Document (#36415)

Author

Quillian, M.R.

Title

Word concepts : a theory and simulation of some basic semantic capabilities.

Source

Behavioral Science. 12(1967), S.410-430

Year

1967

Abstract

In order to discover design principles for a large memory that can enable it to serve as the base of knowledge underlying human-like language behavior, experiments with a model memory are being performed. This model is built up within a computer by "recoding" a body of information from an ordinary dictionary into a complex network of elements and associations interconnecting them. Then, the ability of a program to use the resulting model memory effectively for simulating human performance provides a test of its design. One simulation program, now running, is given the model memory and is required to compare and contrast the meanings of arbitrary pairs of English words. For each pair, the program locates any relevant semantic information within the model memory, draws inferences on the basis of this, and thereby discovers various relationships between the meanings of the two words. Finally, it creates English text to express its conclusions. The design principles embodied in the memory model, together with some of the methods used by the program, constitute a theory of how human memory for semantic and other conceptual material may be formatted, organized, and used.

Theme

Wissensrepräsentation

Similar documents (content)

1. Lund, K.; Burgess, C.; Atchley, R.A.: Semantic and associative priming in high-dimensional semantic space (1995) 0.19

   0.19023448 = sum of:
     0.19023448 = product of:
       0.9511724 = sum of:
         0.07325123 = weight(abstract_txt:words in 3151) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.07325123 = score(doc=3151,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.12504606 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.5115916 = boost
               5.355831 = idf(docFreq=569, maxDocs=44421)
               0.015445739 = queryNorm
             0.58579403 = fieldWeight in 3151, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               5.355831 = idf(docFreq=569, maxDocs=44421)
               0.109375 = fieldNorm(doc=3151)
         0.12814403 = weight(abstract_txt:semantic in 3151) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.12814403 = score(doc=3151,freq=4.0), product of:
             0.13091901 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.8942899 = boost
               4.4745317 = idf(docFreq=1375, maxDocs=44421)
               0.015445739 = queryNorm
             0.9788038 = fieldWeight in 3151, product of:
               2.0 = tf(freq=4.0), with freq of:
                 4.0 = termFreq=4.0
               4.4745317 = idf(docFreq=1375, maxDocs=44421)
               0.109375 = fieldNorm(doc=3151)
         0.18061371 = weight(abstract_txt:simulation in 3151) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.18061371 = score(doc=3151,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.22822358 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.0421126 = boost
               7.2355595 = idf(docFreq=86, maxDocs=44421)
               0.015445739 = queryNorm
             0.79138935 = fieldWeight in 3151, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               7.2355595 = idf(docFreq=86, maxDocs=44421)
               0.109375 = fieldNorm(doc=3151)
         0.090368114 = weight(abstract_txt:model in 3151) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.090368114 = score(doc=3151,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.20744865 = queryWeight, product of:
               3.372216 = boost
               3.9827821 = idf(docFreq=2249, maxDocs=44421)
               0.015445739 = queryNorm
             0.4356168 = fieldWeight in 3151, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               3.9827821 = idf(docFreq=2249, maxDocs=44421)
               0.109375 = fieldNorm(doc=3151)
         0.47879532 = weight(abstract_txt:memory in 3151) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.47879532 = score(doc=3151,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.66371655 = queryWeight, product of:
               6.515156 = boost
               6.595522 = idf(docFreq=164, maxDocs=44421)
               0.015445739 = queryNorm
             0.72138524 = fieldWeight in 3151, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               6.595522 = idf(docFreq=164, maxDocs=44421)
               0.109375 = fieldNorm(doc=3151)
       0.2 = coord(5/25)
   

2. Lund, K.; Burgess, C.: Producing high-dimensional semantic spaces from lexical co-occurrence (1996) 0.16

   0.15678588 = sum of:
     0.15678588 = product of:
       0.6532745 = sum of:
         0.025061132 = weight(abstract_txt:within in 2704) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.025061132 = score(doc=2704,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.07655012 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.182694 = boost
               4.19049 = idf(docFreq=1827, maxDocs=44421)
               0.015445739 = queryNorm
             0.32738203 = fieldWeight in 2704, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               4.19049 = idf(docFreq=1827, maxDocs=44421)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=2704)
         0.06472251 = weight(abstract_txt:semantic in 2704) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.06472251 = score(doc=2704,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.13091901 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.8942899 = boost
               4.4745317 = idf(docFreq=1375, maxDocs=44421)
               0.015445739 = queryNorm
             0.49437058 = fieldWeight in 2704, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               4.4745317 = idf(docFreq=1375, maxDocs=44421)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=2704)
         0.10453841 = weight(abstract_txt:meanings in 2704) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.10453841 = score(doc=2704,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.19836392 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.9038415 = boost
               6.7456408 = idf(docFreq=141, maxDocs=44421)
               0.015445739 = queryNorm
             0.52700317 = fieldWeight in 2704, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               6.7456408 = idf(docFreq=141, maxDocs=44421)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=2704)
         0.05240715 = weight(abstract_txt:human in 2704) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.05240715 = score(doc=2704,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.1432967 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.9818152 = boost
               4.681277 = idf(docFreq=1118, maxDocs=44421)
               0.015445739 = queryNorm
             0.36572474 = fieldWeight in 2704, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               4.681277 = idf(docFreq=1118, maxDocs=44421)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=2704)
         0.06454865 = weight(abstract_txt:model in 2704) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.06454865 = score(doc=2704,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.20744865 = queryWeight, product of:
               3.372216 = boost
               3.9827821 = idf(docFreq=2249, maxDocs=44421)
               0.015445739 = queryNorm
             0.31115484 = fieldWeight in 2704, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               3.9827821 = idf(docFreq=2249, maxDocs=44421)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=2704)
         0.34199664 = weight(abstract_txt:memory in 2704) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.34199664 = score(doc=2704,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.66371655 = queryWeight, product of:
               6.515156 = boost
               6.595522 = idf(docFreq=164, maxDocs=44421)
               0.015445739 = queryNorm
             0.5152751 = fieldWeight in 2704, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               6.595522 = idf(docFreq=164, maxDocs=44421)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=2704)
       0.24 = coord(6/25)
   

3. Court, A.W.: ¬The relationship between information and personal knowledge in new product development (1997) 0.15

   0.14942956 = sum of:
     0.14942956 = product of:
       0.93393475 = sum of:
         0.049618512 = weight(abstract_txt:within in 652) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.049618512 = score(doc=652,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.07655012 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.182694 = boost
               4.19049 = idf(docFreq=1827, maxDocs=44421)
               0.015445739 = queryNorm
             0.64818335 = fieldWeight in 652, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               4.19049 = idf(docFreq=1827, maxDocs=44421)
               0.109375 = fieldNorm(doc=652)
         0.060843598 = weight(abstract_txt:design in 652) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.060843598 = score(doc=652,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.10038999 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.6587857 = boost
               3.9182436 = idf(docFreq=2399, maxDocs=44421)
               0.015445739 = queryNorm
             0.60607237 = fieldWeight in 652, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               3.9182436 = idf(docFreq=2399, maxDocs=44421)
               0.109375 = fieldNorm(doc=652)
         0.14635378 = weight(abstract_txt:meanings in 652) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.14635378 = score(doc=652,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.19836392 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.9038415 = boost
               6.7456408 = idf(docFreq=141, maxDocs=44421)
               0.015445739 = queryNorm
             0.7378045 = fieldWeight in 652, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               6.7456408 = idf(docFreq=141, maxDocs=44421)
               0.109375 = fieldNorm(doc=652)
         0.67711884 = weight(abstract_txt:memory in 652) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.67711884 = score(doc=652,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.66371655 = queryWeight, product of:
               6.515156 = boost
               6.595522 = idf(docFreq=164, maxDocs=44421)
               0.015445739 = queryNorm
             1.0201927 = fieldWeight in 652, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               6.595522 = idf(docFreq=164, maxDocs=44421)
               0.109375 = fieldNorm(doc=652)
       0.16 = coord(4/25)
   

4. Chen, C.: Individual differences in a spatial-semantic virtual environment (2000) 0.14

   0.14333844 = sum of:
     0.14333844 = product of:
       0.7166922 = sum of:
         0.020048905 = weight(abstract_txt:within in 5603) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.020048905 = score(doc=5603,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.07655012 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.182694 = boost
               4.19049 = idf(docFreq=1827, maxDocs=44421)
               0.015445739 = queryNorm
             0.2619056 = fieldWeight in 5603, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               4.19049 = idf(docFreq=1827, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=5603)
         0.024584526 = weight(abstract_txt:design in 5603) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.024584526 = score(doc=5603,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.10038999 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.6587857 = boost
               3.9182436 = idf(docFreq=2399, maxDocs=44421)
               0.015445739 = queryNorm
             0.24489023 = fieldWeight in 5603, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               3.9182436 = idf(docFreq=2399, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=5603)
         0.073225155 = weight(abstract_txt:semantic in 5603) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.073225155 = score(doc=5603,freq=4.0), product of:
             0.13091901 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.8942899 = boost
               4.4745317 = idf(docFreq=1375, maxDocs=44421)
               0.015445739 = queryNorm
             0.55931646 = fieldWeight in 5603, product of:
               2.0 = tf(freq=4.0), with freq of:
                 4.0 = termFreq=4.0
               4.4745317 = idf(docFreq=1375, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=5603)
         0.051638924 = weight(abstract_txt:model in 5603) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.051638924 = score(doc=5603,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.20744865 = queryWeight, product of:
               3.372216 = boost
               3.9827821 = idf(docFreq=2249, maxDocs=44421)
               0.015445739 = queryNorm
             0.24892388 = fieldWeight in 5603, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               3.9827821 = idf(docFreq=2249, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=5603)
         0.54719466 = weight(abstract_txt:memory in 5603) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.54719466 = score(doc=5603,freq=4.0), product of:
             0.66371655 = queryWeight, product of:
               6.515156 = boost
               6.595522 = idf(docFreq=164, maxDocs=44421)
               0.015445739 = queryNorm
             0.82444024 = fieldWeight in 5603, product of:
               2.0 = tf(freq=4.0), with freq of:
                 4.0 = termFreq=4.0
               6.595522 = idf(docFreq=164, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=5603)
       0.2 = coord(5/25)
   

5. Rehurek, R.; Sojka, P.: Software framework for topic modelling with large corpora (2010) 0.13

   0.13202862 = sum of:
     0.13202862 = product of:
       0.66014314 = sum of:
         0.035441794 = weight(abstract_txt:within in 2058) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.035441794 = score(doc=2058,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.07655012 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.182694 = boost
               4.19049 = idf(docFreq=1827, maxDocs=44421)
               0.015445739 = queryNorm
             0.46298808 = fieldWeight in 2058, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               4.19049 = idf(docFreq=1827, maxDocs=44421)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=2058)
         0.03073066 = weight(abstract_txt:design in 2058) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.03073066 = score(doc=2058,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.10038999 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.6587857 = boost
               3.9182436 = idf(docFreq=2399, maxDocs=44421)
               0.015445739 = queryNorm
             0.3061128 = fieldWeight in 2058, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               3.9182436 = idf(docFreq=2399, maxDocs=44421)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=2058)
         0.04576572 = weight(abstract_txt:semantic in 2058) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.04576572 = score(doc=2058,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.13091901 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.8942899 = boost
               4.4745317 = idf(docFreq=1375, maxDocs=44421)
               0.015445739 = queryNorm
             0.34957278 = fieldWeight in 2058, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               4.4745317 = idf(docFreq=1375, maxDocs=44421)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=2058)
         0.06454865 = weight(abstract_txt:model in 2058) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.06454865 = score(doc=2058,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.20744865 = queryWeight, product of:
               3.372216 = boost
               3.9827821 = idf(docFreq=2249, maxDocs=44421)
               0.015445739 = queryNorm
             0.31115484 = fieldWeight in 2058, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               3.9827821 = idf(docFreq=2249, maxDocs=44421)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=2058)
         0.4836563 = weight(abstract_txt:memory in 2058) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.4836563 = score(doc=2058,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.66371655 = queryWeight, product of:
               6.515156 = boost
               6.595522 = idf(docFreq=164, maxDocs=44421)
               0.015445739 = queryNorm
             0.7287091 = fieldWeight in 2058, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               6.595522 = idf(docFreq=164, maxDocs=44421)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=2058)
       0.2 = coord(5/25)