Document (#27255)

Author

Mengham, R.

Title

Im Universum der Wörter : über Ursprung, Funktion und Vielfalt menschlicher Sprache

Issue

Aus dem Engl. übers. von Peter E. Maier.

Imprint

Stuttgart : Klett-Cotta

Year

1995

Pages

199 S

Isbn

3-608-91617-2

Abstract

"Der Turmbau zu Babel beschäftigt seit Jahrtausenden die Einbildungskraft von Künstlern und Wissenschaftlern. Er steht für den Höhepunkt sprachlichen Ehrgeizes, gilt als 'Fallhöhe', von der die existierenden Sprachen herabgestürzt sind. Der verrückte Versuch, mit einem Bauwerk die Kluft zwischen Erde und Himmel zu schließen, bringt ein tiefes menschliches Bedürfnis zum Ausdruck: den Wunsch nach einer Sprache, die die Welt der Erscheinungen nicht nur wiedergibt, sondern in gewisser Hinsicht selbst hervorbringt. In der Sprache Gottes haben Worte Schöpferkraft, und die Bibelstelle "Im Anfang war das Wort" deutet an, daß unser Bewußtsein von der Welt erst dann richtig erwacht, wenn wir die Worte, die uns Namen für sie geben, aussprechen oder aufschreiben. Der Abstieg vom Turm kommt demnach einem weiteren Sündenfall, dem Versinken in Anarchie und sprachlicher Isolierung gleich. Und doch steht der Augenblick des Chaos in dem biblischen Mythos für die gesamte Menschheitsgeschichte, für das Auseinanderdriften und die gelegentliche Wiederannäherung eines mannigfaltigen sprachlichen Erbes. Das vorrangige Interesse dieses Buches spiegelt sich im Auf- und Absteigen der Erbauer des babylonischen Turmes: Nicht eine originäre Idealvorstellung von Sprache, sondern die Verworrenheit der menschlichen Verhältnisse wird als Quelle sprachlicher Kreativität und Grundvoraussetzung für die Entwicklung eines Gefühls von Identität und Zugehörigkeit verstanden, wobei der Wiederabstieg zur Erde als positive Bewegungsrichtung betrachtet wird. Mit der 'absteigenden Linie' in einem anderen Sinne ist angesprochen, worauf ich mich bei der Beschäftigung mit der facettenreichen Entwicklung der Sprache in der Geschichte von Gesellschaften und im Leben von Individuen konzentriere: auf Herkunft, Abstammung, Vererbung.
Auf den Stammbaum - ein schon früh in die Diskussion eingeführtes Modell für die sprachliche Evolution - greife ich zurück, da großenteils aus dem behandelten historischen Material selbst der Glaube an Formen von Kontinuität und Veränderung spricht, wie sie in Familiengeschichten zum Tragen kommen. Die Familiengeschichte als gesellschaftliche Konzeption, auf der man repressiv beharren, die man aber auch subversiv mit den Möglichkeiten innovativen Wandels konfrontieren kann, bleibt in dieser Untersuchung stets im Blickfeld. Durch die Betrachtung verschiedener Gesellschaftsstrukturen und historischer Epochen soll der sprachliche Raum erkundet werden, den der amerikanische Linguist Edward Sapir wie folgt skizziert: Man gibt sich einer Illusion hin, wenn man glaubt, bei der Einstellung auf die Wirklichkeit komme man im wesentlichen ohne die Sprache aus, bei der es sich lediglich um ein individuelles Hilfsmittel zur Lösung spezifischer Kommunikations- oder Reflexionsprobleme handele. Tatsächlich verhält es sich so, daß die reale Welt` unbewußt in hohem Maße auf den Sprachgewohnheiten der Gruppe errichtet ist ... Die Art unseres Sehens, Hörens und sonstigen Erlebens ist weitgehend dadurch bestimmt, daß die Sprachgewohnheiten unserer Gemeinschaft die Wahl bestimmter Interpretationen nahelegen. Sapirs autoritative Beschreibung der Rolle von Sprache in menschlichen Gesellschaften ist weithin unumstritten, das letzte Wort ist damit freilich noch nicht gesprochen. In einer Zeit, in der naturwissenschaftliche Untersuchungen den Nachweis erbracht haben, daß bestimmte sprachliche Elemente jeder gesellschaftlichen Formierung vorausliegen und in der künstliche, von Menschen entworfene und ausgearbeitete Sprachen zentrale Lebensbereiche erfaßt haben, kann Sapirs These lediglich den Ausgangspunkt für eine dringend notwendige Debatte über den Ort der Sprache in der Welt bilden.
William Golding vermittelt in seinem Roman The Inheritors, in dem er sich das Leben in prähistorischen Gesellschaften vorzustellen versucht, einen lebhaften Eindruck davon, wie Menschen die Welt ohne Sprache oder vielmehr mit ersten Anfängen einer Sprache erlebt haben könnten. Eine Gruppe Neandertaler, die sich um das Feuer schart, wird folgendermaßen beschrieben: Als die Wärme sie durchdrang, entspannten sie die Glieder und sogen dankbar den Rauch ein. Sie beugten die Zehen und streckten die Arme und rückten sogar ein wenig vom Feuer ab. Wieder kam jene tiefe Stille über sie, die so sehr viel natürlicher zu sein schien als Gespräch, ein zeitloses Schweigen, in dem zunächst noch Gedanken und Vorstellungen eines jeden einzelnen gegenwärtig waren - und dann vielleicht überhaupt keine Vorstellungen mehr. So vertraut klang ihnen jetzt das Brausen des Wassers, das sie zu hören vermochten, wie der Wind sanft über den Fels strich. Ihren Ohren schien Eigenleben gegeben, denn sie filterten die vielerlei schwachen Geräusche und nahmen sie in sich auf, das Geräusch des Atmens, das Geräusch des feuchten, zu Flocken werdenden Lehms und der niederfallenden Asche. Trotz der Ausdrucksstärke von Goldings Prosa wird hier eine Welt heraufbeschworen, der Denken und Analysieren sehr fremd ist. Die Neandertaler sind durchaus empfänglich für optische, taktile und akustische Reize, können sie aber nicht konzeptionell miteinander verknüpfen. Da ihre rudimentäre Sprache nicht über Zeitformen zur Unterscheidung von Vergangenheit, Gegenwart und Zukunft verfügt und auch keine Möglichkeit bietet, die Grenzen des persönlichen Wirkungsbereichs abzustecken, können die Neandertaler einzelne Erscheinungen weder räumlich noch zeitlich aufeinander beziehen. Im gewohnheitsmäßigen Schweigen verbindet sich das Denken vieler zu einem Denken, was auf gar kein Denken hinausläuft. Wahrscheinlich war das Leben eines Neandertalers von hochgradiger Diskontinuität gekennzeichnet, wurde er von Erfahrungsbruchstücken bombardiert, ohne daß er einen bedeutsamen Zusammenhang gefunden oder auch nur gesucht hätte."

Footnote

Original u.d.T.: The descent of language: writing in praise of Babel (1993)

Field

Sprachwissenschaft

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4. Lehr, A.: Sprachbezogenes Wissen in der Lebenswelt des Alltags (2002) 0.35

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5. Devlin, K.: ¬Das Mathe-Gen : oder wie sich das mathematische Denken entwickelt und warum Sie Zahlen ruhig vergessen können (2001) 0.27

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