Document (#33980)

Author

Legg, C.

Title

Ontologies on the Semantic Web

Source

Annual review of information science and technology. 41(2007), S.407-451

Year

2007

Abstract

As an informational technology, the World Wide Web has enjoyed spectacular success. In just ten years it has transformed the way information is produced, stored, and shared in arenas as diverse as shopping, family photo albums, and high-level academic research. The "Semantic Web" is touted by its developers as equally revolutionary, although it has not yet achieved anything like the Web's exponential uptake. It seeks to transcend a current limitation of the Web - that it largely requires indexing to be accomplished merely on specific character strings. Thus, a person searching for information about "turkey" (the bird) receives from current search engines many irrelevant pages about "Turkey" (the country) and nothing about the Spanish "pavo" even if he or she is a Spanish-speaker able to understand such pages. The Semantic Web vision is to develop technology to facilitate retrieval of information via meanings, not just spellings. For this to be possible, most commentators believe, Semantic Web applications will have to draw on some kind of shared, structured, machine-readable conceptual scheme. Thus, there has been a convergence between the Semantic Web research community and an older tradition with roots in classical Artificial Intelligence (AI) research (sometimes referred to as "knowledge representation") whose goal is to develop a formal ontology. A formal ontology is a machine-readable theory of the most fundamental concepts or "categories" required in order to understand information pertaining to any knowledge domain. A review of the attempts that have been made to realize this goal provides an opportunity to reflect in interestingly concrete ways on various research questions such as the following: - How explicit a machine-understandable theory of meaning is it possible or practical to construct? - How universal a machine-understandable theory of meaning is it possible or practical to construct? - How much (and what kind of) inference support is required to realize a machine-understandable theory of meaning? - What is it for a theory of meaning to be machine-understandable anyway?

Theme

Literaturübersicht
Semantic Web

Similar documents (content)

1. Cimiano, P.; Völker, J.; Studer, R.: Ontologies on demand? : a description of the state-of-the-art, applications, challenges and trends for ontology learning from text (2006) 0.22

   0.2245623 = sum of:
     0.2245623 = product of:
       0.8020082 = sum of:
         0.04097651 = weight(abstract_txt:thus in 14) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.04097651 = score(doc=14,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.10305666 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.0271597 = boost
               5.0894265 = idf(docFreq=743, maxDocs=44421)
               0.01971375 = queryNorm
             0.39761144 = fieldWeight in 14, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               5.0894265 = idf(docFreq=743, maxDocs=44421)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=14)
         0.052322447 = weight(abstract_txt:formal in 14) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.052322447 = score(doc=14,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.121295534 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.1143519 = boost
               5.521451 = idf(docFreq=482, maxDocs=44421)
               0.01971375 = queryNorm
             0.43136334 = fieldWeight in 14, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               5.521451 = idf(docFreq=482, maxDocs=44421)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=14)
         0.07407846 = weight(abstract_txt:ontology in 14) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.07407846 = score(doc=14,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.12138661 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.1147702 = boost
               5.5235233 = idf(docFreq=481, maxDocs=44421)
               0.01971375 = queryNorm
             0.61026883 = fieldWeight in 14, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               5.5235233 = idf(docFreq=481, maxDocs=44421)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=14)
         0.08326635 = weight(abstract_txt:shared in 14) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.08326635 = score(doc=14,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.13122678 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.1590741 = boost
               5.743043 = idf(docFreq=386, maxDocs=44421)
               0.01971375 = queryNorm
             0.63452256 = fieldWeight in 14, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               5.743043 = idf(docFreq=386, maxDocs=44421)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=14)
         0.10859101 = weight(abstract_txt:meaning in 14) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.10859101 = score(doc=14,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.24865204 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.2563734 = boost
               5.59 = idf(docFreq=450, maxDocs=44421)
               0.01971375 = queryNorm
             0.43671876 = fieldWeight in 14, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               5.59 = idf(docFreq=450, maxDocs=44421)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=14)
         0.30590224 = weight(abstract_txt:understandable in 14) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.30590224 = score(doc=14,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.4959652 = queryWeight, product of:
               3.1866953 = boost
               7.894805 = idf(docFreq=44, maxDocs=44421)
               0.01971375 = queryNorm
             0.61678165 = fieldWeight in 14, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               7.894805 = idf(docFreq=44, maxDocs=44421)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=14)
         0.13687114 = weight(abstract_txt:machine in 14) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.13687114 = score(doc=14,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.33212465 = queryWeight, product of:
               3.1938252 = boost
               5.274979 = idf(docFreq=617, maxDocs=44421)
               0.01971375 = queryNorm
             0.41210774 = fieldWeight in 14, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               5.274979 = idf(docFreq=617, maxDocs=44421)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=14)
       0.28 = coord(7/25)
   

2. Howarth, L.C.: Designing a "Human Understandable" metalevel ontology for enhancing resource discovery in knowledge bases (2000) 0.22

   0.215126 = sum of:
     0.215126 = product of:
       0.7683071 = sum of:
         0.031683445 = weight(abstract_txt:develop in 1114) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.031683445 = score(doc=1114,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.100742884 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.0155636 = boost
               5.0319695 = idf(docFreq=787, maxDocs=44421)
               0.01971375 = queryNorm
             0.3144981 = fieldWeight in 1114, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               5.0319695 = idf(docFreq=787, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=1114)
         0.032781206 = weight(abstract_txt:thus in 1114) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.032781206 = score(doc=1114,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.10305666 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.0271597 = boost
               5.0894265 = idf(docFreq=743, maxDocs=44421)
               0.01971375 = queryNorm
             0.31808916 = fieldWeight in 1114, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               5.0894265 = idf(docFreq=743, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=1114)
         0.041905113 = weight(abstract_txt:ontology in 1114) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.041905113 = score(doc=1114,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.12138661 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.1147702 = boost
               5.5235233 = idf(docFreq=481, maxDocs=44421)
               0.01971375 = queryNorm
             0.3452202 = fieldWeight in 1114, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               5.5235233 = idf(docFreq=481, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=1114)
         0.015686905 = weight(abstract_txt:research in 1114) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.015686905 = score(doc=1114,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.07943788 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.2753482 = boost
               3.159582 = idf(docFreq=5124, maxDocs=44421)
               0.01971375 = queryNorm
             0.19747387 = fieldWeight in 1114, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               3.159582 = idf(docFreq=5124, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=1114)
         0.06752783 = weight(abstract_txt:readable in 1114) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.06752783 = score(doc=1114,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.16684556 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.3069448 = boost
               6.475721 = idf(docFreq=185, maxDocs=44421)
               0.01971375 = queryNorm
             0.40473256 = fieldWeight in 1114, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               6.475721 = idf(docFreq=185, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=1114)
         0.42387056 = weight(abstract_txt:understandable in 1114) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.42387056 = score(doc=1114,freq=3.0), product of:
             0.4959652 = queryWeight, product of:
               3.1866953 = boost
               7.894805 = idf(docFreq=44, maxDocs=44421)
               0.01971375 = queryNorm
             0.8546377 = fieldWeight in 1114, product of:
               1.7320508 = tf(freq=3.0), with freq of:
                 3.0 = termFreq=3.0
               7.894805 = idf(docFreq=44, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=1114)
         0.15485202 = weight(abstract_txt:machine in 1114) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.15485202 = score(doc=1114,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.33212465 = queryWeight, product of:
               3.1938252 = boost
               5.274979 = idf(docFreq=617, maxDocs=44421)
               0.01971375 = queryNorm
             0.4662467 = fieldWeight in 1114, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               5.274979 = idf(docFreq=617, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=1114)
       0.28 = coord(7/25)
   

3. Ya-Ning, C.; Hao-Ren, K.: FRBRoo-based approach to heterogeneous metadata integration (2013) 0.21

   0.21336332 = sum of:
     0.21336332 = product of:
       0.7620118 = sum of:
         0.040329836 = weight(abstract_txt:required in 2765) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.040329836 = score(doc=2765,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.11832516 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.1006228 = boost
               5.453425 = idf(docFreq=516, maxDocs=44421)
               0.01971375 = queryNorm
             0.34083906 = fieldWeight in 2765, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               5.453425 = idf(docFreq=516, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=2765)
         0.059262775 = weight(abstract_txt:ontology in 2765) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.059262775 = score(doc=2765,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.12138661 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.1147702 = boost
               5.5235233 = idf(docFreq=481, maxDocs=44421)
               0.01971375 = queryNorm
             0.4882151 = fieldWeight in 2765, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               5.5235233 = idf(docFreq=481, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=2765)
         0.066613086 = weight(abstract_txt:shared in 2765) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.066613086 = score(doc=2765,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.13122678 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.1590741 = boost
               5.743043 = idf(docFreq=386, maxDocs=44421)
               0.01971375 = queryNorm
             0.50761807 = fieldWeight in 2765, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               5.743043 = idf(docFreq=386, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=2765)
         0.015686905 = weight(abstract_txt:research in 2765) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.015686905 = score(doc=2765,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.07943788 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.2753482 = boost
               3.159582 = idf(docFreq=5124, maxDocs=44421)
               0.01971375 = queryNorm
             0.19747387 = fieldWeight in 2765, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               3.159582 = idf(docFreq=5124, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=2765)
         0.12453348 = weight(abstract_txt:semantic in 2765) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.12453348 = score(doc=2765,freq=5.0), product of:
             0.1991469 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.2576506 = boost
               4.4745317 = idf(docFreq=1375, maxDocs=44421)
               0.01971375 = queryNorm
             0.6253348 = fieldWeight in 2765, product of:
               2.236068 = tf(freq=5.0), with freq of:
                 5.0 = termFreq=5.0
               4.4745317 = idf(docFreq=1375, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=2765)
         0.34608886 = weight(abstract_txt:understandable in 2765) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.34608886 = score(doc=2765,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.4959652 = queryWeight, product of:
               3.1866953 = boost
               7.894805 = idf(docFreq=44, maxDocs=44421)
               0.01971375 = queryNorm
             0.69780874 = fieldWeight in 2765, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               7.894805 = idf(docFreq=44, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=2765)
         0.109496914 = weight(abstract_txt:machine in 2765) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.109496914 = score(doc=2765,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.33212465 = queryWeight, product of:
               3.1938252 = boost
               5.274979 = idf(docFreq=617, maxDocs=44421)
               0.01971375 = queryNorm
             0.3296862 = fieldWeight in 2765, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               5.274979 = idf(docFreq=617, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=2765)
       0.28 = coord(7/25)
   

4. Koutsomitropoulos, D.A.; Solomou, G.D.; Alexopoulos, A.D.; Papatheodorou, T.S.: Semantic metadata interoperability and inference-based querying in digital repositories (2009) 0.18

   0.1799603 = sum of:
     0.1799603 = product of:
       0.7498346 = sum of:
         0.07407846 = weight(abstract_txt:ontology in 718) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.07407846 = score(doc=718,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.12138661 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.1147702 = boost
               5.5235233 = idf(docFreq=481, maxDocs=44421)
               0.01971375 = queryNorm
             0.61026883 = fieldWeight in 718, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               5.5235233 = idf(docFreq=481, maxDocs=44421)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=718)
         0.0279939 = weight(abstract_txt:about in 718) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.0279939 = score(doc=718,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.09150794 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.1854274 = boost
               3.9157467 = idf(docFreq=2405, maxDocs=44421)
               0.01971375 = queryNorm
             0.3059177 = fieldWeight in 718, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               3.9157467 = idf(docFreq=2405, maxDocs=44421)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=718)
         0.08440979 = weight(abstract_txt:readable in 718) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.08440979 = score(doc=718,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.16684556 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.3069448 = boost
               6.475721 = idf(docFreq=185, maxDocs=44421)
               0.01971375 = queryNorm
             0.5059157 = fieldWeight in 718, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               6.475721 = idf(docFreq=185, maxDocs=44421)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=718)
         0.12057903 = weight(abstract_txt:semantic in 718) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.12057903 = score(doc=718,freq=3.0), product of:
             0.1991469 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.2576506 = boost
               4.4745317 = idf(docFreq=1375, maxDocs=44421)
               0.01971375 = queryNorm
             0.6054778 = fieldWeight in 718, product of:
               1.7320508 = tf(freq=3.0), with freq of:
                 3.0 = termFreq=3.0
               4.4745317 = idf(docFreq=1375, maxDocs=44421)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=718)
         0.30590224 = weight(abstract_txt:understandable in 718) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.30590224 = score(doc=718,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.4959652 = queryWeight, product of:
               3.1866953 = boost
               7.894805 = idf(docFreq=44, maxDocs=44421)
               0.01971375 = queryNorm
             0.61678165 = fieldWeight in 718, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               7.894805 = idf(docFreq=44, maxDocs=44421)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=718)
         0.13687114 = weight(abstract_txt:machine in 718) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.13687114 = score(doc=718,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.33212465 = queryWeight, product of:
               3.1938252 = boost
               5.274979 = idf(docFreq=617, maxDocs=44421)
               0.01971375 = queryNorm
             0.41210774 = fieldWeight in 718, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               5.274979 = idf(docFreq=617, maxDocs=44421)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=718)
       0.24 = coord(6/25)
   

5. Mayfield, J.; Finin, T.: Information retrieval on the Semantic Web : integrating inference and retrieval 0.18

   0.17628108 = sum of:
     0.17628108 = product of:
       0.88140535 = sum of:
         0.03359268 = weight(abstract_txt:about in 330) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.03359268 = score(doc=330,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.09150794 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.1854274 = boost
               3.9157467 = idf(docFreq=2405, maxDocs=44421)
               0.01971375 = queryNorm
             0.36710125 = fieldWeight in 330, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               3.9157467 = idf(docFreq=2405, maxDocs=44421)
               0.09375 = fieldNorm(doc=330)
         0.13030921 = weight(abstract_txt:meaning in 330) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.13030921 = score(doc=330,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.24865204 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.2563734 = boost
               5.59 = idf(docFreq=450, maxDocs=44421)
               0.01971375 = queryNorm
             0.5240625 = fieldWeight in 330, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               5.59 = idf(docFreq=450, maxDocs=44421)
               0.09375 = fieldNorm(doc=330)
         0.118142836 = weight(abstract_txt:semantic in 330) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.118142836 = score(doc=330,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.1991469 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.2576506 = boost
               4.4745317 = idf(docFreq=1375, maxDocs=44421)
               0.01971375 = queryNorm
             0.5932447 = fieldWeight in 330, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               4.4745317 = idf(docFreq=1375, maxDocs=44421)
               0.09375 = fieldNorm(doc=330)
         0.36708266 = weight(abstract_txt:understandable in 330) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.36708266 = score(doc=330,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.4959652 = queryWeight, product of:
               3.1866953 = boost
               7.894805 = idf(docFreq=44, maxDocs=44421)
               0.01971375 = queryNorm
             0.74013793 = fieldWeight in 330, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               7.894805 = idf(docFreq=44, maxDocs=44421)
               0.09375 = fieldNorm(doc=330)
         0.23227802 = weight(abstract_txt:machine in 330) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.23227802 = score(doc=330,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.33212465 = queryWeight, product of:
               3.1938252 = boost
               5.274979 = idf(docFreq=617, maxDocs=44421)
               0.01971375 = queryNorm
             0.69937 = fieldWeight in 330, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               5.274979 = idf(docFreq=617, maxDocs=44421)
               0.09375 = fieldNorm(doc=330)
       0.2 = coord(5/25)