Document (#6256)

Author

Broadhurst, R.

Title

¬The digitisation of library material

Source

Information management and technology. 26(1993) no.3, S.128-132

Year

1993

Abstract

Considers conversion of materials currently held on paper or microfilm to electronic media using imaging technology. Briefly describes current research projects in the UK and USA. Explains the digitization process and describes document and microfilm scanners. Details scanning of print and microfilm, explaining the different problems and special needs each medium, outlines image enhancement and optical character recognition

Similar documents (content)

1. Initiatives for access (1993) 0.39

   0.38512072 = sum of:
     0.38512072 = product of:
       1.2035023 = sum of:
         0.045051865 = weight(abstract_txt:image in 1656) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.045051865 = score(doc=1656,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.08939996 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.0530915 = boost
               5.375318 = idf(docFreq=558, maxDocs=44421)
               0.015793089 = queryNorm
             0.50393605 = fieldWeight in 1656, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               5.375318 = idf(docFreq=558, maxDocs=44421)
               0.09375 = fieldNorm(doc=1656)
         0.0465992 = weight(abstract_txt:currently in 1656) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.0465992 = score(doc=1656,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.091435425 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.0650125 = boost
               5.4361663 = idf(docFreq=525, maxDocs=44421)
               0.015793089 = queryNorm
             0.5096406 = fieldWeight in 1656, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               5.4361663 = idf(docFreq=525, maxDocs=44421)
               0.09375 = fieldNorm(doc=1656)
         0.06630149 = weight(abstract_txt:recognition in 1656) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.06630149 = score(doc=1656,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.11566741 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.1978514 = boost
               6.114219 = idf(docFreq=266, maxDocs=44421)
               0.015793089 = queryNorm
             0.57320803 = fieldWeight in 1656, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               6.114219 = idf(docFreq=266, maxDocs=44421)
               0.09375 = fieldNorm(doc=1656)
         0.0803859 = weight(abstract_txt:character in 1656) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.0803859 = score(doc=1656,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.13151705 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.277287 = boost
               6.519684 = idf(docFreq=177, maxDocs=44421)
               0.015793089 = queryNorm
             0.61122036 = fieldWeight in 1656, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               6.519684 = idf(docFreq=177, maxDocs=44421)
               0.09375 = fieldNorm(doc=1656)
         0.19701289 = weight(abstract_txt:digitization in 1656) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.19701289 = score(doc=1656,freq=3.0), product of:
             0.16576195 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.4339693 = boost
               7.319441 = idf(docFreq=79, maxDocs=44421)
               0.015793089 = queryNorm
             1.188529 = fieldWeight in 1656, product of:
               1.7320508 = tf(freq=3.0), with freq of:
                 3.0 = termFreq=3.0
               7.319441 = idf(docFreq=79, maxDocs=44421)
               0.09375 = fieldNorm(doc=1656)
         0.11615355 = weight(abstract_txt:optical in 1656) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.11615355 = score(doc=1656,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.16809334 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.4440182 = boost
               7.370734 = idf(docFreq=75, maxDocs=44421)
               0.015793089 = queryNorm
             0.6910063 = fieldWeight in 1656, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               7.370734 = idf(docFreq=75, maxDocs=44421)
               0.09375 = fieldNorm(doc=1656)
         0.03253882 = weight(abstract_txt:describes in 1656) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.03253882 = score(doc=1656,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.09067203 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.4998544 = boost
               3.82787 = idf(docFreq=2626, maxDocs=44421)
               0.015793089 = queryNorm
             0.35886282 = fieldWeight in 1656, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               3.82787 = idf(docFreq=2626, maxDocs=44421)
               0.09375 = fieldNorm(doc=1656)
         0.6194586 = weight(abstract_txt:microfilm in 1656) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.6194586 = score(doc=1656,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.7400211 = queryWeight, product of:
               5.247834 = boost
               8.928879 = idf(docFreq=15, maxDocs=44421)
               0.015793089 = queryNorm
             0.8370824 = fieldWeight in 1656, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               8.928879 = idf(docFreq=15, maxDocs=44421)
               0.09375 = fieldNorm(doc=1656)
       0.32 = coord(8/25)
   

2. Initiatives for access (1994) 0.36

   0.3606306 = sum of:
     0.3606306 = product of:
       1.1269706 = sum of:
         0.037543222 = weight(abstract_txt:image in 3905) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.037543222 = score(doc=3905,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.08939996 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.0530915 = boost
               5.375318 = idf(docFreq=558, maxDocs=44421)
               0.015793089 = queryNorm
             0.41994673 = fieldWeight in 3905, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               5.375318 = idf(docFreq=558, maxDocs=44421)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=3905)
         0.055251244 = weight(abstract_txt:recognition in 3905) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.055251244 = score(doc=3905,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.11566741 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.1978514 = boost
               6.114219 = idf(docFreq=266, maxDocs=44421)
               0.015793089 = queryNorm
             0.47767338 = fieldWeight in 3905, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               6.114219 = idf(docFreq=266, maxDocs=44421)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=3905)
         0.059271276 = weight(abstract_txt:conversion in 3905) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.059271276 = score(doc=3905,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.12121206 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.2262255 = boost
               6.25905 = idf(docFreq=230, maxDocs=44421)
               0.015793089 = queryNorm
             0.48898828 = fieldWeight in 3905, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               6.25905 = idf(docFreq=230, maxDocs=44421)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=3905)
         0.06698825 = weight(abstract_txt:character in 3905) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.06698825 = score(doc=3905,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.13151705 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.277287 = boost
               6.519684 = idf(docFreq=177, maxDocs=44421)
               0.015793089 = queryNorm
             0.5093503 = fieldWeight in 3905, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               6.519684 = idf(docFreq=177, maxDocs=44421)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=3905)
         0.08946108 = weight(abstract_txt:scanning in 3905) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.08946108 = score(doc=3905,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.15949206 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.4065882 = boost
               7.179679 = idf(docFreq=91, maxDocs=44421)
               0.015793089 = queryNorm
             0.56091243 = fieldWeight in 3905, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               7.179679 = idf(docFreq=91, maxDocs=44421)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=3905)
         0.13688828 = weight(abstract_txt:optical in 3905) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.13688828 = score(doc=3905,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.16809334 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.4440182 = boost
               7.370734 = idf(docFreq=75, maxDocs=44421)
               0.015793089 = queryNorm
             0.8143587 = fieldWeight in 3905, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               7.370734 = idf(docFreq=75, maxDocs=44421)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=3905)
         0.1653518 = weight(abstract_txt:digitisation in 3905) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.1653518 = score(doc=3905,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.2402088 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.7262031 = boost
               8.811096 = idf(docFreq=17, maxDocs=44421)
               0.015793089 = queryNorm
             0.6883669 = fieldWeight in 3905, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               8.811096 = idf(docFreq=17, maxDocs=44421)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=3905)
         0.5162155 = weight(abstract_txt:microfilm in 3905) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.5162155 = score(doc=3905,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.7400211 = queryWeight, product of:
               5.247834 = boost
               8.928879 = idf(docFreq=15, maxDocs=44421)
               0.015793089 = queryNorm
             0.69756866 = fieldWeight in 3905, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               8.928879 = idf(docFreq=15, maxDocs=44421)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=3905)
       0.32 = coord(8/25)
   

3. Alexander, M.: Digitising books, manuscripts and scholarly materials : preparation, handling, scanning, recognition, compression, storage formats (1998) 0.30

   0.29879546 = sum of:
     0.29879546 = product of:
       1.2449812 = sum of:
         0.050227728 = weight(abstract_txt:projects in 4686) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.050227728 = score(doc=4686,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.08673479 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.0372754 = boost
               5.2945876 = idf(docFreq=605, maxDocs=44421)
               0.015793089 = queryNorm
             0.57909554 = fieldWeight in 4686, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               5.2945876 = idf(docFreq=605, maxDocs=44421)
               0.109375 = fieldNorm(doc=4686)
         0.07735174 = weight(abstract_txt:recognition in 4686) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.07735174 = score(doc=4686,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.11566741 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.1978514 = boost
               6.114219 = idf(docFreq=266, maxDocs=44421)
               0.015793089 = queryNorm
             0.6687427 = fieldWeight in 4686, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               6.114219 = idf(docFreq=266, maxDocs=44421)
               0.109375 = fieldNorm(doc=4686)
         0.12524551 = weight(abstract_txt:scanning in 4686) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.12524551 = score(doc=4686,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.15949206 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.4065882 = boost
               7.179679 = idf(docFreq=91, maxDocs=44421)
               0.015793089 = queryNorm
             0.78527737 = fieldWeight in 4686, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               7.179679 = idf(docFreq=91, maxDocs=44421)
               0.109375 = fieldNorm(doc=4686)
         0.037961956 = weight(abstract_txt:describes in 4686) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.037961956 = score(doc=4686,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.09067203 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.4998544 = boost
               3.82787 = idf(docFreq=2626, maxDocs=44421)
               0.015793089 = queryNorm
             0.41867328 = fieldWeight in 4686, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               3.82787 = idf(docFreq=2626, maxDocs=44421)
               0.109375 = fieldNorm(doc=4686)
         0.2314925 = weight(abstract_txt:digitisation in 4686) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.2314925 = score(doc=4686,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.2402088 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.7262031 = boost
               8.811096 = idf(docFreq=17, maxDocs=44421)
               0.015793089 = queryNorm
             0.96371365 = fieldWeight in 4686, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               8.811096 = idf(docFreq=17, maxDocs=44421)
               0.109375 = fieldNorm(doc=4686)
         0.7227017 = weight(abstract_txt:microfilm in 4686) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.7227017 = score(doc=4686,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.7400211 = queryWeight, product of:
               5.247834 = boost
               8.928879 = idf(docFreq=15, maxDocs=44421)
               0.015793089 = queryNorm
             0.9765961 = fieldWeight in 4686, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               8.928879 = idf(docFreq=15, maxDocs=44421)
               0.109375 = fieldNorm(doc=4686)
       0.24 = coord(6/25)
   

4. Goldberg, E.: ¬The retrieval problem in photography (1932) (1992) 0.15

   0.1480967 = sum of:
     0.1480967 = product of:
       1.2341392 = sum of:
         0.045051865 = weight(abstract_txt:image in 322) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.045051865 = score(doc=322,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.08939996 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.0530915 = boost
               5.375318 = idf(docFreq=558, maxDocs=44421)
               0.015793089 = queryNorm
             0.50393605 = fieldWeight in 322, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               5.375318 = idf(docFreq=558, maxDocs=44421)
               0.09375 = fieldNorm(doc=322)
         0.11615355 = weight(abstract_txt:optical in 322) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.11615355 = score(doc=322,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.16809334 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.4440182 = boost
               7.370734 = idf(docFreq=75, maxDocs=44421)
               0.015793089 = queryNorm
             0.6910063 = fieldWeight in 322, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               7.370734 = idf(docFreq=75, maxDocs=44421)
               0.09375 = fieldNorm(doc=322)
         1.0729338 = weight(abstract_txt:microfilm in 322) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           1.0729338 = score(doc=322,freq=3.0), product of:
             0.7400211 = queryWeight, product of:
               5.247834 = boost
               8.928879 = idf(docFreq=15, maxDocs=44421)
               0.015793089 = queryNorm
             1.4498692 = fieldWeight in 322, product of:
               1.7320508 = tf(freq=3.0), with freq of:
                 3.0 = termFreq=3.0
               8.928879 = idf(docFreq=15, maxDocs=44421)
               0.09375 = fieldNorm(doc=322)
       0.12 = coord(3/25)
   

5. Ramsden, A.: ELINOR electronic library system (1998) 0.15

   0.14718205 = sum of:
     0.14718205 = product of:
       0.61325854 = sum of:
         0.07628115 = weight(abstract_txt:details in 2403) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.07628115 = score(doc=2403,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.10483698 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.1403934 = boost
               5.820935 = idf(docFreq=357, maxDocs=44421)
               0.015793089 = queryNorm
             0.72761685 = fieldWeight in 2403, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               5.820935 = idf(docFreq=357, maxDocs=44421)
               0.125 = fieldNorm(doc=2403)
         0.08840199 = weight(abstract_txt:recognition in 2403) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.08840199 = score(doc=2403,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.11566741 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.1978514 = boost
               6.114219 = idf(docFreq=266, maxDocs=44421)
               0.015793089 = queryNorm
             0.7642774 = fieldWeight in 2403, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               6.114219 = idf(docFreq=266, maxDocs=44421)
               0.125 = fieldNorm(doc=2403)
         0.1071812 = weight(abstract_txt:character in 2403) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.1071812 = score(doc=2403,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.13151705 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.277287 = boost
               6.519684 = idf(docFreq=177, maxDocs=44421)
               0.015793089 = queryNorm
             0.8149605 = fieldWeight in 2403, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               6.519684 = idf(docFreq=177, maxDocs=44421)
               0.125 = fieldNorm(doc=2403)
         0.14313772 = weight(abstract_txt:scanning in 2403) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.14313772 = score(doc=2403,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.15949206 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.4065882 = boost
               7.179679 = idf(docFreq=91, maxDocs=44421)
               0.015793089 = queryNorm
             0.89745986 = fieldWeight in 2403, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               7.179679 = idf(docFreq=91, maxDocs=44421)
               0.125 = fieldNorm(doc=2403)
         0.15487142 = weight(abstract_txt:optical in 2403) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.15487142 = score(doc=2403,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.16809334 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.4440182 = boost
               7.370734 = idf(docFreq=75, maxDocs=44421)
               0.015793089 = queryNorm
             0.9213418 = fieldWeight in 2403, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               7.370734 = idf(docFreq=75, maxDocs=44421)
               0.125 = fieldNorm(doc=2403)
         0.043385092 = weight(abstract_txt:describes in 2403) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.043385092 = score(doc=2403,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.09067203 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.4998544 = boost
               3.82787 = idf(docFreq=2626, maxDocs=44421)
               0.015793089 = queryNorm
             0.47848374 = fieldWeight in 2403, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               3.82787 = idf(docFreq=2626, maxDocs=44421)
               0.125 = fieldNorm(doc=2403)
       0.24 = coord(6/25)