Document (#27957)

Author

Semar, W.

Title

Kryptografie

Source

Grundlagen der praktischen Information und Dokumentation. 5., völlig neu gefaßte Ausgabe. 2 Bde. Hrsg. von R. Kuhlen, Th. Seeger u. D. Strauch. Begründet von Klaus Laisiepen, Ernst Lutterbeck, Karl-Heinrich Meyer-Uhlenried. Bd.1: Handbuch zur Einführung in die Informationswissenschaft und -praxis

Imprint

München : Saur

Year

2004

Pages

S.667-672

Abstract

Kryptografie ist die Lehre von der Verschlüsselung von Daten und den Techniken, die zur Realisierung derselben verwendet werden. Sie hat längst die Grauzone der Spionage und des Militärbereichs überschritten und ist als Schlüsseltechnik für die Absicherung weltweiter Computernetze von zentraler Bedeutung. Die Art und vor allem die Menge der Daten, die schützenswert sind, haben sich mit der Verbreitung elektronischer Datenverarbeitung deutlich gewandelt. Es werden nicht nur im Berufs-, sondern auch zunehmend im Privatleben Informationen vor unberechtigtem Zugriff und vor Manipulation geschützt. Verschlüsselungsverfahren kommen im Rahmen der Datenübertragung, besonders in offenen Netzen wie dem Internet, eine besondere Bedeutung zu. Die Kryptografie soll die Vertraulichkeit von Daten ermöglichen. Schließlich hat jede Person und jede Organisation ein legitimes Interesse an dem Schutz ihrer Daten vor Ausspähung. Neben dem offensichtlichen Zweck der Geheimhaltung muss die Kryptografie weitere, grundlegende Kriterien erfüllen wie die Integrität, die Authentizität und die Verbindlichkeit beim Austausch von empfindlichen Daten. Diese vier Kriterien müssen erfüllt sein, wenn eine optimale Datensicherheit gewährleistet sein soll. Für jedes Kriterium gibt es eigene Lösungsmöglichkeiten, die Kunst liegt darin, mit einem Verschlüsselungssystem möglichst alle vier Kriterien gleichzeitig zu erfüllen. Ein weiteres Ziel kann in manchen Situationen Anonymität sein, z. B. beim elektronischen Geld. Darunter wird die Vertraulichkeit nicht des Nachrichteninhalts, sondern sogar des vollständigen Kommunikationsvorgangs als solchem verstanden. Genau genommen muss zwischen der Kryptografie, die sich mit der Verschlüsselung von Daten beschäftigt, und der Kryptoanalyse, die sich mit derer Entschlüsselung beschäftigt, unterschieden werden. Der Oberbegriff für beide Disziplinen ist Kryptologie.

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