Document (#29987)

Author

Springer, M.

Title

Wille und Wissen

Source

Spektrum der Wissenschaft. 2006, H.2, S.110-113

Year

2006

Series

Spektrum-Essay

Abstract

Unser Wille ist frei, weil wir nicht alles wissen können

Content

"Wollte ich das? Eigentlich war ich gerade dabei, durch die neueste Ausgabe von »Nature« zu blättern, als etwas mich veranlasste, ein leeres Word-Dokument zu öffnen und mit »Wollte ich das?« diesen Text zu beginnen. Jetzt könnte ich freilich gleich wieder aufhören und weiter blättern, aber aus freien Stücken. schreibe ich weiter - solange ich eben will. Aber was heißt das? Wenn ich Mitmenschen beobachte oder mich selbst als einen Menschen unter anderen, nehme ich den Standpunkt der dritten Person ein. Ich beschreibe mich von außen, sage »Er« statt »Ich« und stelle fest: Er, also diese Person da, wurde soeben durch gewisse Einflüsse veranlasst, einen Text über Willensfreiheit zu beginnen. In der Welt geschieht nichts ohne Grund und Menschen sind Teil der Welt. Wenn jemand etwas tut, dann steckt dahinter ein dichtes Geflecht von Ursachen. Davon bleibt nichts und niemand ausgenommen. Wenn ich alles über diese Person da wüsste, könnte ich sagen, warum sie jetzt schreibt. Es musste so kommen. Aber vom Standpunkt der ersten Person erlebe ich etwas völlig anderes. Ich hatte die Möglichkeit, zu lesen statt zu schreiben. Ich spürte keinen unüberwindlichen Zwang zum Schreiben, sondern wählte es aus freien Stücken. Ich wollte es so. Diese Beschreibungsdiskrepanz zwischen erster und dritter Person macht das Problem der Willensfreiheit aus. Dafür gibt es im Prinzip drei Lösungen: 1. Ich gebe der »ersten Person« Recht: Mein Wille ist frei, ich kann den Weltlauf nach Belieben verändern. 2. Die »dritte Person« hat Recht: Für alles gibt es eine kausale Erklärung, also auch für menschliches Handeln. Der freie Wille ist eine Illusion. 3. Man versucht, beide Standpunkte trotz ihrer Gegensätzlichkeit zu versöhnen. Für die erste Lösung spricht immerhin die unmittelbare Erfahrung spontanen Handelns. In ihrer radikalen Form kann sie allerdings nur ein Größenwahnsinniger vertreten, der sich für allmächtig hält. Selbst ein unbedingter Verteidiger der Willensfreiheit wird zugeben, dass er nicht absolute Willkür meint, sondern Handlungsfreiheit innerhalb gewisser - meist enger - Grenzen. Damit gibt er sich aber als Vertreter der hochproblematischen dritten Lösung zu erkennen."

Field

Kognitionswissenschaft

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