Document (#42044)

Author

Agarwal, B.
Ramampiaro, H.
Langseth, H.
Ruocco, M.

Title

¬A deep network model for paraphrase detection in short text messages

Source

Information processing and management. 54(2018) no.6, S.922-937

Year

2018

Abstract

This paper is concerned with paraphrase detection, i.e., identifying sentences that are semantically identical. The ability to detect similar sentences written in natural language is crucial for several applications, such as text mining, text summarization, plagiarism detection, authorship authentication and question answering. Recognizing this importance, we study in particular how to address the challenges with detecting paraphrases in user generated short texts, such as Twitter, which often contain language irregularity and noise, and do not necessarily contain as much semantic information as longer clean texts. We propose a novel deep neural network-based approach that relies on coarse-grained sentence modelling using a convolutional neural network (CNN) and a recurrent neural network (RNN) model, combined with a specific fine-grained word-level similarity matching model. More specifically, we develop a new architecture, called DeepParaphrase, which enables to create an informative semantic representation of each sentence by (1) using CNN to extract the local region information in form of important n-grams from the sentence, and (2) applying RNN to capture the long-term dependency information. In addition, we perform a comparative study on state-of-the-art approaches within paraphrase detection. An important insight from this study is that existing paraphrase approaches perform well when applied on clean texts, but they do not necessarily deliver good performance against noisy texts, and vice versa. In contrast, our evaluation has shown that the proposed DeepParaphrase-based approach achieves good results in both types of texts, thus making it more robust and generic than the existing approaches.

Content

Vgl.: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ipm.2018.06.005.

Theme

Computerlinguistik

Similar documents (author)

1. Agarwal, N.K.: Exploring context in information behavior : seeker, situation, surroundings, and shared identities (2018) 6.09

   6.094361 = sum of:
     6.094361 = weight(author_txt:agarwal in 4992) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
       6.094361 = fieldWeight in 4992, product of:
         1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
           1.0 = termFreq=1.0
         9.7509775 = idf(docFreq=6, maxDocs=44218)
         0.625 = fieldNorm(doc=4992)
   

2. Agarwal, M.L.; Sharma, S.G.: Classificatory language : an artificial / technical language (1994) 4.88

   4.8754888 = sum of:
     4.8754888 = weight(author_txt:agarwal in 518) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
       4.8754888 = fieldWeight in 518, product of:
         1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
           1.0 = termFreq=1.0
         9.7509775 = idf(docFreq=6, maxDocs=44218)
         0.5 = fieldNorm(doc=518)
   

3. Agarwal, N.K.; Xu, Y.(C.); Poo, D.C.C.: ¬A context-based investigation into source use by information seekers (2011) 3.66

   3.6566167 = sum of:
     3.6566167 = weight(author_txt:agarwal in 4462) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
       3.6566167 = fieldWeight in 4462, product of:
         1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
           1.0 = termFreq=1.0
         9.7509775 = idf(docFreq=6, maxDocs=44218)
         0.375 = fieldNorm(doc=4462)
   

4. Roy, R.S.; Agarwal, S.; Ganguly, N.; Choudhury, M.: Syntactic complexity of Web search queries through the lenses of language models, networks and users (2016) 3.05

   3.0471804 = sum of:
     3.0471804 = weight(author_txt:agarwal in 3188) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
       3.0471804 = fieldWeight in 3188, product of:
         1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
           1.0 = termFreq=1.0
         9.7509775 = idf(docFreq=6, maxDocs=44218)
         0.3125 = fieldNorm(doc=3188)
   

5. Brown, T.B.; Mann, B.; Ryder, N.; Subbiah, M.; Kaplan, J.; Dhariwal, P.; Neelakantan, A.; Shyam, P.; Sastry, G.; Askell, A.; Agarwal, S.; Herbert-Voss, A.; Krueger, G.; Henighan, T.; Child, R.; Ramesh, A.; Ziegler, D.M.; Wu, J.; Winter, C.; Hesse, C.; Chen, M.; Sigler, E.; Litwin, M.; Gray, S.; Chess, B.; Clark, J.; Berner, C.; McCandlish, S.; Radford, A.; Sutskever, I.; Amodei, D.: Language models are few-shot learners (2020) 1.22

   1.2188722 = sum of:
     1.2188722 = weight(author_txt:agarwal in 872) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
       1.2188722 = fieldWeight in 872, product of:
         1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
           1.0 = termFreq=1.0
         9.7509775 = idf(docFreq=6, maxDocs=44218)
         0.125 = fieldNorm(doc=872)
   

Similar documents (content)

1. Yu, C.; Xue, H.; An, L.; Li, G.: ¬A lightweight semantic-enhanced interactive network for efficient short-text matching (2023) 0.24

   0.24397147 = sum of:
     0.24397147 = product of:
       0.6776985 = sum of:
         0.031845454 = weight(abstract_txt:semantic in 890) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.031845454 = score(doc=890,freq=3.0), product of:
             0.06574756 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.0161388 = boost
               4.4743214 = idf(docFreq=1369, maxDocs=44218)
               0.014461037 = queryNorm
             0.48435947 = fieldWeight in 890, product of:
               1.7320508 = tf(freq=3.0), with freq of:
                 3.0 = termFreq=3.0
               4.4743214 = idf(docFreq=1369, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=890)
         0.020652628 = weight(abstract_txt:existing in 890) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.020652628 = score(doc=890,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.07104584 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.0562885 = boost
               4.6511106 = idf(docFreq=1147, maxDocs=44218)
               0.014461037 = queryNorm
             0.29069442 = fieldWeight in 890, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               4.6511106 = idf(docFreq=1147, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=890)
         0.0077233687 = weight(abstract_txt:that in 890) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.0077233687 = score(doc=890,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.03687734 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.0762373 = boost
               2.3694751 = idf(docFreq=11241, maxDocs=44218)
               0.014461037 = queryNorm
             0.20943399 = fieldWeight in 890, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               2.3694751 = idf(docFreq=11241, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=890)
         0.07997292 = weight(abstract_txt:short in 890) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.07997292 = score(doc=890,freq=4.0), product of:
             0.11036476 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.316523 = boost
               5.79699 = idf(docFreq=364, maxDocs=44218)
               0.014461037 = queryNorm
             0.72462374 = fieldWeight in 890, product of:
               2.0 = tf(freq=4.0), with freq of:
                 4.0 = termFreq=4.0
               5.79699 = idf(docFreq=364, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=890)
         0.01950226 = weight(abstract_txt:model in 890) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.01950226 = score(doc=890,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.07827844 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.3579379 = boost
               3.986234 = idf(docFreq=2231, maxDocs=44218)
               0.014461037 = queryNorm
             0.24913962 = fieldWeight in 890, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               3.986234 = idf(docFreq=2231, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=890)
         0.049872678 = weight(abstract_txt:text in 890) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.049872678 = score(doc=890,freq=6.0), product of:
             0.080558285 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.3775709 = boost
               4.0438666 = idf(docFreq=2106, maxDocs=44218)
               0.014461037 = queryNorm
             0.6190881 = fieldWeight in 890, product of:
               2.4494898 = tf(freq=6.0), with freq of:
                 6.0 = termFreq=6.0
               4.0438666 = idf(docFreq=2106, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=890)
         0.030134868 = weight(abstract_txt:approaches in 890) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.030134868 = score(doc=890,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.10462409 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.5699098 = boost
               4.6084785 = idf(docFreq=1197, maxDocs=44218)
               0.014461037 = queryNorm
             0.2880299 = fieldWeight in 890, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               4.6084785 = idf(docFreq=1197, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=890)
         0.057384696 = weight(abstract_txt:network in 890) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.057384696 = score(doc=890,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.14041683 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.1000896 = boost
               4.6236176 = idf(docFreq=1179, maxDocs=44218)
               0.014461037 = queryNorm
             0.4086739 = fieldWeight in 890, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               4.6236176 = idf(docFreq=1179, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=890)
         0.38060963 = weight(abstract_txt:paraphrase in 890) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.38060963 = score(doc=890,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.6245276 = queryWeight, product of:
               4.428983 = boost
               9.7509775 = idf(docFreq=6, maxDocs=44218)
               0.014461037 = queryNorm
             0.6094361 = fieldWeight in 890, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               9.7509775 = idf(docFreq=6, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=890)
       0.36 = coord(9/25)
   

2. Karpathy, A.; Fei-Fei, L.: Deep visual-semantic alignments for generating image descriptions (2015) 0.23

   0.22574604 = sum of:
     0.22574604 = product of:
       0.7054564 = sum of:
         0.09769543 = weight(abstract_txt:convolutional in 1868) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.09769543 = score(doc=1868,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.13693714 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.0369525 = boost
               9.131938 = idf(docFreq=12, maxDocs=44218)
               0.014461037 = queryNorm
             0.71343267 = fieldWeight in 1868, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               9.131938 = idf(docFreq=12, maxDocs=44218)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=1868)
         0.013653116 = weight(abstract_txt:that in 1868) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.013653116 = score(doc=1868,freq=4.0), product of:
             0.03687734 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.0762373 = boost
               2.3694751 = idf(docFreq=11241, maxDocs=44218)
               0.014461037 = queryNorm
             0.3702305 = fieldWeight in 1868, product of:
               2.0 = tf(freq=4.0), with freq of:
                 4.0 = termFreq=4.0
               2.3694751 = idf(docFreq=11241, maxDocs=44218)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=1868)
         0.04875565 = weight(abstract_txt:model in 1868) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.04875565 = score(doc=1868,freq=4.0), product of:
             0.07827844 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.3579379 = boost
               3.986234 = idf(docFreq=2231, maxDocs=44218)
               0.014461037 = queryNorm
             0.62284905 = fieldWeight in 1868, product of:
               2.0 = tf(freq=4.0), with freq of:
                 4.0 = termFreq=4.0
               3.986234 = idf(docFreq=2231, maxDocs=44218)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=1868)
         0.025450544 = weight(abstract_txt:text in 1868) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.025450544 = score(doc=1868,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.080558285 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.3775709 = boost
               4.0438666 = idf(docFreq=2106, maxDocs=44218)
               0.014461037 = queryNorm
             0.3159271 = fieldWeight in 1868, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               4.0438666 = idf(docFreq=2106, maxDocs=44218)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=1868)
         0.12426693 = weight(abstract_txt:sentences in 1868) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.12426693 = score(doc=1868,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.16075906 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.5889161 = boost
               6.996407 = idf(docFreq=109, maxDocs=44218)
               0.014461037 = queryNorm
             0.7730011 = fieldWeight in 1868, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               6.996407 = idf(docFreq=109, maxDocs=44218)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=1868)
         0.050721385 = weight(abstract_txt:network in 1868) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.050721385 = score(doc=1868,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.14041683 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.1000896 = boost
               4.6236176 = idf(docFreq=1179, maxDocs=44218)
               0.014461037 = queryNorm
             0.36122012 = fieldWeight in 1868, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               4.6236176 = idf(docFreq=1179, maxDocs=44218)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=1868)
         0.12342403 = weight(abstract_txt:sentence in 1868) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.12342403 = score(doc=1868,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.23080505 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.3317475 = boost
               6.8448567 = idf(docFreq=127, maxDocs=44218)
               0.014461037 = queryNorm
             0.53475446 = fieldWeight in 1868, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               6.8448567 = idf(docFreq=127, maxDocs=44218)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=1868)
         0.22148934 = weight(abstract_txt:neural in 1868) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.22148934 = score(doc=1868,freq=3.0), product of:
             0.23632352 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.3594584 = boost
               6.926203 = idf(docFreq=117, maxDocs=44218)
               0.014461037 = queryNorm
             0.93722934 = fieldWeight in 1868, product of:
               1.7320508 = tf(freq=3.0), with freq of:
                 3.0 = termFreq=3.0
               6.926203 = idf(docFreq=117, maxDocs=44218)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=1868)
       0.32 = coord(8/25)
   

3. Mao, J.; Xu, W.; Yang, Y.; Wang, J.; Yuille, A.L.: Explain images with multimodal recurrent neural networks (2014) 0.22

   0.21767233 = sum of:
     0.21767233 = product of:
       0.7774012 = sum of:
         0.09769543 = weight(abstract_txt:convolutional in 1557) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.09769543 = score(doc=1557,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.13693714 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.0369525 = boost
               9.131938 = idf(docFreq=12, maxDocs=44218)
               0.014461037 = queryNorm
             0.71343267 = fieldWeight in 1557, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               9.131938 = idf(docFreq=12, maxDocs=44218)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=1557)
         0.059713233 = weight(abstract_txt:model in 1557) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.059713233 = score(doc=1557,freq=6.0), product of:
             0.07827844 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.3579379 = boost
               3.986234 = idf(docFreq=2231, maxDocs=44218)
               0.014461037 = queryNorm
             0.7628312 = fieldWeight in 1557, product of:
               2.4494898 = tf(freq=6.0), with freq of:
                 6.0 = termFreq=6.0
               3.986234 = idf(docFreq=2231, maxDocs=44218)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=1557)
         0.1036043 = weight(abstract_txt:deep in 1557) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.1036043 = score(doc=1557,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.14240447 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.4954607 = boost
               6.5848994 = idf(docFreq=165, maxDocs=44218)
               0.014461037 = queryNorm
             0.7275355 = fieldWeight in 1557, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               6.5848994 = idf(docFreq=165, maxDocs=44218)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=1557)
         0.12426693 = weight(abstract_txt:sentences in 1557) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.12426693 = score(doc=1557,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.16075906 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.5889161 = boost
               6.996407 = idf(docFreq=109, maxDocs=44218)
               0.014461037 = queryNorm
             0.7730011 = fieldWeight in 1557, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               6.996407 = idf(docFreq=109, maxDocs=44218)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=1557)
         0.087852016 = weight(abstract_txt:network in 1557) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.087852016 = score(doc=1557,freq=3.0), product of:
             0.14041683 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.1000896 = boost
               4.6236176 = idf(docFreq=1179, maxDocs=44218)
               0.014461037 = queryNorm
             0.6256516 = fieldWeight in 1557, product of:
               1.7320508 = tf(freq=3.0), with freq of:
                 3.0 = termFreq=3.0
               4.6236176 = idf(docFreq=1179, maxDocs=44218)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=1557)
         0.12342403 = weight(abstract_txt:sentence in 1557) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.12342403 = score(doc=1557,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.23080505 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.3317475 = boost
               6.8448567 = idf(docFreq=127, maxDocs=44218)
               0.014461037 = queryNorm
             0.53475446 = fieldWeight in 1557, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               6.8448567 = idf(docFreq=127, maxDocs=44218)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=1557)
         0.18084528 = weight(abstract_txt:neural in 1557) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.18084528 = score(doc=1557,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.23632352 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.3594584 = boost
               6.926203 = idf(docFreq=117, maxDocs=44218)
               0.014461037 = queryNorm
             0.7652445 = fieldWeight in 1557, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               6.926203 = idf(docFreq=117, maxDocs=44218)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=1557)
       0.28 = coord(7/25)
   

4. Wang, P.; Li, X.: Assessing the quality of information on Wikipedia : a deep-learning approach (2020) 0.20

   0.19608809 = sum of:
     0.19608809 = product of:
       0.5446891 = sum of:
         0.078156345 = weight(abstract_txt:convolutional in 5505) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.078156345 = score(doc=5505,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.13693714 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.0369525 = boost
               9.131938 = idf(docFreq=12, maxDocs=44218)
               0.014461037 = queryNorm
             0.5707461 = fieldWeight in 5505, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               9.131938 = idf(docFreq=12, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=5505)
         0.029207226 = weight(abstract_txt:existing in 5505) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.029207226 = score(doc=5505,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.07104584 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.0562885 = boost
               4.6511106 = idf(docFreq=1147, maxDocs=44218)
               0.014461037 = queryNorm
             0.41110396 = fieldWeight in 5505, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               4.6511106 = idf(docFreq=1147, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=5505)
         0.03998646 = weight(abstract_txt:short in 5505) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.03998646 = score(doc=5505,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.11036476 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.316523 = boost
               5.79699 = idf(docFreq=364, maxDocs=44218)
               0.014461037 = queryNorm
             0.36231187 = fieldWeight in 5505, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               5.79699 = idf(docFreq=364, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=5505)
         0.01950226 = weight(abstract_txt:model in 5505) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.01950226 = score(doc=5505,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.07827844 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.3579379 = boost
               3.986234 = idf(docFreq=2231, maxDocs=44218)
               0.014461037 = queryNorm
             0.24913962 = fieldWeight in 5505, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               3.986234 = idf(docFreq=2231, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=5505)
         0.020360434 = weight(abstract_txt:text in 5505) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.020360434 = score(doc=5505,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.080558285 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.3775709 = boost
               4.0438666 = idf(docFreq=2106, maxDocs=44218)
               0.014461037 = queryNorm
             0.25274166 = fieldWeight in 5505, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               4.0438666 = idf(docFreq=2106, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=5505)
         0.10151107 = weight(abstract_txt:deep in 5505) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.10151107 = score(doc=5505,freq=3.0), product of:
             0.14240447 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.4954607 = boost
               6.5848994 = idf(docFreq=165, maxDocs=44218)
               0.014461037 = queryNorm
             0.71283627 = fieldWeight in 5505, product of:
               1.7320508 = tf(freq=3.0), with freq of:
                 3.0 = termFreq=3.0
               6.5848994 = idf(docFreq=165, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=5505)
         0.030134868 = weight(abstract_txt:approaches in 5505) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.030134868 = score(doc=5505,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.10462409 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.5699098 = boost
               4.6084785 = idf(docFreq=1197, maxDocs=44218)
               0.014461037 = queryNorm
             0.2880299 = fieldWeight in 5505, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               4.6084785 = idf(docFreq=1197, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=5505)
         0.08115422 = weight(abstract_txt:network in 5505) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.08115422 = score(doc=5505,freq=4.0), product of:
             0.14041683 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.1000896 = boost
               4.6236176 = idf(docFreq=1179, maxDocs=44218)
               0.014461037 = queryNorm
             0.5779522 = fieldWeight in 5505, product of:
               2.0 = tf(freq=4.0), with freq of:
                 4.0 = termFreq=4.0
               4.6236176 = idf(docFreq=1179, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=5505)
         0.14467622 = weight(abstract_txt:neural in 5505) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.14467622 = score(doc=5505,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.23632352 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.3594584 = boost
               6.926203 = idf(docFreq=117, maxDocs=44218)
               0.014461037 = queryNorm
             0.6121956 = fieldWeight in 5505, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               6.926203 = idf(docFreq=117, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=5505)
       0.36 = coord(9/25)
   

5. Gipp, B.; Meuschke, N.; Breitinger, C.: Citation-based plagiarism detection : practicability on a large-scale scientific corpus (2014) 0.19

   0.18665494 = sum of:
     0.18665494 = product of:
       0.6666248 = sum of:
         0.2102853 = weight(abstract_txt:plagiarism in 3332) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.2102853 = score(doc=3332,freq=9.0), product of:
             0.12735134 = queryWeight, product of:
               8.806516 = idf(docFreq=17, maxDocs=44218)
               0.014461037 = queryNorm
             1.6512218 = fieldWeight in 3332, product of:
               3.0 = tf(freq=9.0), with freq of:
                 9.0 = termFreq=9.0
               8.806516 = idf(docFreq=17, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=3332)
         0.018385982 = weight(abstract_txt:semantic in 3332) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.018385982 = score(doc=3332,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.06574756 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.0161388 = boost
               4.4743214 = idf(docFreq=1369, maxDocs=44218)
               0.014461037 = queryNorm
             0.2796451 = fieldWeight in 3332, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               4.4743214 = idf(docFreq=1369, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=3332)
         0.0054612462 = weight(abstract_txt:that in 3332) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.0054612462 = score(doc=3332,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.03687734 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.0762373 = boost
               2.3694751 = idf(docFreq=11241, maxDocs=44218)
               0.014461037 = queryNorm
             0.1480922 = fieldWeight in 3332, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               2.3694751 = idf(docFreq=11241, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=3332)
         0.012357311 = weight(abstract_txt:study in 3332) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.012357311 = score(doc=3332,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.057747718 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.166343 = boost
               3.423806 = idf(docFreq=3916, maxDocs=44218)
               0.014461037 = queryNorm
             0.21398787 = fieldWeight in 3332, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               3.423806 = idf(docFreq=3916, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=3332)
         0.028794004 = weight(abstract_txt:text in 3332) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.028794004 = score(doc=3332,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.080558285 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.3775709 = boost
               4.0438666 = idf(docFreq=2106, maxDocs=44218)
               0.014461037 = queryNorm
             0.3574307 = fieldWeight in 3332, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               4.0438666 = idf(docFreq=2106, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=3332)
         0.05219512 = weight(abstract_txt:approaches in 3332) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.05219512 = score(doc=3332,freq=3.0), product of:
             0.10462409 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.5699098 = boost
               4.6084785 = idf(docFreq=1197, maxDocs=44218)
               0.014461037 = queryNorm
             0.4988824 = fieldWeight in 3332, product of:
               1.7320508 = tf(freq=3.0), with freq of:
                 3.0 = termFreq=3.0
               4.6084785 = idf(docFreq=1197, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=3332)
         0.33914578 = weight(abstract_txt:detection in 3332) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.33914578 = score(doc=3332,freq=7.0), product of:
             0.3023129 = queryWeight, product of:
               3.0814602 = boost
               6.784232 = idf(docFreq=135, maxDocs=44218)
               0.014461037 = queryNorm
             1.1218369 = fieldWeight in 3332, product of:
               2.6457512 = tf(freq=7.0), with freq of:
                 7.0 = termFreq=7.0
               6.784232 = idf(docFreq=135, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=3332)
       0.28 = coord(7/25)