Document (#10098)

Author

Summerhill, K.S.

Title

¬The high cost of reference : the need to reassess services and service delivery

Source

Reference librarian. 1994, no.43, S.71-85

Year

1994

Abstract

Examines the cost-effectiveness of reference services in the academic library. Reference librarians must reassess their service priorities and service delivery methods in order to operate efficiently and comptete effectively with commercial information services. Areas of concern include inappropriate allocation of librarians' time to tasks not requiring their skills, and inherently inefficient service delivery methods centred round the reference desk. Concludes that traditional reference services are not cost-effective and proposes moving to an office consultation model for reference service through scheduled in-depth consultations which would be combined with an information desk for more routine enquiries

Theme

Informationsdienstleistungen

Similar documents (content)

1. Fedunok, S.: Internet One : the Binghampton University Libraries' interface to the Internet (1995) 0.22

   0.21529908 = sum of:
     0.21529908 = product of:
       0.7689253 = sum of:
         0.056634188 = weight(abstract_txt:office in 1739) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.056634188 = score(doc=1739,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.10919288 = queryWeight, product of:
               6.6388726 = idf(docFreq=157, maxDocs=44421)
               0.016447503 = queryNorm
             0.5186619 = fieldWeight in 1739, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               6.6388726 = idf(docFreq=157, maxDocs=44421)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=1739)
         0.039666284 = weight(abstract_txt:librarians in 1739) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.039666284 = score(doc=1739,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.108500786 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.4097246 = boost
               4.679491 = idf(docFreq=1120, maxDocs=44421)
               0.016447503 = queryNorm
             0.36558524 = fieldWeight in 1739, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               4.679491 = idf(docFreq=1120, maxDocs=44421)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=1739)
         0.15257962 = weight(abstract_txt:desk in 1739) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.15257962 = score(doc=1739,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.2663685 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.2088146 = boost
               7.33202 = idf(docFreq=78, maxDocs=44421)
               0.016447503 = queryNorm
             0.57281405 = fieldWeight in 1739, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               7.33202 = idf(docFreq=78, maxDocs=44421)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=1739)
         0.08101272 = weight(abstract_txt:services in 1739) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.08101272 = score(doc=1739,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.17465754 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.5294523 = boost
               4.198178 = idf(docFreq=1813, maxDocs=44421)
               0.016447503 = queryNorm
             0.4638375 = fieldWeight in 1739, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               4.198178 = idf(docFreq=1813, maxDocs=44421)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=1739)
         0.1287419 = weight(abstract_txt:delivery in 1739) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.1287419 = score(doc=1739,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.27226734 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.7350247 = boost
               6.0524936 = idf(docFreq=283, maxDocs=44421)
               0.016447503 = queryNorm
             0.47285107 = fieldWeight in 1739, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               6.0524936 = idf(docFreq=283, maxDocs=44421)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=1739)
         0.13122614 = weight(abstract_txt:service in 1739) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.13122614 = score(doc=1739,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.25949883 = queryWeight, product of:
               3.447113 = boost
               4.576989 = idf(docFreq=1241, maxDocs=44421)
               0.016447503 = queryNorm
             0.50569063 = fieldWeight in 1739, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               4.576989 = idf(docFreq=1241, maxDocs=44421)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=1739)
         0.17906445 = weight(abstract_txt:reference in 1739) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.17906445 = score(doc=1739,freq=3.0), product of:
             0.29636356 = queryWeight, product of:
               4.03544 = boost
               4.4651284 = idf(docFreq=1388, maxDocs=44421)
               0.016447503 = queryNorm
             0.60420537 = fieldWeight in 1739, product of:
               1.7320508 = tf(freq=3.0), with freq of:
                 3.0 = termFreq=3.0
               4.4651284 = idf(docFreq=1388, maxDocs=44421)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=1739)
       0.28 = coord(7/25)
   

2. Kenney, A.R.; McGovern, N.Y.; Martinez, I.T.; Heidig, L.J.: Google meets eBay : what academic librarians can learn from alternative information providers (2003) 0.18

   0.1793539 = sum of:
     0.1793539 = product of:
       0.6405496 = sum of:
         0.03365796 = weight(abstract_txt:librarians in 2200) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.03365796 = score(doc=2200,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.108500786 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.4097246 = boost
               4.679491 = idf(docFreq=1120, maxDocs=44421)
               0.016447503 = queryNorm
             0.31020936 = fieldWeight in 2200, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               4.679491 = idf(docFreq=1120, maxDocs=44421)
               0.046875 = fieldNorm(doc=2200)
         0.09154777 = weight(abstract_txt:desk in 2200) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.09154777 = score(doc=2200,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.2663685 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.2088146 = boost
               7.33202 = idf(docFreq=78, maxDocs=44421)
               0.016447503 = queryNorm
             0.34368843 = fieldWeight in 2200, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               7.33202 = idf(docFreq=78, maxDocs=44421)
               0.046875 = fieldNorm(doc=2200)
         0.09721526 = weight(abstract_txt:services in 2200) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.09721526 = score(doc=2200,freq=8.0), product of:
             0.17465754 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.5294523 = boost
               4.198178 = idf(docFreq=1813, maxDocs=44421)
               0.016447503 = queryNorm
             0.556605 = fieldWeight in 2200, product of:
               2.828427 = tf(freq=8.0), with freq of:
                 8.0 = termFreq=8.0
               4.198178 = idf(docFreq=1813, maxDocs=44421)
               0.046875 = fieldNorm(doc=2200)
         0.065992475 = weight(abstract_txt:cost in 2200) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.065992475 = score(doc=2200,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.24513823 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.595189 = boost
               5.743043 = idf(docFreq=386, maxDocs=44421)
               0.016447503 = queryNorm
             0.26920515 = fieldWeight in 2200, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               5.743043 = idf(docFreq=386, maxDocs=44421)
               0.046875 = fieldNorm(doc=2200)
         0.07724514 = weight(abstract_txt:delivery in 2200) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.07724514 = score(doc=2200,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.27226734 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.7350247 = boost
               6.0524936 = idf(docFreq=283, maxDocs=44421)
               0.016447503 = queryNorm
             0.28371063 = fieldWeight in 2200, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               6.0524936 = idf(docFreq=283, maxDocs=44421)
               0.046875 = fieldNorm(doc=2200)
         0.07873568 = weight(abstract_txt:service in 2200) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.07873568 = score(doc=2200,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.25949883 = queryWeight, product of:
               3.447113 = boost
               4.576989 = idf(docFreq=1241, maxDocs=44421)
               0.016447503 = queryNorm
             0.30341437 = fieldWeight in 2200, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               4.576989 = idf(docFreq=1241, maxDocs=44421)
               0.046875 = fieldNorm(doc=2200)
         0.1961553 = weight(abstract_txt:reference in 2200) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.1961553 = score(doc=2200,freq=10.0), product of:
             0.29636356 = queryWeight, product of:
               4.03544 = boost
               4.4651284 = idf(docFreq=1388, maxDocs=44421)
               0.016447503 = queryNorm
             0.6618739 = fieldWeight in 2200, product of:
               3.1622777 = tf(freq=10.0), with freq of:
                 10.0 = termFreq=10.0
               4.4651284 = idf(docFreq=1388, maxDocs=44421)
               0.046875 = fieldNorm(doc=2200)
       0.28 = coord(7/25)
   

3. Whitson, W.L.: Differentiated service : a new reference model (1995) 0.16

   0.1586862 = sum of:
     0.1586862 = product of:
       0.79343104 = sum of:
         0.13815622 = weight(abstract_txt:priorities in 1912) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.13815622 = score(doc=1912,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.14464681 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.1509521 = boost
               7.6410246 = idf(docFreq=57, maxDocs=44421)
               0.016447503 = queryNorm
             0.9551281 = fieldWeight in 1912, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               7.6410246 = idf(docFreq=57, maxDocs=44421)
               0.125 = fieldNorm(doc=1912)
         0.14105709 = weight(abstract_txt:consultation in 1912) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.14105709 = score(doc=1912,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.14666454 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.1589519 = boost
               7.694134 = idf(docFreq=54, maxDocs=44421)
               0.016447503 = queryNorm
             0.9617668 = fieldWeight in 1912, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               7.694134 = idf(docFreq=54, maxDocs=44421)
               0.125 = fieldNorm(doc=1912)
         0.091655426 = weight(abstract_txt:services in 1912) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.091655426 = score(doc=1912,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.17465754 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.5294523 = boost
               4.198178 = idf(docFreq=1813, maxDocs=44421)
               0.016447503 = queryNorm
             0.5247722 = fieldWeight in 1912, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               4.198178 = idf(docFreq=1813, maxDocs=44421)
               0.125 = fieldNorm(doc=1912)
         0.25714964 = weight(abstract_txt:service in 1912) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.25714964 = score(doc=1912,freq=3.0), product of:
             0.25949883 = queryWeight, product of:
               3.447113 = boost
               4.576989 = idf(docFreq=1241, maxDocs=44421)
               0.016447503 = queryNorm
             0.9909472 = fieldWeight in 1912, product of:
               1.7320508 = tf(freq=3.0), with freq of:
                 3.0 = termFreq=3.0
               4.576989 = idf(docFreq=1241, maxDocs=44421)
               0.125 = fieldNorm(doc=1912)
         0.16541266 = weight(abstract_txt:reference in 1912) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.16541266 = score(doc=1912,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.29636356 = queryWeight, product of:
               4.03544 = boost
               4.4651284 = idf(docFreq=1388, maxDocs=44421)
               0.016447503 = queryNorm
             0.55814105 = fieldWeight in 1912, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               4.4651284 = idf(docFreq=1388, maxDocs=44421)
               0.125 = fieldNorm(doc=1912)
       0.2 = coord(5/25)
   

4. Herman, D.: But does it work? : evaluating the Brandeis reference model (1994) 0.16

   0.15762047 = sum of:
     0.15762047 = product of:
       0.7881023 = sum of:
         0.088160686 = weight(abstract_txt:consultation in 276) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.088160686 = score(doc=276,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.14666454 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.1589519 = boost
               7.694134 = idf(docFreq=54, maxDocs=44421)
               0.016447503 = queryNorm
             0.60110426 = fieldWeight in 276, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               7.694134 = idf(docFreq=54, maxDocs=44421)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=276)
         0.26427567 = weight(abstract_txt:desk in 276) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.26427567 = score(doc=276,freq=3.0), product of:
             0.2663685 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.2088146 = boost
               7.33202 = idf(docFreq=78, maxDocs=44421)
               0.016447503 = queryNorm
             0.99214303 = fieldWeight in 276, product of:
               1.7320508 = tf(freq=3.0), with freq of:
                 3.0 = termFreq=3.0
               7.33202 = idf(docFreq=78, maxDocs=44421)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=276)
         0.1287419 = weight(abstract_txt:delivery in 276) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.1287419 = score(doc=276,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.27226734 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.7350247 = boost
               6.0524936 = idf(docFreq=283, maxDocs=44421)
               0.016447503 = queryNorm
             0.47285107 = fieldWeight in 276, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               6.0524936 = idf(docFreq=283, maxDocs=44421)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=276)
         0.16071852 = weight(abstract_txt:service in 276) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.16071852 = score(doc=276,freq=3.0), product of:
             0.25949883 = queryWeight, product of:
               3.447113 = boost
               4.576989 = idf(docFreq=1241, maxDocs=44421)
               0.016447503 = queryNorm
             0.61934197 = fieldWeight in 276, product of:
               1.7320508 = tf(freq=3.0), with freq of:
                 3.0 = termFreq=3.0
               4.576989 = idf(docFreq=1241, maxDocs=44421)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=276)
         0.14620553 = weight(abstract_txt:reference in 276) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.14620553 = score(doc=276,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.29636356 = queryWeight, product of:
               4.03544 = boost
               4.4651284 = idf(docFreq=1388, maxDocs=44421)
               0.016447503 = queryNorm
             0.49333167 = fieldWeight in 276, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               4.4651284 = idf(docFreq=1388, maxDocs=44421)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=276)
       0.2 = coord(5/25)
   

5. Stevens, N.D.: First-hand reflections on the realities of reference service (1995) 0.16

   0.15674965 = sum of:
     0.15674965 = product of:
       0.7837482 = sum of:
         0.06731592 = weight(abstract_txt:librarians in 1813) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.06731592 = score(doc=1813,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.108500786 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.4097246 = boost
               4.679491 = idf(docFreq=1120, maxDocs=44421)
               0.016447503 = queryNorm
             0.6204187 = fieldWeight in 1813, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               4.679491 = idf(docFreq=1120, maxDocs=44421)
               0.09375 = fieldNorm(doc=1813)
         0.2589362 = weight(abstract_txt:desk in 1813) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.2589362 = score(doc=1813,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.2663685 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.2088146 = boost
               7.33202 = idf(docFreq=78, maxDocs=44421)
               0.016447503 = queryNorm
             0.97209764 = fieldWeight in 1813, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               7.33202 = idf(docFreq=78, maxDocs=44421)
               0.09375 = fieldNorm(doc=1813)
         0.068741575 = weight(abstract_txt:services in 1813) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.068741575 = score(doc=1813,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.17465754 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.5294523 = boost
               4.198178 = idf(docFreq=1813, maxDocs=44421)
               0.016447503 = queryNorm
             0.39357919 = fieldWeight in 1813, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               4.198178 = idf(docFreq=1813, maxDocs=44421)
               0.09375 = fieldNorm(doc=1813)
         0.11134906 = weight(abstract_txt:service in 1813) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.11134906 = score(doc=1813,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.25949883 = queryWeight, product of:
               3.447113 = boost
               4.576989 = idf(docFreq=1241, maxDocs=44421)
               0.016447503 = queryNorm
             0.42909274 = fieldWeight in 1813, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               4.576989 = idf(docFreq=1241, maxDocs=44421)
               0.09375 = fieldNorm(doc=1813)
         0.2774055 = weight(abstract_txt:reference in 1813) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.2774055 = score(doc=1813,freq=5.0), product of:
             0.29636356 = queryWeight, product of:
               4.03544 = boost
               4.4651284 = idf(docFreq=1388, maxDocs=44421)
               0.016447503 = queryNorm
             0.93603104 = fieldWeight in 1813, product of:
               2.236068 = tf(freq=5.0), with freq of:
                 5.0 = termFreq=5.0
               4.4651284 = idf(docFreq=1388, maxDocs=44421)
               0.09375 = fieldNorm(doc=1813)
       0.2 = coord(5/25)