Document (#41285)

Author

Korman, D.Z.
Mack, E.
Jett, J.
Renear, A.H.

Title

Defining textual entailment

Source

Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology. 69(2018) no.6, S.763-772

Year

2018

Abstract

Textual entailment is a relationship that obtains between fragments of text when one fragment in some sense implies the other fragment. The automation of textual entailment recognition supports a wide variety of text-based tasks, including information retrieval, information extraction, question answering, text summarization, and machine translation. Much ingenuity has been devoted to developing algorithms for identifying textual entailments, but relatively little to saying what textual entailment actually is. This article is a review of the logical and philosophical issues involved in providing an adequate definition of textual entailment. We show that many natural definitions of textual entailment are refuted by counterexamples, including the most widely cited definition of Dagan et al. We then articulate and defend the following revised definition: T textually entails H?=?df typically, a human reading T would be justified in inferring the proposition expressed by H from the proposition expressed by T. We also show that textual entailment is context-sensitive, nontransitive, and nonmonotonic.

Content

Vgl.: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/asi.24007.

Theme

Computerlinguistik

Similar documents (author)

1. Mack, R.: Zur Anwendung der BBK in der Bibliothek der Technischen Hochschule für Chemie "Carl Schorlemmer" Leuna-Merseburg (1972) 5.87

   5.874302 = sum of:
     5.874302 = weight(author_txt:mack in 7366) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
       5.874302 = fieldWeight in 7366, product of:
         1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
           1.0 = termFreq=1.0
         9.398883 = idf(docFreq=9, maxDocs=44421)
         0.625 = fieldNorm(doc=7366)
   

2. Mack, R.: ¬Das Fachinformationszentrum Karlsruhe - Dienstleister für Forschung und Entwicklung : Online-Datenbanken - moderne Werkzeuge zur Informationsbeschaffung (1994) 5.87

   5.874302 = sum of:
     5.874302 = weight(author_txt:mack in 708) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
       5.874302 = fieldWeight in 708, product of:
         1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
           1.0 = termFreq=1.0
         9.398883 = idf(docFreq=9, maxDocs=44421)
         0.625 = fieldNorm(doc=708)
   

3. Carroll, J.M.; Mack, R.L.: Metaphor, computing systems and active learning (1985) 4.70

   4.6994414 = sum of:
     4.6994414 = weight(author_txt:mack in 6574) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
       4.6994414 = fieldWeight in 6574, product of:
         1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
           1.0 = termFreq=1.0
         9.398883 = idf(docFreq=9, maxDocs=44421)
         0.5 = fieldNorm(doc=6574)
   

4. Schultheiß, G.F.; Mack, R.: Recherchieren im Multimedia-Zeitalter : einer der global player unter den Datenbnakanbietern (1995) 4.70

   4.6994414 = sum of:
     4.6994414 = weight(author_txt:mack in 6618) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
       4.6994414 = fieldWeight in 6618, product of:
         1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
           1.0 = termFreq=1.0
         9.398883 = idf(docFreq=9, maxDocs=44421)
         0.5 = fieldNorm(doc=6618)
   

5. Lackes, R.; Mack, D.: Computer Based Training on neural nets : Basics, development, and practice (1998) 4.70

   4.6994414 = sum of:
     4.6994414 = weight(author_txt:mack in 964) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
       4.6994414 = fieldWeight in 964, product of:
         1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
           1.0 = termFreq=1.0
         9.398883 = idf(docFreq=9, maxDocs=44421)
         0.5 = fieldNorm(doc=964)
   

Similar documents (content)

1. Bruza, P.D.; Huibers, T.W.C.: ¬A study of aboutness in information retrieval (1996) 0.16

   0.15736564 = sum of:
     0.15736564 = product of:
       0.98353523 = sum of:
         0.10933015 = weight(abstract_txt:nonmonotonic in 774) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.10933015 = score(doc=774,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.11954092 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.453659 = boost
               9.755557 = idf(docFreq=6, maxDocs=44421)
               0.008429503 = queryNorm
             0.91458344 = fieldWeight in 774, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               9.755557 = idf(docFreq=6, maxDocs=44421)
               0.09375 = fieldNorm(doc=774)
         0.0563578 = weight(abstract_txt:expressed in 774) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.0563578 = score(doc=774,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.09682838 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.8502082 = boost
               6.208406 = idf(docFreq=242, maxDocs=44421)
               0.008429503 = queryNorm
             0.58203804 = fieldWeight in 774, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               6.208406 = idf(docFreq=242, maxDocs=44421)
               0.09375 = fieldNorm(doc=774)
         0.08353398 = weight(abstract_txt:definition in 774) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.08353398 = score(doc=774,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.11436571 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.4627073 = boost
               5.509105 = idf(docFreq=488, maxDocs=44421)
               0.008429503 = queryNorm
             0.73041105 = fieldWeight in 774, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               5.509105 = idf(docFreq=488, maxDocs=44421)
               0.09375 = fieldNorm(doc=774)
         0.7343133 = weight(abstract_txt:entailment in 774) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.7343133 = score(doc=774,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.81403595 = queryWeight, product of:
               10.036333 = boost
               9.622026 = idf(docFreq=7, maxDocs=44421)
               0.008429503 = queryNorm
             0.902065 = fieldWeight in 774, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               9.622026 = idf(docFreq=7, maxDocs=44421)
               0.09375 = fieldNorm(doc=774)
       0.16 = coord(4/25)
   

2. Radford, A.; Narasimhan, K.; Salimans, T.; Sutskever, I.: Improving language understanding by Generative Pre-Training 0.15

   0.14515148 = sum of:
     0.14515148 = product of:
       0.90719676 = sum of:
         0.004405411 = weight(abstract_txt:that in 1871) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.004405411 = score(doc=1871,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.021075223 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.0571849 = boost
               2.3649352 = idf(docFreq=11344, maxDocs=44421)
               0.008429503 = queryNorm
             0.20903271 = fieldWeight in 1871, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               2.3649352 = idf(docFreq=11344, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=1871)
         0.021976436 = weight(abstract_txt:text in 1871) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.021976436 = score(doc=1871,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.06152988 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.806375 = boost
               4.040882 = idf(docFreq=2122, maxDocs=44421)
               0.008429503 = queryNorm
             0.3571669 = fieldWeight in 1871, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               4.040882 = idf(docFreq=2122, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=1871)
         0.18849763 = weight(abstract_txt:textual in 1871) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.18849763 = score(doc=1871,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.35752636 = queryWeight, product of:
               7.1105514 = boost
               5.9648952 = idf(docFreq=309, maxDocs=44421)
               0.008429503 = queryNorm
             0.5272272 = fieldWeight in 1871, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               5.9648952 = idf(docFreq=309, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=1871)
         0.69231725 = weight(abstract_txt:entailment in 1871) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.69231725 = score(doc=1871,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.81403595 = queryWeight, product of:
               10.036333 = boost
               9.622026 = idf(docFreq=7, maxDocs=44421)
               0.008429503 = queryNorm
             0.850475 = fieldWeight in 1871, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               9.622026 = idf(docFreq=7, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=1871)
       0.16 = coord(4/25)
   

3. Zhitomirsky-Geffet, M.; Bar-Ilan, J.: Towards maximal unification of semantically diverse ontologies for controversial domains (2014) 0.10

   0.100629054 = sum of:
     0.100629054 = product of:
       0.5031453 = sum of:
         0.004672644 = weight(abstract_txt:that in 2634) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.004672644 = score(doc=2634,freq=4.0), product of:
             0.021075223 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.0571849 = boost
               2.3649352 = idf(docFreq=11344, maxDocs=44421)
               0.008429503 = queryNorm
             0.22171268 = fieldWeight in 2634, product of:
               2.0 = tf(freq=4.0), with freq of:
                 4.0 = termFreq=4.0
               2.3649352 = idf(docFreq=11344, maxDocs=44421)
               0.046875 = fieldNorm(doc=2634)
         0.02131226 = weight(abstract_txt:summarization in 2634) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.02131226 = score(doc=2634,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.063796416 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.0619459 = boost
               7.1267567 = idf(docFreq=96, maxDocs=44421)
               0.008429503 = queryNorm
             0.33406672 = fieldWeight in 2634, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               7.1267567 = idf(docFreq=96, maxDocs=44421)
               0.046875 = fieldNorm(doc=2634)
         0.010037747 = weight(abstract_txt:show in 2634) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.010037747 = score(doc=2634,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.048656866 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.3115696 = boost
               4.400995 = idf(docFreq=1480, maxDocs=44421)
               0.008429503 = queryNorm
             0.20629662 = fieldWeight in 2634, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               4.400995 = idf(docFreq=1480, maxDocs=44421)
               0.046875 = fieldNorm(doc=2634)
         0.09996597 = weight(abstract_txt:textual in 2634) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.09996597 = score(doc=2634,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.35752636 = queryWeight, product of:
               7.1105514 = boost
               5.9648952 = idf(docFreq=309, maxDocs=44421)
               0.008429503 = queryNorm
             0.27960446 = fieldWeight in 2634, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               5.9648952 = idf(docFreq=309, maxDocs=44421)
               0.046875 = fieldNorm(doc=2634)
         0.36715665 = weight(abstract_txt:entailment in 2634) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.36715665 = score(doc=2634,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.81403595 = queryWeight, product of:
               10.036333 = boost
               9.622026 = idf(docFreq=7, maxDocs=44421)
               0.008429503 = queryNorm
             0.4510325 = fieldWeight in 2634, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               9.622026 = idf(docFreq=7, maxDocs=44421)
               0.046875 = fieldNorm(doc=2634)
       0.2 = coord(5/25)
   

4. Lin, W.-C.; Chang, Y.-C.; Chen, H.-H.: Integrating textual and visual information for cross-language image retrieval : a trans-media dictionary approach (2007) 0.08

   0.07921905 = sum of:
     0.07921905 = product of:
       0.49511907 = sum of:
         0.004672644 = weight(abstract_txt:that in 1904) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.004672644 = score(doc=1904,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.021075223 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.0571849 = boost
               2.3649352 = idf(docFreq=11344, maxDocs=44421)
               0.008429503 = queryNorm
             0.22171268 = fieldWeight in 1904, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               2.3649352 = idf(docFreq=11344, maxDocs=44421)
               0.09375 = fieldNorm(doc=1904)
         0.020075494 = weight(abstract_txt:show in 1904) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.020075494 = score(doc=1904,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.048656866 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.3115696 = boost
               4.400995 = idf(docFreq=1480, maxDocs=44421)
               0.008429503 = queryNorm
             0.41259325 = fieldWeight in 1904, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               4.400995 = idf(docFreq=1480, maxDocs=44421)
               0.09375 = fieldNorm(doc=1904)
         0.02330953 = weight(abstract_txt:text in 1904) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.02330953 = score(doc=1904,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.06152988 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.806375 = boost
               4.040882 = idf(docFreq=2122, maxDocs=44421)
               0.008429503 = queryNorm
             0.3788327 = fieldWeight in 1904, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               4.040882 = idf(docFreq=2122, maxDocs=44421)
               0.09375 = fieldNorm(doc=1904)
         0.4470614 = weight(abstract_txt:textual in 1904) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.4470614 = score(doc=1904,freq=5.0), product of:
             0.35752636 = queryWeight, product of:
               7.1105514 = boost
               5.9648952 = idf(docFreq=309, maxDocs=44421)
               0.008429503 = queryNorm
             1.2504292 = fieldWeight in 1904, product of:
               2.236068 = tf(freq=5.0), with freq of:
                 5.0 = termFreq=5.0
               5.9648952 = idf(docFreq=309, maxDocs=44421)
               0.09375 = fieldNorm(doc=1904)
       0.16 = coord(4/25)
   

5. Shree, P.: ¬The journey of Open AI GPT models (2020) 0.08

   0.07660438 = sum of:
     0.07660438 = product of:
       0.63836986 = sum of:
         0.015539686 = weight(abstract_txt:text in 1870) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.015539686 = score(doc=1870,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.06152988 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.806375 = boost
               4.040882 = idf(docFreq=2122, maxDocs=44421)
               0.008429503 = queryNorm
             0.25255513 = fieldWeight in 1870, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               4.040882 = idf(docFreq=2122, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=1870)
         0.13328795 = weight(abstract_txt:textual in 1870) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.13328795 = score(doc=1870,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.35752636 = queryWeight, product of:
               7.1105514 = boost
               5.9648952 = idf(docFreq=309, maxDocs=44421)
               0.008429503 = queryNorm
             0.37280595 = fieldWeight in 1870, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               5.9648952 = idf(docFreq=309, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=1870)
         0.48954222 = weight(abstract_txt:entailment in 1870) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.48954222 = score(doc=1870,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.81403595 = queryWeight, product of:
               10.036333 = boost
               9.622026 = idf(docFreq=7, maxDocs=44421)
               0.008429503 = queryNorm
             0.60137665 = fieldWeight in 1870, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               9.622026 = idf(docFreq=7, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=1870)
       0.12 = coord(3/25)