Document (#28383)

Author

Neuweiler, G.

Title

¬Der Ursprung unseres Verstandes

Source

Spektrum der Wissenschaft. 2005, H.1, S.24-31

Year

2005

Series

Evolution

Abstract

Die Intelligenz des Menschen drückt sich in der Feinsteuerung der Finger- und Gesichtsmuskulatur aus. Diese überragende motorische Intelligenz, so die These des Autors, gab den Anstoß für unsere kulturelle Evolution

Content

"Niemals könnte ein Affe Klavier spielen. Ihm fehlt dazu schon die Möglichkeit, seinen Fingern genügend schnell und genau zu befehlen, die Tasten in rascher, strenger Folge niederzudrücken. Wir Menschen dagegen brauchen selbst als musikalische Laien nicht lange, um zumindest eine kleine Melodie oder ein paar zusammenhängende Akkorde korrekt erklingen zu lassen - vom atemberaubenden Spiel geschulter Pianisten ganz abgesehen. Dass unsere Fingerfertigkeit, unsere manuelle Geschicklichkeit die anderer Primaten weit überragt, haben die Forscher bei der Suche nach einzigartigen menschlichen Eigenschaften bisher weniger beachtet als einen anderen Unterschied: unser Sprach- oder besser Sprechvermögen. Dabei hängt beides neurobiologisch eng zusammen, wie wir erst seit einigen Jahren wissen. Denn dieselben Hirnzentren liefern die Bewegungsprogramme und Anweisungen für das Sprechen und für unsere Handlungen im Wortsinne. Die Verhaltensforschung hat im vergangenen Jahrhundert fast alle vermeintlichen Bastionen gestürmt, die den Menschen vom Tier trennen, vom Werkzeuggebrauch über die Kommunikation in Symbolen bis zum abstrahierenden Kategorisieren. Fast durchgehend betrifft das kognitive Leistungen, also Fähigkeiten des Denkens und Begreifens, die auch Tiere in Grundzügen besitzen. Uns blieb einzig die Sprache - kein Affe hat trotz aller Bemühungen je sprechen gelernt. Was einzelne Menschenaffen in der Zeichensprache erlernen, stellt nur einen erzwungenen, angestrengten Ersatz dar, der ihrem sozialen Bedürfnis entgegenkommt, mit einem Betreuer zu kommunizieren. Nun ist ein Kennzeichen des Sprechens die perfekte Beherrschung der Artikulationsmuskulatur. Auffallenderweise beruht auch unsere Fingerfertigkeit auf einer phänomenalen Feinmotorik. Wir vermögen die beteiligte Muskulatur von Händen und Armen um vieles schneller und genauer abgestimmt anzusteuern als jedes Tier. Das Bemerkenswerte dabei ist, dass sich die verbesserte motorische Kontrolle bereits bei Primaten ankündigt. Ihre Finger werden geschickter und ihre Mimik ausgeprägter. Für Artikulationen nutzen sie diese Fähigkeit aber. noch nicht. Erst der Mensch ist zum Sprechen begabt, so wie er allein kompliziertes Handwerk beherrscht. Diese überragende motorische Intelligenz, so meine The-se, bildete das Fundament für unsere kulturelle Evolution. Sie ist die Grundlage von Sprechen und Handfertigkeit, die soziales Lernen und Erinnern und damit Kultur und Technik ermöglichen."

Field

Kognitionswissenschaft

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