044639803 = weight(abstract_txt:study in 544) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.044639803 = score(doc=544,freq=2.0), product of:
              0.118007086 = queryWeight, product of:
                1.9754366 = boost
                3.423806 = idf(docFreq=3916, maxDocs=44218)
                0.017447606 = queryNorm
              0.3782807 = fieldWeight in 544, product of:
                1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                  2.0 = termFreq=2.0
                3.423806 = idf(docFreq=3916, maxDocs=44218)
                0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=544)
          0.36820695 = weight(abstract_txt:manipulation in 544) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.36820695 = score(doc=544,freq=2.0), product of:
              0.48174945 = queryWeight, product of:
                3.9913485 = boost
                6.9177637 = idf(docFreq=118, maxDocs=44218)
                0.017447606 = queryNorm
              0.76431215 = fieldWeight in 544, product of:
                1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                  2.0 = termFreq=2.0
                6.9177637 = idf(docFreq=118, maxDocs=44218)
                0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=544)
          0.19533084 = weight(abstract_txt:image in 544) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.19533084 = score(doc=544,freq=1.0), product of:
              0.46521866 = queryWeight, product of:
                4.961324 = boost
                5.374322 = idf(docFreq=556, maxDocs=44218)
                0.017447606 = queryNorm
              0.4198689 = fieldWeight in 544, product of:
                1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                  1.0 = termFreq=1.0
                5.374322 = idf(docFreq=556, maxDocs=44218)
                0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=544)
        0.28 = coord(7/25)