Document (#40297)

Author

Dadashkarimia, J.
Shakery, A.
Failia, H.
Zamani, H.

Title

¬An expectation-maximization algorithm for query translation based on pseudo-relevant documents

Source

Information processing and management. 53(2017) no.2, S.371-387

Year

2017

Abstract

Query translation in cross-language information retrieval (CLIR) can be done by employing dictionaries, aligned corpora, or machine translators. Scarcity of aligned corpora for various domains in many language pairs intensifies the importance of dictionary-based CLIR which motivates us to use only a bilingual dictionary and two independent collections in source and target languages for query translation. We exploit pseudo-relevant documents for a given query in the source language and pseudo-relevant documents for a translation of the query in the target language with a proposed expectation-maximization algorithm for improving query translation. The proposed method (called EM4QT) assumes that each target term either is translated from the source pseudo-relevant documents or has come from a noisy collection. Since EM4QT does not directly consider term coherency, which is defined as fluency of the target translation, we investigate a crucial question: can EM4QT be improved using either coherency-based methods or token-to-token translation ones? To address this question, we combine different translation models via simple linear interpolation and a proposed divergence minimization method. Evaluations over four CLEF collections in Persian, French, Spanish, and German indicate that EM4QT significantly outperforms competitive baselines in all the collections. Our experiments also reveal that since EM4QT indirectly considers term coherency, combining the method with coherency-based models cannot significantly improve the retrieval performance. On the other hand, investigating the query-by-query results supports the view that EM4QT usually gives a relatively high weight to one translation and its combination with the proposed token-to-token translation model, which is obtained by running EM4QT for each query term separately, soothes the effect and reaches better results for many queries. Comparing the method with a competitive word-embedding baseline reveals the superiority of the proposed model.

Content

Vgl.: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306457316306379 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ipm.2016.11.007].

Theme

Retrievalalgorithmen

Similar documents (content)

1. Talvensaari, T.; Laurikkala, J.; Järvelin, K.; Juhola, M.: ¬A study on automatic creation of a comparable document collection in cross-language information retrieval (2006) 0.64

   0.6371911 = sum of:
     0.6371911 = product of:
       1.1378412 = sum of:
         0.01072301 = weight(abstract_txt:based in 601) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.01072301 = score(doc=601,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.053900126 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.2238641 = boost
               3.1830752 = idf(docFreq=5005, maxDocs=44421)
               0.013835973 = queryNorm
             0.1989422 = fieldWeight in 601, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               3.1830752 = idf(docFreq=5005, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=601)
         0.04864397 = weight(abstract_txt:dictionary in 601) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.04864397 = score(doc=601,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.11723429 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.2762938 = boost
               6.6388726 = idf(docFreq=157, maxDocs=44421)
               0.013835973 = queryNorm
             0.41492954 = fieldWeight in 601, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               6.6388726 = idf(docFreq=157, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=601)
         0.08099111 = weight(abstract_txt:corpora in 601) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.08099111 = score(doc=601,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.13071243 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.3476644 = boost
               7.01012 = idf(docFreq=108, maxDocs=44421)
               0.013835973 = queryNorm
             0.61961293 = fieldWeight in 601, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               7.01012 = idf(docFreq=108, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=601)
         0.051697064 = weight(abstract_txt:collections in 601) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.051697064 = score(doc=601,freq=4.0), product of:
             0.088041954 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.3546084 = boost
               4.6974936 = idf(docFreq=1100, maxDocs=44421)
               0.013835973 = queryNorm
             0.5871867 = fieldWeight in 601, product of:
               2.0 = tf(freq=4.0), with freq of:
                 4.0 = termFreq=4.0
               4.6974936 = idf(docFreq=1100, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=601)
         0.04667495 = weight(abstract_txt:source in 601) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.04667495 = score(doc=601,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.103620335 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.4695739 = boost
               5.0961695 = idf(docFreq=738, maxDocs=44421)
               0.013835973 = queryNorm
             0.450442 = fieldWeight in 601, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               5.0961695 = idf(docFreq=738, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=601)
         0.12986448 = weight(abstract_txt:clir in 601) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.12986448 = score(doc=601,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.17906839 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.5773671 = boost
               8.20496 = idf(docFreq=32, maxDocs=44421)
               0.013835973 = queryNorm
             0.7252228 = fieldWeight in 601, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               8.20496 = idf(docFreq=32, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=601)
         0.023308687 = weight(abstract_txt:documents in 601) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.023308687 = score(doc=601,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.09044624 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.5853807 = boost
               4.123322 = idf(docFreq=1954, maxDocs=44421)
               0.013835973 = queryNorm
             0.25770763 = fieldWeight in 601, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               4.123322 = idf(docFreq=1954, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=601)
         0.02412641 = weight(abstract_txt:language in 601) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.02412641 = score(doc=601,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.09254944 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.6037077 = boost
               4.1709876 = idf(docFreq=1863, maxDocs=44421)
               0.013835973 = queryNorm
             0.26068673 = fieldWeight in 601, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               4.1709876 = idf(docFreq=1863, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=601)
         0.13962783 = weight(abstract_txt:aligned in 601) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.13962783 = score(doc=601,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.18793456 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.6159452 = boost
               8.405631 = idf(docFreq=26, maxDocs=44421)
               0.013835973 = queryNorm
             0.74295986 = fieldWeight in 601, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               8.405631 = idf(docFreq=26, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=601)
         0.060547743 = weight(abstract_txt:method in 601) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.060547743 = score(doc=601,freq=4.0), product of:
             0.10766899 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.7297511 = boost
               4.4988065 = idf(docFreq=1342, maxDocs=44421)
               0.013835973 = queryNorm
             0.5623508 = fieldWeight in 601, product of:
               2.0 = tf(freq=4.0), with freq of:
                 4.0 = termFreq=4.0
               4.4988065 = idf(docFreq=1342, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=601)
         0.03664915 = weight(abstract_txt:term in 601) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.03664915 = score(doc=601,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.12229854 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.8435246 = boost
               4.794713 = idf(docFreq=998, maxDocs=44421)
               0.013835973 = queryNorm
             0.29966956 = fieldWeight in 601, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               4.794713 = idf(docFreq=998, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=601)
         0.09435898 = weight(abstract_txt:target in 601) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.09435898 = score(doc=601,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.2297387 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.5267098 = boost
               6.571569 = idf(docFreq=168, maxDocs=44421)
               0.013835973 = queryNorm
             0.41072306 = fieldWeight in 601, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               6.571569 = idf(docFreq=168, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=601)
         0.113706656 = weight(abstract_txt:query in 601) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.113706656 = score(doc=601,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.27057445 = queryWeight, product of:
               4.113135 = boost
               4.754492 = idf(docFreq=1039, maxDocs=44421)
               0.013835973 = queryNorm
             0.42024165 = fieldWeight in 601, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               4.754492 = idf(docFreq=1039, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=601)
         0.2769211 = weight(abstract_txt:translation in 601) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.2769211 = score(doc=601,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.5072858 = queryWeight, product of:
               5.936557 = boost
               6.176015 = idf(docFreq=250, maxDocs=44421)
               0.013835973 = queryNorm
             0.54588777 = fieldWeight in 601, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               6.176015 = idf(docFreq=250, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=601)
       0.56 = coord(14/25)
   

2. Kishida, K.: Term disambiguation techniques based on target document collection for cross-language information retrieval : an empirical comparison of performance between techniques (2007) 0.46

   0.46417132 = sum of:
     0.46417132 = product of:
       0.9670236 = sum of:
         0.030868575 = weight(abstract_txt:algorithm in 1897) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.030868575 = score(doc=1897,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.08657245 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.096764 = boost
               5.7050157 = idf(docFreq=401, maxDocs=44421)
               0.013835973 = queryNorm
             0.35656348 = fieldWeight in 1897, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               5.7050157 = idf(docFreq=401, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=1897)
         0.02397738 = weight(abstract_txt:based in 1897) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.02397738 = score(doc=1897,freq=5.0), product of:
             0.053900126 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.2238641 = boost
               3.1830752 = idf(docFreq=5005, maxDocs=44421)
               0.013835973 = queryNorm
             0.4448483 = fieldWeight in 1897, product of:
               2.236068 = tf(freq=5.0), with freq of:
                 5.0 = termFreq=5.0
               3.1830752 = idf(docFreq=5005, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=1897)
         0.04864397 = weight(abstract_txt:dictionary in 1897) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.04864397 = score(doc=1897,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.11723429 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.2762938 = boost
               6.6388726 = idf(docFreq=157, maxDocs=44421)
               0.013835973 = queryNorm
             0.41492954 = fieldWeight in 1897, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               6.6388726 = idf(docFreq=157, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=1897)
         0.025848532 = weight(abstract_txt:collections in 1897) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.025848532 = score(doc=1897,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.088041954 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.3546084 = boost
               4.6974936 = idf(docFreq=1100, maxDocs=44421)
               0.013835973 = queryNorm
             0.29359335 = fieldWeight in 1897, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               4.6974936 = idf(docFreq=1100, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=1897)
         0.033004176 = weight(abstract_txt:source in 1897) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.033004176 = score(doc=1897,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.103620335 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.4695739 = boost
               5.0961695 = idf(docFreq=738, maxDocs=44421)
               0.013835973 = queryNorm
             0.3185106 = fieldWeight in 1897, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               5.0961695 = idf(docFreq=738, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=1897)
         0.0341199 = weight(abstract_txt:language in 1897) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.0341199 = score(doc=1897,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.09254944 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.6037077 = boost
               4.1709876 = idf(docFreq=1863, maxDocs=44421)
               0.013835973 = queryNorm
             0.3686667 = fieldWeight in 1897, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               4.1709876 = idf(docFreq=1863, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=1897)
         0.04281372 = weight(abstract_txt:method in 1897) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.04281372 = score(doc=1897,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.10766899 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.7297511 = boost
               4.4988065 = idf(docFreq=1342, maxDocs=44421)
               0.013835973 = queryNorm
             0.39764208 = fieldWeight in 1897, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               4.4988065 = idf(docFreq=1342, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=1897)
         0.0732983 = weight(abstract_txt:term in 1897) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.0732983 = score(doc=1897,freq=4.0), product of:
             0.12229854 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.8435246 = boost
               4.794713 = idf(docFreq=998, maxDocs=44421)
               0.013835973 = queryNorm
             0.5993391 = fieldWeight in 1897, product of:
               2.0 = tf(freq=4.0), with freq of:
                 4.0 = termFreq=4.0
               4.794713 = idf(docFreq=998, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=1897)
         0.09435898 = weight(abstract_txt:target in 1897) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.09435898 = score(doc=1897,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.2297387 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.5267098 = boost
               6.571569 = idf(docFreq=168, maxDocs=44421)
               0.013835973 = queryNorm
             0.41072306 = fieldWeight in 1897, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               6.571569 = idf(docFreq=168, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=1897)
         0.16946232 = weight(abstract_txt:pseudo in 1897) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.16946232 = score(doc=1897,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.33943823 = queryWeight, product of:
               3.0712748 = boost
               7.9878955 = idf(docFreq=40, maxDocs=44421)
               0.013835973 = queryNorm
             0.49924347 = fieldWeight in 1897, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               7.9878955 = idf(docFreq=40, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=1897)
         0.113706656 = weight(abstract_txt:query in 1897) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.113706656 = score(doc=1897,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.27057445 = queryWeight, product of:
               4.113135 = boost
               4.754492 = idf(docFreq=1039, maxDocs=44421)
               0.013835973 = queryNorm
             0.42024165 = fieldWeight in 1897, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               4.754492 = idf(docFreq=1039, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=1897)
         0.2769211 = weight(abstract_txt:translation in 1897) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.2769211 = score(doc=1897,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.5072858 = queryWeight, product of:
               5.936557 = boost
               6.176015 = idf(docFreq=250, maxDocs=44421)
               0.013835973 = queryNorm
             0.54588777 = fieldWeight in 1897, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               6.176015 = idf(docFreq=250, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=1897)
       0.48 = coord(12/25)
   

3. Seo, H.-C.; Kim, S.-B.; Rim, H.-C.; Myaeng, S.-H.: lmproving query translation in English-Korean Cross-language information retrieval (2005) 0.45

   0.44528082 = sum of:
     0.44528082 = product of:
       1.2368912 = sum of:
         0.013403762 = weight(abstract_txt:based in 2023) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.013403762 = score(doc=2023,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.053900126 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.2238641 = boost
               3.1830752 = idf(docFreq=5005, maxDocs=44421)
               0.013835973 = queryNorm
             0.24867775 = fieldWeight in 2023, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               3.1830752 = idf(docFreq=5005, maxDocs=44421)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=2023)
         0.041255217 = weight(abstract_txt:source in 2023) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.041255217 = score(doc=2023,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.103620335 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.4695739 = boost
               5.0961695 = idf(docFreq=738, maxDocs=44421)
               0.013835973 = queryNorm
             0.39813823 = fieldWeight in 2023, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               5.0961695 = idf(docFreq=738, maxDocs=44421)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=2023)
         0.1623306 = weight(abstract_txt:clir in 2023) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.1623306 = score(doc=2023,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.17906839 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.5773671 = boost
               8.20496 = idf(docFreq=32, maxDocs=44421)
               0.013835973 = queryNorm
             0.90652853 = fieldWeight in 2023, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               8.20496 = idf(docFreq=32, maxDocs=44421)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=2023)
         0.030158015 = weight(abstract_txt:language in 2023) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.030158015 = score(doc=2023,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.09254944 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.6037077 = boost
               4.1709876 = idf(docFreq=1863, maxDocs=44421)
               0.013835973 = queryNorm
             0.3258584 = fieldWeight in 2023, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               4.1709876 = idf(docFreq=1863, maxDocs=44421)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=2023)
         0.075684674 = weight(abstract_txt:method in 2023) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.075684674 = score(doc=2023,freq=4.0), product of:
             0.10766899 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.7297511 = boost
               4.4988065 = idf(docFreq=1342, maxDocs=44421)
               0.013835973 = queryNorm
             0.7029385 = fieldWeight in 2023, product of:
               2.0 = tf(freq=4.0), with freq of:
                 4.0 = termFreq=4.0
               4.4988065 = idf(docFreq=1342, maxDocs=44421)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=2023)
         0.07934774 = weight(abstract_txt:term in 2023) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.07934774 = score(doc=2023,freq=3.0), product of:
             0.12229854 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.8435246 = boost
               4.794713 = idf(docFreq=998, maxDocs=44421)
               0.013835973 = queryNorm
             0.64880365 = fieldWeight in 2023, product of:
               1.7320508 = tf(freq=3.0), with freq of:
                 3.0 = termFreq=3.0
               4.794713 = idf(docFreq=998, maxDocs=44421)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=2023)
         0.20429318 = weight(abstract_txt:target in 2023) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.20429318 = score(doc=2023,freq=3.0), product of:
             0.2297387 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.5267098 = boost
               6.571569 = idf(docFreq=168, maxDocs=44421)
               0.013835973 = queryNorm
             0.88924146 = fieldWeight in 2023, product of:
               1.7320508 = tf(freq=3.0), with freq of:
                 3.0 = termFreq=3.0
               6.571569 = idf(docFreq=168, maxDocs=44421)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=2023)
         0.28426662 = weight(abstract_txt:query in 2023) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.28426662 = score(doc=2023,freq=8.0), product of:
             0.27057445 = queryWeight, product of:
               4.113135 = boost
               4.754492 = idf(docFreq=1039, maxDocs=44421)
               0.013835973 = queryNorm
             1.0506041 = fieldWeight in 2023, product of:
               2.828427 = tf(freq=8.0), with freq of:
                 8.0 = termFreq=8.0
               4.754492 = idf(docFreq=1039, maxDocs=44421)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=2023)
         0.34615135 = weight(abstract_txt:translation in 2023) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.34615135 = score(doc=2023,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.5072858 = queryWeight, product of:
               5.936557 = boost
               6.176015 = idf(docFreq=250, maxDocs=44421)
               0.013835973 = queryNorm
             0.6823597 = fieldWeight in 2023, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               6.176015 = idf(docFreq=250, maxDocs=44421)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=2023)
       0.36 = coord(9/25)
   

4. Levow, G.-A.; Oard, D.W.; Resnik, P.: Dictionary-based techniques for cross-language information retrieval (2005) 0.35

   0.35486397 = sum of:
     0.35486397 = product of:
       1.1089499 = sum of:
         0.018955782 = weight(abstract_txt:based in 2025) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.018955782 = score(doc=2025,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.053900126 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.2238641 = boost
               3.1830752 = idf(docFreq=5005, maxDocs=44421)
               0.013835973 = queryNorm
             0.35168344 = fieldWeight in 2025, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               3.1830752 = idf(docFreq=5005, maxDocs=44421)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=2025)
         0.0859912 = weight(abstract_txt:dictionary in 2025) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.0859912 = score(doc=2025,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.11723429 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.2762938 = boost
               6.6388726 = idf(docFreq=157, maxDocs=44421)
               0.013835973 = queryNorm
             0.7334987 = fieldWeight in 2025, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               6.6388726 = idf(docFreq=157, maxDocs=44421)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=2025)
         0.1623306 = weight(abstract_txt:clir in 2025) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.1623306 = score(doc=2025,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.17906839 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.5773671 = boost
               8.20496 = idf(docFreq=32, maxDocs=44421)
               0.013835973 = queryNorm
             0.90652853 = fieldWeight in 2025, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               8.20496 = idf(docFreq=32, maxDocs=44421)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=2025)
         0.029135857 = weight(abstract_txt:documents in 2025) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.029135857 = score(doc=2025,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.09044624 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.5853807 = boost
               4.123322 = idf(docFreq=1954, maxDocs=44421)
               0.013835973 = queryNorm
             0.32213452 = fieldWeight in 2025, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               4.123322 = idf(docFreq=1954, maxDocs=44421)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=2025)
         0.042649873 = weight(abstract_txt:language in 2025) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.042649873 = score(doc=2025,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.09254944 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.6037077 = boost
               4.1709876 = idf(docFreq=1863, maxDocs=44421)
               0.013835973 = queryNorm
             0.46083337 = fieldWeight in 2025, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               4.1709876 = idf(docFreq=1863, maxDocs=44421)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=2025)
         0.07934774 = weight(abstract_txt:term in 2025) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.07934774 = score(doc=2025,freq=3.0), product of:
             0.12229854 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.8435246 = boost
               4.794713 = idf(docFreq=998, maxDocs=44421)
               0.013835973 = queryNorm
             0.64880365 = fieldWeight in 2025, product of:
               1.7320508 = tf(freq=3.0), with freq of:
                 3.0 = termFreq=3.0
               4.794713 = idf(docFreq=998, maxDocs=44421)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=2025)
         0.20100687 = weight(abstract_txt:query in 2025) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.20100687 = score(doc=2025,freq=4.0), product of:
             0.27057445 = queryWeight, product of:
               4.113135 = boost
               4.754492 = idf(docFreq=1039, maxDocs=44421)
               0.013835973 = queryNorm
             0.74288934 = fieldWeight in 2025, product of:
               2.0 = tf(freq=4.0), with freq of:
                 4.0 = termFreq=4.0
               4.754492 = idf(docFreq=1039, maxDocs=44421)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=2025)
         0.48953193 = weight(abstract_txt:translation in 2025) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.48953193 = score(doc=2025,freq=4.0), product of:
             0.5072858 = queryWeight, product of:
               5.936557 = boost
               6.176015 = idf(docFreq=250, maxDocs=44421)
               0.013835973 = queryNorm
             0.9650023 = fieldWeight in 2025, product of:
               2.0 = tf(freq=4.0), with freq of:
                 4.0 = termFreq=4.0
               6.176015 = idf(docFreq=250, maxDocs=44421)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=2025)
       0.32 = coord(8/25)
   

5. Aljlayl, M.; Frieder, O.; Grossman, D.: On bidirectional English-Arabic search (2002) 0.35

   0.35340843 = sum of:
     0.35340843 = product of:
       0.8835211 = sum of:
         0.02749115 = weight(abstract_txt:significantly in 227) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.02749115 = score(doc=227,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.080136545 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.0552093 = boost
               5.4888616 = idf(docFreq=498, maxDocs=44421)
               0.013835973 = queryNorm
             0.34305385 = fieldWeight in 227, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               5.4888616 = idf(docFreq=498, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=227)
         0.06879296 = weight(abstract_txt:dictionary in 227) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.06879296 = score(doc=227,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.11723429 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.2762938 = boost
               6.6388726 = idf(docFreq=157, maxDocs=44421)
               0.013835973 = queryNorm
             0.58679897 = fieldWeight in 227, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               6.6388726 = idf(docFreq=157, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=227)
         0.033004176 = weight(abstract_txt:source in 227) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.033004176 = score(doc=227,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.103620335 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.4695739 = boost
               5.0961695 = idf(docFreq=738, maxDocs=44421)
               0.013835973 = queryNorm
             0.3185106 = fieldWeight in 227, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               5.0961695 = idf(docFreq=738, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=227)
         0.023308687 = weight(abstract_txt:documents in 227) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.023308687 = score(doc=227,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.09044624 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.5853807 = boost
               4.123322 = idf(docFreq=1954, maxDocs=44421)
               0.013835973 = queryNorm
             0.25770763 = fieldWeight in 227, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               4.123322 = idf(docFreq=1954, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=227)
         0.0341199 = weight(abstract_txt:language in 227) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.0341199 = score(doc=227,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.09254944 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.6037077 = boost
               4.1709876 = idf(docFreq=1863, maxDocs=44421)
               0.013835973 = queryNorm
             0.3686667 = fieldWeight in 227, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               4.1709876 = idf(docFreq=1863, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=227)
         0.060547743 = weight(abstract_txt:method in 227) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.060547743 = score(doc=227,freq=4.0), product of:
             0.10766899 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.7297511 = boost
               4.4988065 = idf(docFreq=1342, maxDocs=44421)
               0.013835973 = queryNorm
             0.5623508 = fieldWeight in 227, product of:
               2.0 = tf(freq=4.0), with freq of:
                 4.0 = termFreq=4.0
               4.4988065 = idf(docFreq=1342, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=227)
         0.06347819 = weight(abstract_txt:term in 227) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.06347819 = score(doc=227,freq=3.0), product of:
             0.12229854 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.8435246 = boost
               4.794713 = idf(docFreq=998, maxDocs=44421)
               0.013835973 = queryNorm
             0.5190429 = fieldWeight in 227, product of:
               1.7320508 = tf(freq=3.0), with freq of:
                 3.0 = termFreq=3.0
               4.794713 = idf(docFreq=998, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=227)
         0.09435898 = weight(abstract_txt:target in 227) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.09435898 = score(doc=227,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.2297387 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.5267098 = boost
               6.571569 = idf(docFreq=168, maxDocs=44421)
               0.013835973 = queryNorm
             0.41072306 = fieldWeight in 227, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               6.571569 = idf(docFreq=168, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=227)
         0.13926165 = weight(abstract_txt:query in 227) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.13926165 = score(doc=227,freq=3.0), product of:
             0.27057445 = queryWeight, product of:
               4.113135 = boost
               4.754492 = idf(docFreq=1039, maxDocs=44421)
               0.013835973 = queryNorm
             0.51468885 = fieldWeight in 227, product of:
               1.7320508 = tf(freq=3.0), with freq of:
                 3.0 = termFreq=3.0
               4.754492 = idf(docFreq=1039, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=227)
         0.33915767 = weight(abstract_txt:translation in 227) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.33915767 = score(doc=227,freq=3.0), product of:
             0.5072858 = queryWeight, product of:
               5.936557 = boost
               6.176015 = idf(docFreq=250, maxDocs=44421)
               0.013835973 = queryNorm
             0.6685732 = fieldWeight in 227, product of:
               1.7320508 = tf(freq=3.0), with freq of:
                 3.0 = termFreq=3.0
               6.176015 = idf(docFreq=250, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=227)
       0.4 = coord(10/25)