Document (#13141)

Author

Bergler, S.

Title

Generative lexicon principles for machine translation : a case for meta-lexical structure

Source

Machine translation. 9(1994/95) nos.3/4, S.155-182

Year

1994/95

Abstract

Addresses 2 types of mismatches in the translation of reported speech between German and English. The 1st mismatch is between the repeated use of the reported speech construction in English and the use of subjunctive in German used to indicate continued attribution. The 2nd mismatch concerns the difference in usage of metonymic extensions in ths subject position of reported speech. Presents examples showing the different styles of reporting the utterances. One key feature of the proposed lexicon is a meta lexical organization of basic word entries, which is shown to facilitate the translation process. Contrasts notions of lexical structure with different recent proposals in machine translation

Theme

Computerlinguistik

Similar documents (content)

1. Chen, J.: ¬A lexical knowledge base approach for English-Chinese cross-language information retrieval (2006) 0.20

   0.19516456 = sum of:
     0.19516456 = product of:
       0.8131857 = sum of:
         0.012487082 = weight(abstract_txt:between in 5923) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.012487082 = score(doc=5923,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.057787217 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.0140977 = boost
               3.4573963 = idf(docFreq=3804, maxDocs=44421)
               0.016481731 = queryNorm
             0.21608727 = fieldWeight in 5923, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               3.4573963 = idf(docFreq=3804, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=5923)
         0.044348173 = weight(abstract_txt:machine in 5923) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.044348173 = score(doc=5923,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.13451631 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.5472175 = boost
               5.274979 = idf(docFreq=617, maxDocs=44421)
               0.016481731 = queryNorm
             0.3296862 = fieldWeight in 5923, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               5.274979 = idf(docFreq=617, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=5923)
         0.07402342 = weight(abstract_txt:english in 5923) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.07402342 = score(doc=5923,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.15023135 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.6350995 = boost
               5.5745983 = idf(docFreq=457, maxDocs=44421)
               0.016481731 = queryNorm
             0.4927295 = fieldWeight in 5923, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               5.5745983 = idf(docFreq=457, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=5923)
         0.17944214 = weight(abstract_txt:mismatch in 5923) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.17944214 = score(doc=5923,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.34156558 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.465477 = boost
               8.405631 = idf(docFreq=26, maxDocs=44421)
               0.016481731 = queryNorm
             0.52535194 = fieldWeight in 5923, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               8.405631 = idf(docFreq=26, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=5923)
         0.12625265 = weight(abstract_txt:lexical in 5923) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.12625265 = score(doc=5923,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.3093014 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.873429 = boost
               6.5309834 = idf(docFreq=175, maxDocs=44421)
               0.016481731 = queryNorm
             0.40818647 = fieldWeight in 5923, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               6.5309834 = idf(docFreq=175, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=5923)
         0.3766322 = weight(abstract_txt:translation in 5923) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.3766322 = score(doc=5923,freq=7.0), product of:
             0.36879084 = queryWeight, product of:
               3.6230052 = boost
               6.176015 = idf(docFreq=250, maxDocs=44421)
               0.016481731 = queryNorm
             1.0212624 = fieldWeight in 5923, product of:
               2.6457512 = tf(freq=7.0), with freq of:
                 7.0 = termFreq=7.0
               6.176015 = idf(docFreq=250, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=5923)
       0.24 = coord(6/25)
   

2. Xiang, R.; Chersoni, E.; Lu, Q.; Huang, C.-R.; Li, W.; Long, Y.: Lexical data augmentation for sentiment analysis (2021) 0.17

   0.17045468 = sum of:
     0.17045468 = product of:
       0.60876673 = sum of:
         0.010926197 = weight(abstract_txt:between in 1393) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.010926197 = score(doc=1393,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.057787217 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.0140977 = boost
               3.4573963 = idf(docFreq=3804, maxDocs=44421)
               0.016481731 = queryNorm
             0.18907636 = fieldWeight in 1393, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               3.4573963 = idf(docFreq=3804, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=1393)
         0.012958945 = weight(abstract_txt:different in 1393) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.012958945 = score(doc=1393,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.06474887 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.0734454 = boost
               3.6597328 = idf(docFreq=3107, maxDocs=44421)
               0.016481731 = queryNorm
             0.20014164 = fieldWeight in 1393, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               3.6597328 = idf(docFreq=3107, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=1393)
         0.06721163 = weight(abstract_txt:machine in 1393) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.06721163 = score(doc=1393,freq=3.0), product of:
             0.13451631 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.5472175 = boost
               5.274979 = idf(docFreq=617, maxDocs=44421)
               0.016481731 = queryNorm
             0.49965408 = fieldWeight in 1393, product of:
               1.7320508 = tf(freq=3.0), with freq of:
                 3.0 = termFreq=3.0
               5.274979 = idf(docFreq=617, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=1393)
         0.045799654 = weight(abstract_txt:english in 1393) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.045799654 = score(doc=1393,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.15023135 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.6350995 = boost
               5.5745983 = idf(docFreq=457, maxDocs=44421)
               0.016481731 = queryNorm
             0.30486083 = fieldWeight in 1393, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               5.5745983 = idf(docFreq=457, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=1393)
         0.1221682 = weight(abstract_txt:lexicon in 1393) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.1221682 = score(doc=1393,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.28895122 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.2676508 = boost
               7.731176 = idf(docFreq=52, maxDocs=44421)
               0.016481731 = queryNorm
             0.4227987 = fieldWeight in 1393, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               7.731176 = idf(docFreq=52, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=1393)
         0.22094214 = weight(abstract_txt:lexical in 1393) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.22094214 = score(doc=1393,freq=4.0), product of:
             0.3093014 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.873429 = boost
               6.5309834 = idf(docFreq=175, maxDocs=44421)
               0.016481731 = queryNorm
             0.7143263 = fieldWeight in 1393, product of:
               2.0 = tf(freq=4.0), with freq of:
                 4.0 = termFreq=4.0
               6.5309834 = idf(docFreq=175, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=1393)
         0.12875998 = weight(abstract_txt:speech in 1393) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.12875998 = score(doc=1393,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.3425601 = queryWeight, product of:
               3.023973 = boost
               6.8731537 = idf(docFreq=124, maxDocs=44421)
               0.016481731 = queryNorm
             0.3758756 = fieldWeight in 1393, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               6.8731537 = idf(docFreq=124, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=1393)
       0.28 = coord(7/25)
   

3. Lexical choice (1996) 0.15

   0.15021811 = sum of:
     0.15021811 = product of:
       1.2518177 = sum of:
         0.17739269 = weight(abstract_txt:machine in 531) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.17739269 = score(doc=531,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.13451631 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.5472175 = boost
               5.274979 = idf(docFreq=617, maxDocs=44421)
               0.016481731 = queryNorm
             1.3187448 = fieldWeight in 531, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               5.274979 = idf(docFreq=617, maxDocs=44421)
               0.25 = fieldNorm(doc=531)
         0.5050106 = weight(abstract_txt:lexical in 531) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.5050106 = score(doc=531,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.3093014 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.873429 = boost
               6.5309834 = idf(docFreq=175, maxDocs=44421)
               0.016481731 = queryNorm
             1.6327459 = fieldWeight in 531, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               6.5309834 = idf(docFreq=175, maxDocs=44421)
               0.25 = fieldNorm(doc=531)
         0.56941444 = weight(abstract_txt:translation in 531) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.56941444 = score(doc=531,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.36879084 = queryWeight, product of:
               3.6230052 = boost
               6.176015 = idf(docFreq=250, maxDocs=44421)
               0.016481731 = queryNorm
             1.5440037 = fieldWeight in 531, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               6.176015 = idf(docFreq=250, maxDocs=44421)
               0.25 = fieldNorm(doc=531)
       0.12 = coord(3/25)
   

4. Green, R.: WordNet (2009) 0.15

   0.14756648 = sum of:
     0.14756648 = product of:
       0.73783237 = sum of:
         0.018730622 = weight(abstract_txt:between in 696) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.018730622 = score(doc=696,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.057787217 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.0140977 = boost
               3.4573963 = idf(docFreq=3804, maxDocs=44421)
               0.016481731 = queryNorm
             0.3241309 = fieldWeight in 696, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               3.4573963 = idf(docFreq=3804, maxDocs=44421)
               0.09375 = fieldNorm(doc=696)
         0.06652226 = weight(abstract_txt:machine in 696) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.06652226 = score(doc=696,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.13451631 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.5472175 = boost
               5.274979 = idf(docFreq=617, maxDocs=44421)
               0.016481731 = queryNorm
             0.4945293 = fieldWeight in 696, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               5.274979 = idf(docFreq=617, maxDocs=44421)
               0.09375 = fieldNorm(doc=696)
         0.11103512 = weight(abstract_txt:english in 696) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.11103512 = score(doc=696,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.15023135 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.6350995 = boost
               5.5745983 = idf(docFreq=457, maxDocs=44421)
               0.016481731 = queryNorm
             0.73909426 = fieldWeight in 696, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               5.5745983 = idf(docFreq=457, maxDocs=44421)
               0.09375 = fieldNorm(doc=696)
         0.32801396 = weight(abstract_txt:lexical in 696) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.32801396 = score(doc=696,freq=3.0), product of:
             0.3093014 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.873429 = boost
               6.5309834 = idf(docFreq=175, maxDocs=44421)
               0.016481731 = queryNorm
             1.0604994 = fieldWeight in 696, product of:
               1.7320508 = tf(freq=3.0), with freq of:
                 3.0 = termFreq=3.0
               6.5309834 = idf(docFreq=175, maxDocs=44421)
               0.09375 = fieldNorm(doc=696)
         0.21353042 = weight(abstract_txt:translation in 696) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.21353042 = score(doc=696,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.36879084 = queryWeight, product of:
               3.6230052 = boost
               6.176015 = idf(docFreq=250, maxDocs=44421)
               0.016481731 = queryNorm
             0.5790014 = fieldWeight in 696, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               6.176015 = idf(docFreq=250, maxDocs=44421)
               0.09375 = fieldNorm(doc=696)
       0.2 = coord(5/25)
   

5. Bernard, U.: Machine translation : success of failure using MT in an IT research and development environment (1996) 0.14

   0.13801065 = sum of:
     0.13801065 = product of:
       0.8625666 = sum of:
         0.1552186 = weight(abstract_txt:machine in 214) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.1552186 = score(doc=214,freq=4.0), product of:
             0.13451631 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.5472175 = boost
               5.274979 = idf(docFreq=617, maxDocs=44421)
               0.016481731 = queryNorm
             1.1539017 = fieldWeight in 214, product of:
               2.0 = tf(freq=4.0), with freq of:
                 4.0 = termFreq=4.0
               5.274979 = idf(docFreq=617, maxDocs=44421)
               0.109375 = fieldNorm(doc=214)
         0.12954098 = weight(abstract_txt:english in 214) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.12954098 = score(doc=214,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.15023135 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.6350995 = boost
               5.5745983 = idf(docFreq=457, maxDocs=44421)
               0.016481731 = queryNorm
             0.8622767 = fieldWeight in 214, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               5.5745983 = idf(docFreq=457, maxDocs=44421)
               0.109375 = fieldNorm(doc=214)
         0.2254998 = weight(abstract_txt:german in 214) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.2254998 = score(doc=214,freq=3.0), product of:
             0.18991363 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.8384082 = boost
               6.2677455 = idf(docFreq=228, maxDocs=44421)
               0.016481731 = queryNorm
             1.1873808 = fieldWeight in 214, product of:
               1.7320508 = tf(freq=3.0), with freq of:
                 3.0 = termFreq=3.0
               6.2677455 = idf(docFreq=228, maxDocs=44421)
               0.109375 = fieldNorm(doc=214)
         0.35230723 = weight(abstract_txt:translation in 214) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.35230723 = score(doc=214,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.36879084 = queryWeight, product of:
               3.6230052 = boost
               6.176015 = idf(docFreq=250, maxDocs=44421)
               0.016481731 = queryNorm
             0.9553036 = fieldWeight in 214, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               6.176015 = idf(docFreq=250, maxDocs=44421)
               0.109375 = fieldNorm(doc=214)
       0.16 = coord(4/25)