Document (#39397)

Author
Helbig, H.
Title
Knowledge representation and the semantics of natural language
Imprint
Berlin : Springer
Year
2014
Pages
XIX, 647 S
Isbn
978-3-642-43999-5
Series
Cognitive technologies
Abstract
Natural Language is not only the most important means of communication between human beings, it is also used over historical periods for the preservation of cultural achievements and their transmission from one generation to the other. During the last few decades, the flod of digitalized information has been growing tremendously. This tendency will continue with the globalisation of information societies and with the growing importance of national and international computer networks. This is one reason why the theoretical understanding and the automated treatment of communication processes based on natural language have such a decisive social and economic impact. In this context, the semantic representation of knowledge originally formulated in natural language plays a central part, because it connects all components of natural language processing systems, be they the automatic understanding of natural language (analysis), the rational reasoning over knowledge bases, or the generation of natural language expressions from formal representations. This book presents a method for the semantic representation of natural language expressions (texts, sentences, phrases, etc.) which can be used as a universal knowledge representation paradigm in the human sciences, like linguistics, cognitive psychology, or philosophy of language, as well as in computational linguistics and in artificial intelligence. It is also an attempt to close the gap between these disciplines, which to a large extent are still working separately.
Footnote
Vgl. auch die anderen Ausgabe in dt. u. engl. Sprache
Theme
Computerlinguistik
Wissensrepräsentation
RSWK
Sprachverarbeitung / Natürliche Sprache / Wissensrepräsentation / Semantisches Netz / Formale Beschreibungstechnik
BK
54.72 (Künstliche Intelligenz)
54.75 (Sprachverarbeitung, Informatik)
DDC
004
LCC
P
RVK
ST 306

Similar documents (author)

  1. Helbig, G.: ¬Das Projekt "Klassifikation für wissenschaftliche Bibliotheken" (1990) 5.87 
    5.874302 = sum of:
  5.874302 = weight(author_txt:helbig in 223) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
    5.874302 = fieldWeight in 223, product of:
      1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
        1.0 = termFreq=1.0
      9.398883 = idf(docFreq=9, maxDocs=44421)
      0.625 = fieldNorm(doc=223)
  2. Helbig, H.: ¬Die semantische Struktur natürlicher Sprache : Wissensrepräsentation mit MultiNet (2001) 5.87 
    5.874302 = sum of:
  5.874302 = weight(author_txt:helbig in 7071) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
    5.874302 = fieldWeight in 7071, product of:
      1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
        1.0 = termFreq=1.0
      9.398883 = idf(docFreq=9, maxDocs=44421)
      0.625 = fieldNorm(doc=7071)
  3. Helbig, G.: Zuordnungen und Abgrenzungen der Sachgebiete bei den naturwissenschaftlich-technischen Hauptgruppen im Rahmen der zentralen Adaption der BBK (1984) 5.87 
    5.874302 = sum of:
  5.874302 = weight(author_txt:helbig in 7364) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
    5.874302 = fieldWeight in 7364, product of:
      1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
        1.0 = termFreq=1.0
      9.398883 = idf(docFreq=9, maxDocs=44421)
      0.625 = fieldNorm(doc=7364)
  4. Helbig, F.: Mit dem Zweiten lernt man besser : Was taugt die Internet-Palttform "Second Life" für die Hochschullehre? (2008) 5.87 
    5.874302 = sum of:
  5.874302 = weight(author_txt:helbig in 2332) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
    5.874302 = fieldWeight in 2332, product of:
      1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
        1.0 = termFreq=1.0
      9.398883 = idf(docFreq=9, maxDocs=44421)
      0.625 = fieldNorm(doc=2332)
  5. Helbig, H.: Wissensverarbeitung und die Semantik der natürlichen Sprache : Wissensrepräsentation mit MultiNet (2008) 5.87 
    5.874302 = sum of:
  5.874302 = weight(author_txt:helbig in 3731) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
    5.874302 = fieldWeight in 3731, product of:
      1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
        1.0 = termFreq=1.0
      9.398883 = idf(docFreq=9, maxDocs=44421)
      0.625 = fieldNorm(doc=3731)

Similar documents (content)

  1. Chowdhury, G.G.: Natural language processing and information retrieval : pt.1: basic issues; pt.2: major applications (1991) 0.36 
    0.35889992 = sum of:
  0.35889992 = product of:
    1.4954164 = sum of:
      0.066475704 = weight(abstract_txt:semantic in 3312) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
        0.066475704 = score(doc=3312,freq=1.0), product of:
          0.09508135 = queryWeight, product of:
            1.142881 = boost
            4.4745317 = idf(docFreq=1375, maxDocs=44421)
            0.018592883 = queryNorm
          0.69914556 = fieldWeight in 3312, product of:
            1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
              1.0 = termFreq=1.0
            4.4745317 = idf(docFreq=1375, maxDocs=44421)
            0.15625 = fieldNorm(doc=3312)
      0.068482645 = weight(abstract_txt:understanding in 3312) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
        0.068482645 = score(doc=3312,freq=1.0), product of:
          0.096985556 = queryWeight, product of:
            1.1542686 = boost
            4.5191154 = idf(docFreq=1315, maxDocs=44421)
            0.018592883 = queryNorm
          0.7061118 = fieldWeight in 3312, product of:
            1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
              1.0 = termFreq=1.0
            4.5191154 = idf(docFreq=1315, maxDocs=44421)
            0.15625 = fieldNorm(doc=3312)
      0.093610734 = weight(abstract_txt:knowledge in 3312) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
        0.093610734 = score(doc=3312,freq=2.0), product of:
          0.11945486 = queryWeight, product of:
            1.8116332 = boost
            3.5463927 = idf(docFreq=3480, maxDocs=44421)
            0.018592883 = queryNorm
          0.78364944 = fieldWeight in 3312, product of:
            1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
              2.0 = termFreq=2.0
            3.5463927 = idf(docFreq=3480, maxDocs=44421)
            0.15625 = fieldNorm(doc=3312)
      0.17740273 = weight(abstract_txt:representation in 3312) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
        0.17740273 = score(doc=3312,freq=1.0), product of:
          0.23048195 = queryWeight, product of:
            2.5164413 = boost
            4.9261017 = idf(docFreq=875, maxDocs=44421)
            0.018592883 = queryNorm
          0.7697034 = fieldWeight in 3312, product of:
            1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
              1.0 = termFreq=1.0
            4.9261017 = idf(docFreq=875, maxDocs=44421)
            0.15625 = fieldNorm(doc=3312)
      0.41967204 = weight(abstract_txt:language in 3312) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
        0.41967204 = score(doc=3312,freq=3.0), product of:
          0.37178382 = queryWeight, product of:
            4.7940755 = boost
            4.1709876 = idf(docFreq=1863, maxDocs=44421)
            0.018592883 = queryNorm
          1.1288066 = fieldWeight in 3312, product of:
            1.7320508 = tf(freq=3.0), with freq of:
              3.0 = termFreq=3.0
            4.1709876 = idf(docFreq=1863, maxDocs=44421)
            0.15625 = fieldNorm(doc=3312)
      0.66977257 = weight(abstract_txt:natural in 3312) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
        0.66977257 = score(doc=3312,freq=3.0), product of:
          0.4881851 = queryWeight, product of:
            5.179354 = boost
            5.0694656 = idf(docFreq=758, maxDocs=44421)
            0.018592883 = queryNorm
          1.3719643 = fieldWeight in 3312, product of:
            1.7320508 = tf(freq=3.0), with freq of:
              3.0 = termFreq=3.0
            5.0694656 = idf(docFreq=758, maxDocs=44421)
            0.15625 = fieldNorm(doc=3312)
    0.24 = coord(6/25)
  2. Dodig-Crnkovic, G.: Info-computationalism and philosophical aspects of research in information sciences (2014) 0.25 
    0.25497058 = sum of:
  0.25497058 = product of:
    0.7082516 = sum of:
      0.07495678 = weight(abstract_txt:beings in 4410) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
        0.07495678 = score(doc=4410,freq=1.0), product of:
          0.15059504 = queryWeight, product of:
            1.0170532 = boost
            7.963798 = idf(docFreq=41, maxDocs=44421)
            0.018592883 = queryNorm
          0.49773738 = fieldWeight in 4410, product of:
            1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
              1.0 = termFreq=1.0
            7.963798 = idf(docFreq=41, maxDocs=44421)
            0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=4410)
      0.027393058 = weight(abstract_txt:understanding in 4410) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
        0.027393058 = score(doc=4410,freq=1.0), product of:
          0.096985556 = queryWeight, product of:
            1.1542686 = boost
            4.5191154 = idf(docFreq=1315, maxDocs=44421)
            0.018592883 = queryNorm
          0.28244472 = fieldWeight in 4410, product of:
            1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
              1.0 = termFreq=1.0
            4.5191154 = idf(docFreq=1315, maxDocs=44421)
            0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=4410)
      0.03044901 = weight(abstract_txt:human in 4410) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
        0.03044901 = score(doc=4410,freq=1.0), product of:
          0.10407079 = queryWeight, product of:
            1.1956878 = boost
            4.681277 = idf(docFreq=1118, maxDocs=44421)
            0.018592883 = queryNorm
          0.2925798 = fieldWeight in 4410, product of:
            1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
              1.0 = termFreq=1.0
            4.681277 = idf(docFreq=1118, maxDocs=44421)
            0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=4410)
      0.044895813 = weight(abstract_txt:communication in 4410) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
        0.044895813 = score(doc=4410,freq=2.0), product of:
          0.10700579 = queryWeight, product of:
            1.212431 = boost
            4.7468286 = idf(docFreq=1047, maxDocs=44421)
            0.018592883 = queryNorm
          0.41956434 = fieldWeight in 4410, product of:
            1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
              2.0 = termFreq=2.0
            4.7468286 = idf(docFreq=1047, maxDocs=44421)
            0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=4410)
      0.011696049 = weight(abstract_txt:this in 4410) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
        0.011696049 = score(doc=4410,freq=2.0), product of:
          0.054992843 = queryWeight, product of:
            1.2291969 = boost
            2.4062347 = idf(docFreq=10885, maxDocs=44421)
            0.018592883 = queryNorm
          0.21268311 = fieldWeight in 4410, product of:
            1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
              2.0 = termFreq=2.0
            2.4062347 = idf(docFreq=10885, maxDocs=44421)
            0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=4410)
      0.053382505 = weight(abstract_txt:growing in 4410) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
        0.053382505 = score(doc=4410,freq=1.0), product of:
          0.15131408 = queryWeight, product of:
            1.4417602 = boost
            5.6446834 = idf(docFreq=426, maxDocs=44421)
            0.018592883 = queryNorm
          0.3527927 = fieldWeight in 4410, product of:
            1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
              1.0 = termFreq=1.0
            5.6446834 = idf(docFreq=426, maxDocs=44421)
            0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=4410)
      0.05920463 = weight(abstract_txt:knowledge in 4410) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
        0.05920463 = score(doc=4410,freq=5.0), product of:
          0.11945486 = queryWeight, product of:
            1.8116332 = boost
            3.5463927 = idf(docFreq=3480, maxDocs=44421)
            0.018592883 = queryNorm
          0.49562344 = fieldWeight in 4410, product of:
            2.236068 = tf(freq=5.0), with freq of:
              5.0 = termFreq=5.0
            3.5463927 = idf(docFreq=3480, maxDocs=44421)
            0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=4410)
      0.096919104 = weight(abstract_txt:language in 4410) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
        0.096919104 = score(doc=4410,freq=1.0), product of:
          0.37178382 = queryWeight, product of:
            4.7940755 = boost
            4.1709876 = idf(docFreq=1863, maxDocs=44421)
            0.018592883 = queryNorm
          0.26068673 = fieldWeight in 4410, product of:
            1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
              1.0 = termFreq=1.0
            4.1709876 = idf(docFreq=1863, maxDocs=44421)
            0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=4410)
      0.3093547 = weight(abstract_txt:natural in 4410) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
        0.3093547 = score(doc=4410,freq=4.0), product of:
          0.4881851 = queryWeight, product of:
            5.179354 = boost
            5.0694656 = idf(docFreq=758, maxDocs=44421)
            0.018592883 = queryNorm
          0.6336832 = fieldWeight in 4410, product of:
            2.0 = tf(freq=4.0), with freq of:
              4.0 = termFreq=4.0
            5.0694656 = idf(docFreq=758, maxDocs=44421)
            0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=4410)
    0.36 = coord(9/25)
  3. Ghenima, M.: ¬A system of 'computer-aided diacritisation' using a lexical database of Arabic language (1998) 0.25 
    0.2523872 = sum of:
  0.2523872 = product of:
    1.261936 = sum of:
      0.17419618 = weight(abstract_txt:linguistics in 1074) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
        0.17419618 = score(doc=1074,freq=1.0), product of:
          0.20971 = queryWeight, product of:
            1.6973169 = boost
            6.6452217 = idf(docFreq=156, maxDocs=44421)
            0.018592883 = queryNorm
          0.8306527 = fieldWeight in 1074, product of:
            1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
              1.0 = termFreq=1.0
            6.6452217 = idf(docFreq=156, maxDocs=44421)
            0.125 = fieldNorm(doc=1074)
      0.07488859 = weight(abstract_txt:knowledge in 1074) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
        0.07488859 = score(doc=1074,freq=2.0), product of:
          0.11945486 = queryWeight, product of:
            1.8116332 = boost
            3.5463927 = idf(docFreq=3480, maxDocs=44421)
            0.018592883 = queryNorm
          0.62691957 = fieldWeight in 1074, product of:
            1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
              2.0 = termFreq=2.0
            3.5463927 = idf(docFreq=3480, maxDocs=44421)
            0.125 = fieldNorm(doc=1074)
      0.14192219 = weight(abstract_txt:representation in 1074) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
        0.14192219 = score(doc=1074,freq=1.0), product of:
          0.23048195 = queryWeight, product of:
            2.5164413 = boost
            4.9261017 = idf(docFreq=875, maxDocs=44421)
            0.018592883 = queryNorm
          0.6157627 = fieldWeight in 1074, product of:
            1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
              1.0 = termFreq=1.0
            4.9261017 = idf(docFreq=875, maxDocs=44421)
            0.125 = fieldNorm(doc=1074)
      0.4334354 = weight(abstract_txt:language in 1074) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
        0.4334354 = score(doc=1074,freq=5.0), product of:
          0.37178382 = queryWeight, product of:
            4.7940755 = boost
            4.1709876 = idf(docFreq=1863, maxDocs=44421)
            0.018592883 = queryNorm
          1.1658264 = fieldWeight in 1074, product of:
            2.236068 = tf(freq=5.0), with freq of:
              5.0 = termFreq=5.0
            4.1709876 = idf(docFreq=1863, maxDocs=44421)
            0.125 = fieldNorm(doc=1074)
      0.4374936 = weight(abstract_txt:natural in 1074) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
        0.4374936 = score(doc=1074,freq=2.0), product of:
          0.4881851 = queryWeight, product of:
            5.179354 = boost
            5.0694656 = idf(docFreq=758, maxDocs=44421)
            0.018592883 = queryNorm
          0.89616334 = fieldWeight in 1074, product of:
            1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
              2.0 = termFreq=2.0
            5.0694656 = idf(docFreq=758, maxDocs=44421)
            0.125 = fieldNorm(doc=1074)
    0.2 = coord(5/25)
  4. Dolling, J.: Ontological domains, semantic sorts and systematic ambiguitiy (1995) 0.23 
    0.23152733 = sum of:
  0.23152733 = product of:
    0.96469724 = sum of:
      0.053180564 = weight(abstract_txt:semantic in 4854) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
        0.053180564 = score(doc=4854,freq=1.0), product of:
          0.09508135 = queryWeight, product of:
            1.142881 = boost
            4.4745317 = idf(docFreq=1375, maxDocs=44421)
            0.018592883 = queryNorm
          0.55931646 = fieldWeight in 4854, product of:
            1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
              1.0 = termFreq=1.0
            4.4745317 = idf(docFreq=1375, maxDocs=44421)
            0.125 = fieldNorm(doc=4854)
      0.054786116 = weight(abstract_txt:understanding in 4854) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
        0.054786116 = score(doc=4854,freq=1.0), product of:
          0.096985556 = queryWeight, product of:
            1.1542686 = boost
            4.5191154 = idf(docFreq=1315, maxDocs=44421)
            0.018592883 = queryNorm
          0.56488943 = fieldWeight in 4854, product of:
            1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
              1.0 = termFreq=1.0
            4.5191154 = idf(docFreq=1315, maxDocs=44421)
            0.125 = fieldNorm(doc=4854)
      0.26181823 = weight(abstract_txt:expressions in 4854) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
        0.26181823 = score(doc=4854,freq=2.0), product of:
          0.21839866 = queryWeight, product of:
            1.7321215 = boost
            6.7814865 = idf(docFreq=136, maxDocs=44421)
            0.018592883 = queryNorm
          1.1988088 = fieldWeight in 4854, product of:
            1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
              2.0 = termFreq=2.0
            6.7814865 = idf(docFreq=136, maxDocs=44421)
            0.125 = fieldNorm(doc=4854)
      0.09171942 = weight(abstract_txt:knowledge in 4854) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
        0.09171942 = score(doc=4854,freq=3.0), product of:
          0.11945486 = queryWeight, product of:
            1.8116332 = boost
            3.5463927 = idf(docFreq=3480, maxDocs=44421)
            0.018592883 = queryNorm
          0.76781654 = fieldWeight in 4854, product of:
            1.7320508 = tf(freq=3.0), with freq of:
              3.0 = termFreq=3.0
            3.5463927 = idf(docFreq=3480, maxDocs=44421)
            0.125 = fieldNorm(doc=4854)
      0.19383821 = weight(abstract_txt:language in 4854) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
        0.19383821 = score(doc=4854,freq=1.0), product of:
          0.37178382 = queryWeight, product of:
            4.7940755 = boost
            4.1709876 = idf(docFreq=1863, maxDocs=44421)
            0.018592883 = queryNorm
          0.52137345 = fieldWeight in 4854, product of:
            1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
              1.0 = termFreq=1.0
            4.1709876 = idf(docFreq=1863, maxDocs=44421)
            0.125 = fieldNorm(doc=4854)
      0.3093547 = weight(abstract_txt:natural in 4854) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
        0.3093547 = score(doc=4854,freq=1.0), product of:
          0.4881851 = queryWeight, product of:
            5.179354 = boost
            5.0694656 = idf(docFreq=758, maxDocs=44421)
            0.018592883 = queryNorm
          0.6336832 = fieldWeight in 4854, product of:
            1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
              1.0 = termFreq=1.0
            5.0694656 = idf(docFreq=758, maxDocs=44421)
            0.125 = fieldNorm(doc=4854)
    0.24 = coord(6/25)
  5. Chowdhury, G.G.: Natural language processing (2002) 0.22 
    0.22351602 = sum of:
  0.22351602 = product of:
    0.93131673 = sum of:
      0.09369597 = weight(abstract_txt:beings in 5284) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
        0.09369597 = score(doc=5284,freq=1.0), product of:
          0.15059504 = queryWeight, product of:
            1.0170532 = boost
            7.963798 = idf(docFreq=41, maxDocs=44421)
            0.018592883 = queryNorm
          0.6221717 = fieldWeight in 5284, product of:
            1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
              1.0 = termFreq=1.0
            7.963798 = idf(docFreq=41, maxDocs=44421)
            0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=5284)
      0.03806126 = weight(abstract_txt:human in 5284) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
        0.03806126 = score(doc=5284,freq=1.0), product of:
          0.10407079 = queryWeight, product of:
            1.1956878 = boost
            4.681277 = idf(docFreq=1118, maxDocs=44421)
            0.018592883 = queryNorm
          0.36572474 = fieldWeight in 5284, product of:
            1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
              1.0 = termFreq=1.0
            4.681277 = idf(docFreq=1118, maxDocs=44421)
            0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=5284)
      0.108872615 = weight(abstract_txt:linguistics in 5284) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
        0.108872615 = score(doc=5284,freq=1.0), product of:
          0.20971 = queryWeight, product of:
            1.6973169 = boost
            6.6452217 = idf(docFreq=156, maxDocs=44421)
            0.018592883 = queryNorm
          0.51915795 = fieldWeight in 5284, product of:
            1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
              1.0 = termFreq=1.0
            6.6452217 = idf(docFreq=156, maxDocs=44421)
            0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=5284)
      0.033096395 = weight(abstract_txt:knowledge in 5284) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
        0.033096395 = score(doc=5284,freq=1.0), product of:
          0.11945486 = queryWeight, product of:
            1.8116332 = boost
            3.5463927 = idf(docFreq=3480, maxDocs=44421)
            0.018592883 = queryNorm
          0.27706194 = fieldWeight in 5284, product of:
            1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
              1.0 = termFreq=1.0
            3.5463927 = idf(docFreq=3480, maxDocs=44421)
            0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=5284)
      0.27089712 = weight(abstract_txt:language in 5284) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
        0.27089712 = score(doc=5284,freq=5.0), product of:
          0.37178382 = queryWeight, product of:
            4.7940755 = boost
            4.1709876 = idf(docFreq=1863, maxDocs=44421)
            0.018592883 = queryNorm
          0.7286415 = fieldWeight in 5284, product of:
            2.236068 = tf(freq=5.0), with freq of:
              5.0 = termFreq=5.0
            4.1709876 = idf(docFreq=1863, maxDocs=44421)
            0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=5284)
      0.3866934 = weight(abstract_txt:natural in 5284) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
        0.3866934 = score(doc=5284,freq=4.0), product of:
          0.4881851 = queryWeight, product of:
            5.179354 = boost
            5.0694656 = idf(docFreq=758, maxDocs=44421)
            0.018592883 = queryNorm
          0.792104 = fieldWeight in 5284, product of:
            2.0 = tf(freq=4.0), with freq of:
              4.0 = termFreq=4.0
            5.0694656 = idf(docFreq=758, maxDocs=44421)
            0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=5284)
    0.24 = coord(6/25)