Document (#41384)

Author

Räwel, J.

Title

Können Maschinen denken? : der Turing-Test aus systemtheoretischer Perspektive

Issue

[04. August 2018].

Source

https://www.heise.de/tp/features/Koennen-Maschinen-denken-4117648.html?view=print

Year

2018

Series

Telepolis

Abstract

Alan Turing beantwortete diese Frage nicht unmittelbar, sondern indirekt über das mittlerweile praktisch durchführbare Gedankenexperiment eines "imitation game". Seine Antwort lautete, es könne zumindest nicht ausgeschlossen werden, dass Maschinen (Computer) denken können, wenn sie Kommunikation, etwa als Wechselspiel von Fragen und Antworten, derart gut imitieren, dass (durch Menschen) mit hoher Wahrscheinlichkeit nicht entschieden werden kann, ob fragliche Kommunikation maschinell oder durch eine menschliche Person erfolgt. Dies zumal angesichts (damals zukünftiger) selbstlernender Maschinen bzw. Algorithmen, denen es in ihrer Anwendung möglich ist, eigene Strukturen zu verändern und damit potentiell die Simulation (?) der Kommunikation - bzw. des damit zusammenhängenden Denkens (?) - des "imitation game" fortlaufend zu verbessern. Wir werden die eingangs gestellte Frage, bezugnehmend auf die Luhmannsche Systemtheorie und damit unter einem radikal anderen Blickwinkel als sonst üblich, relativ umstandslos und direkt beantworten können. Allerdings werden wir feststellen müssen, dass die schlichte, umstandslose Beantwortung der Frage durch die komplexen theoretischen Voraussetzungen der Systemtheorie erkauft sind. So ist etwa aus systemtheoretischer Perspektive keineswegs selbstverständlich, obgleich die eingangs gestellte Frage dies nahelegt, welche Instanz im Unterschied zum fraglichen maschinellen Denken fraglos Denken erlaubt.

Content

"Womit sich die Frage stellt, welcher Instanz die Systemtheorie die Fähigkeit des Denkens zurechnet. Die Antwort lautet, dass der Ort des Denkens das Denken ist."

Field

Informatik

Similar documents (content)

1. Shanahan, M.: ¬ Die technologische Singularität (2021) 0.23

   0.22778845 = sum of:
     0.22778845 = product of:
       0.7118389 = sum of:
         0.14597699 = weight(abstract_txt:fortlaufend in 1197) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.14597699 = score(doc=1197,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.16182536 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.0123928 = boost
               9.622026 = idf(docFreq=7, maxDocs=44421)
               0.016612347 = queryNorm
             0.902065 = fieldWeight in 1197, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               9.622026 = idf(docFreq=7, maxDocs=44421)
               0.09375 = fieldNorm(doc=1197)
         0.037635513 = weight(abstract_txt:durch in 1197) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.037635513 = score(doc=1197,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.09454298 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.3402969 = boost
               4.246169 = idf(docFreq=1728, maxDocs=44421)
               0.016612347 = queryNorm
             0.39807835 = fieldWeight in 1197, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               4.246169 = idf(docFreq=1728, maxDocs=44421)
               0.09375 = fieldNorm(doc=1197)
         0.04328195 = weight(abstract_txt:können in 1197) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.04328195 = score(doc=1197,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.1037772 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.404227 = boost
               4.448705 = idf(docFreq=1411, maxDocs=44421)
               0.016612347 = queryNorm
             0.4170661 = fieldWeight in 1197, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               4.448705 = idf(docFreq=1411, maxDocs=44421)
               0.09375 = fieldNorm(doc=1197)
         0.045369744 = weight(abstract_txt:dass in 1197) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.045369744 = score(doc=1197,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.1070882 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.426452 = boost
               4.5191154 = idf(docFreq=1315, maxDocs=44421)
               0.016612347 = queryNorm
             0.42366707 = fieldWeight in 1197, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               4.5191154 = idf(docFreq=1315, maxDocs=44421)
               0.09375 = fieldNorm(doc=1197)
         0.028290842 = weight(abstract_txt:werden in 1197) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.028290842 = score(doc=1197,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.08602821 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.4763052 = boost
               3.507791 = idf(docFreq=3617, maxDocs=44421)
               0.016612347 = queryNorm
             0.3288554 = fieldWeight in 1197, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               3.507791 = idf(docFreq=3617, maxDocs=44421)
               0.09375 = fieldNorm(doc=1197)
         0.12074426 = weight(abstract_txt:perspektive in 1197) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.12074426 = score(doc=1197,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.1796572 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.5085616 = boost
               7.168868 = idf(docFreq=92, maxDocs=44421)
               0.016612347 = queryNorm
             0.67208135 = fieldWeight in 1197, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               7.168868 = idf(docFreq=92, maxDocs=44421)
               0.09375 = fieldNorm(doc=1197)
         0.102519855 = weight(abstract_txt:frage in 1197) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.102519855 = score(doc=1197,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.20296243 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.2675848 = boost
               5.3879194 = idf(docFreq=551, maxDocs=44421)
               0.016612347 = queryNorm
             0.5051174 = fieldWeight in 1197, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               5.3879194 = idf(docFreq=551, maxDocs=44421)
               0.09375 = fieldNorm(doc=1197)
         0.18801975 = weight(abstract_txt:maschinen in 1197) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.18801975 = score(doc=1197,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.27629077 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.2912345 = boost
               7.2588162 = idf(docFreq=84, maxDocs=44421)
               0.016612347 = queryNorm
             0.68051404 = fieldWeight in 1197, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               7.2588162 = idf(docFreq=84, maxDocs=44421)
               0.09375 = fieldNorm(doc=1197)
       0.32 = coord(8/25)
   

2. Döring, N.: Computervermittelte Kommunikation, Mensch-Computer-Interaktion (2004) 0.18

   0.17531425 = sum of:
     0.17531425 = product of:
       0.486984 = sum of:
         0.025891757 = weight(abstract_txt:dies in 3930) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.025891757 = score(doc=3930,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.10217108 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.1376396 = boost
               5.406202 = idf(docFreq=541, maxDocs=44421)
               0.016612347 = queryNorm
             0.2534157 = fieldWeight in 3930, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               5.406202 = idf(docFreq=541, maxDocs=44421)
               0.046875 = fieldNorm(doc=3930)
         0.026109733 = weight(abstract_txt:nicht in 3930) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.026109733 = score(doc=3930,freq=3.0), product of:
             0.08154774 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.2447792 = boost
               3.9435613 = idf(docFreq=2339, maxDocs=44421)
               0.016612347 = queryNorm
             0.3201773 = fieldWeight in 3930, product of:
               1.7320508 = tf(freq=3.0), with freq of:
                 3.0 = termFreq=3.0
               3.9435613 = idf(docFreq=2339, maxDocs=44421)
               0.046875 = fieldNorm(doc=3930)
         0.042077783 = weight(abstract_txt:durch in 3930) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.042077783 = score(doc=3930,freq=5.0), product of:
             0.09454298 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.3402969 = boost
               4.246169 = idf(docFreq=1728, maxDocs=44421)
               0.016612347 = queryNorm
             0.44506514 = fieldWeight in 3930, product of:
               2.236068 = tf(freq=5.0), with freq of:
                 5.0 = termFreq=5.0
               4.246169 = idf(docFreq=1728, maxDocs=44421)
               0.046875 = fieldNorm(doc=3930)
         0.03060496 = weight(abstract_txt:können in 3930) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.03060496 = score(doc=3930,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.1037772 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.404227 = boost
               4.448705 = idf(docFreq=1411, maxDocs=44421)
               0.016612347 = queryNorm
             0.29491025 = fieldWeight in 3930, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               4.448705 = idf(docFreq=1411, maxDocs=44421)
               0.046875 = fieldNorm(doc=3930)
         0.03929135 = weight(abstract_txt:dass in 3930) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.03929135 = score(doc=3930,freq=3.0), product of:
             0.1070882 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.426452 = boost
               4.5191154 = idf(docFreq=1315, maxDocs=44421)
               0.016612347 = queryNorm
             0.36690643 = fieldWeight in 3930, product of:
               1.7320508 = tf(freq=3.0), with freq of:
                 3.0 = termFreq=3.0
               4.5191154 = idf(docFreq=1315, maxDocs=44421)
               0.046875 = fieldNorm(doc=3930)
         0.028290842 = weight(abstract_txt:werden in 3930) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.028290842 = score(doc=3930,freq=4.0), product of:
             0.08602821 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.4763052 = boost
               3.507791 = idf(docFreq=3617, maxDocs=44421)
               0.016612347 = queryNorm
             0.3288554 = fieldWeight in 3930, product of:
               2.0 = tf(freq=4.0), with freq of:
                 4.0 = termFreq=4.0
               3.507791 = idf(docFreq=3617, maxDocs=44421)
               0.046875 = fieldNorm(doc=3930)
         0.02954679 = weight(abstract_txt:damit in 3930) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.02954679 = score(doc=3930,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.12771961 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.5578125 = boost
               4.935276 = idf(docFreq=867, maxDocs=44421)
               0.016612347 = queryNorm
             0.23134106 = fieldWeight in 3930, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               4.935276 = idf(docFreq=867, maxDocs=44421)
               0.046875 = fieldNorm(doc=3930)
         0.21391088 = weight(abstract_txt:kommunikation in 3930) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.21391088 = score(doc=3930,freq=16.0), product of:
             0.18968485 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.8984654 = boost
               6.014492 = idf(docFreq=294, maxDocs=44421)
               0.016612347 = queryNorm
             1.1277173 = fieldWeight in 3930, product of:
               4.0 = tf(freq=16.0), with freq of:
                 16.0 = termFreq=16.0
               6.014492 = idf(docFreq=294, maxDocs=44421)
               0.046875 = fieldNorm(doc=3930)
         0.051259927 = weight(abstract_txt:frage in 3930) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.051259927 = score(doc=3930,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.20296243 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.2675848 = boost
               5.3879194 = idf(docFreq=551, maxDocs=44421)
               0.016612347 = queryNorm
             0.2525587 = fieldWeight in 3930, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               5.3879194 = idf(docFreq=551, maxDocs=44421)
               0.046875 = fieldNorm(doc=3930)
       0.36 = coord(9/25)
   

3. Shala, E.: ¬Die Autonomie des Menschen und der Maschine : gegenwärtige Definitionen von Autonomie zwischen philosophischem Hintergrund und technologischer Umsetzbarkeit (2014) 0.16

   0.16189125 = sum of:
     0.16189125 = product of:
       0.57818305 = sum of:
         0.048821963 = weight(abstract_txt:dies in 388) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.048821963 = score(doc=388,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.10217108 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.1376396 = boost
               5.406202 = idf(docFreq=541, maxDocs=44421)
               0.016612347 = queryNorm
             0.47784525 = fieldWeight in 388, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               5.406202 = idf(docFreq=541, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=388)
         0.059996393 = weight(abstract_txt:etwa in 388) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.059996393 = score(doc=388,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.11721987 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.2185444 = boost
               5.790671 = idf(docFreq=368, maxDocs=44421)
               0.016612347 = queryNorm
             0.5118278 = fieldWeight in 388, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               5.790671 = idf(docFreq=368, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=388)
         0.028854636 = weight(abstract_txt:können in 388) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.028854636 = score(doc=388,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.1037772 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.404227 = boost
               4.448705 = idf(docFreq=1411, maxDocs=44421)
               0.016612347 = queryNorm
             0.27804407 = fieldWeight in 388, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               4.448705 = idf(docFreq=1411, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=388)
         0.060492992 = weight(abstract_txt:dass in 388) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.060492992 = score(doc=388,freq=4.0), product of:
             0.1070882 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.426452 = boost
               4.5191154 = idf(docFreq=1315, maxDocs=44421)
               0.016612347 = queryNorm
             0.56488943 = fieldWeight in 388, product of:
               2.0 = tf(freq=4.0), with freq of:
                 4.0 = termFreq=4.0
               4.5191154 = idf(docFreq=1315, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=388)
         0.03266745 = weight(abstract_txt:werden in 388) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.03266745 = score(doc=388,freq=3.0), product of:
             0.08602821 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.4763052 = boost
               3.507791 = idf(docFreq=3617, maxDocs=44421)
               0.016612347 = queryNorm
             0.3797295 = fieldWeight in 388, product of:
               1.7320508 = tf(freq=3.0), with freq of:
                 3.0 = termFreq=3.0
               3.507791 = idf(docFreq=3617, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=388)
         0.09665665 = weight(abstract_txt:frage in 388) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.09665665 = score(doc=388,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.20296243 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.2675848 = boost
               5.3879194 = idf(docFreq=551, maxDocs=44421)
               0.016612347 = queryNorm
             0.47622928 = fieldWeight in 388, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               5.3879194 = idf(docFreq=551, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=388)
         0.250693 = weight(abstract_txt:maschinen in 388) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.250693 = score(doc=388,freq=4.0), product of:
             0.27629077 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.2912345 = boost
               7.2588162 = idf(docFreq=84, maxDocs=44421)
               0.016612347 = queryNorm
             0.90735203 = fieldWeight in 388, product of:
               2.0 = tf(freq=4.0), with freq of:
                 4.0 = termFreq=4.0
               7.2588162 = idf(docFreq=84, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=388)
       0.28 = coord(7/25)
   

4. Ramge, T.: Mensch und Maschine : wie Künstliche Intelligenz und Roboter unser Leben verändern (2018) 0.16

   0.15743442 = sum of:
     0.15743442 = product of:
       0.7871721 = sum of:
         0.05049561 = weight(abstract_txt:können in 294) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.05049561 = score(doc=294,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.1037772 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.404227 = boost
               4.448705 = idf(docFreq=1411, maxDocs=44421)
               0.016612347 = queryNorm
             0.48657712 = fieldWeight in 294, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               4.448705 = idf(docFreq=1411, maxDocs=44421)
               0.109375 = fieldNorm(doc=294)
         0.033005983 = weight(abstract_txt:werden in 294) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.033005983 = score(doc=294,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.08602821 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.4763052 = boost
               3.507791 = idf(docFreq=3617, maxDocs=44421)
               0.016612347 = queryNorm
             0.38366464 = fieldWeight in 294, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               3.507791 = idf(docFreq=3617, maxDocs=44421)
               0.109375 = fieldNorm(doc=294)
         0.1196065 = weight(abstract_txt:frage in 294) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.1196065 = score(doc=294,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.20296243 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.2675848 = boost
               5.3879194 = idf(docFreq=551, maxDocs=44421)
               0.016612347 = queryNorm
             0.5893037 = fieldWeight in 294, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               5.3879194 = idf(docFreq=551, maxDocs=44421)
               0.109375 = fieldNorm(doc=294)
         0.37993637 = weight(abstract_txt:maschinen in 294) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.37993637 = score(doc=294,freq=3.0), product of:
             0.27629077 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.2912345 = boost
               7.2588162 = idf(docFreq=84, maxDocs=44421)
               0.016612347 = queryNorm
             1.3751323 = fieldWeight in 294, product of:
               1.7320508 = tf(freq=3.0), with freq of:
                 3.0 = termFreq=3.0
               7.2588162 = idf(docFreq=84, maxDocs=44421)
               0.109375 = fieldNorm(doc=294)
         0.20412762 = weight(abstract_txt:denken in 294) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.20412762 = score(doc=294,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.28985468 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.709854 = boost
               6.4387774 = idf(docFreq=192, maxDocs=44421)
               0.016612347 = queryNorm
             0.7042413 = fieldWeight in 294, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               6.4387774 = idf(docFreq=192, maxDocs=44421)
               0.109375 = fieldNorm(doc=294)
       0.2 = coord(5/25)
   

5. Hesse, W.: Können Maschinen denken? : Eine kritische Auseinandersetzung mit der harten These der KI (1993) 0.15

   0.14667866 = sum of:
     0.14667866 = product of:
       0.6111611 = sum of:
         0.025124101 = weight(abstract_txt:nicht in 376) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.025124101 = score(doc=376,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.08154774 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.2447792 = boost
               3.9435613 = idf(docFreq=2339, maxDocs=44421)
               0.016612347 = queryNorm
             0.30809072 = fieldWeight in 376, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               3.9435613 = idf(docFreq=2339, maxDocs=44421)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=376)
         0.023575703 = weight(abstract_txt:werden in 376) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.023575703 = score(doc=376,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.08602821 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.4763052 = boost
               3.507791 = idf(docFreq=3617, maxDocs=44421)
               0.016612347 = queryNorm
             0.27404618 = fieldWeight in 376, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               3.507791 = idf(docFreq=3617, maxDocs=44421)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=376)
         0.04924465 = weight(abstract_txt:damit in 376) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.04924465 = score(doc=376,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.12771961 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.5578125 = boost
               4.935276 = idf(docFreq=867, maxDocs=44421)
               0.016612347 = queryNorm
             0.38556844 = fieldWeight in 376, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               4.935276 = idf(docFreq=867, maxDocs=44421)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=376)
         0.08543322 = weight(abstract_txt:frage in 376) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.08543322 = score(doc=376,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.20296243 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.2675848 = boost
               5.3879194 = idf(docFreq=551, maxDocs=44421)
               0.016612347 = queryNorm
             0.42093122 = fieldWeight in 376, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               5.3879194 = idf(docFreq=551, maxDocs=44421)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=376)
         0.2215834 = weight(abstract_txt:maschinen in 376) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.2215834 = score(doc=376,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.27629077 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.2912345 = boost
               7.2588162 = idf(docFreq=84, maxDocs=44421)
               0.016612347 = queryNorm
             0.8019935 = fieldWeight in 376, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               7.2588162 = idf(docFreq=84, maxDocs=44421)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=376)
         0.20620003 = weight(abstract_txt:denken in 376) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.20620003 = score(doc=376,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.28985468 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.709854 = boost
               6.4387774 = idf(docFreq=192, maxDocs=44421)
               0.016612347 = queryNorm
             0.7113911 = fieldWeight in 376, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               6.4387774 = idf(docFreq=192, maxDocs=44421)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=376)
       0.24 = coord(6/25)