Document (#39590)

Author

Kiren, T.
Shoaib, M.

Title

¬A novel ontology matching approach using key concepts

Source

Aslib journal of information management. 68(2016) no.1, S.99-111

Year

2016

Abstract

Purpose Ontologies are used to formally describe the concepts within a domain in a machine-understandable way. Matching of heterogeneous ontologies is often essential for many applications like semantic annotation, query answering or ontology integration. Some ontologies may include a large number of entities which make the ontology matching process very complex in terms of the search space and execution time requirements. The purpose of this paper is to present a technique for finding degree of similarity between ontologies that trims down the search space by eliminating the ontology concepts that have less likelihood of being matched. Design/methodology/approach Algorithms are written for finding key concepts, concept matching and relationship matching. WordNet is used for solving synonym problems during the matching process. The technique is evaluated using the reference alignments between ontologies from ontology alignment evaluation initiative benchmark in terms of degree of similarity, Pearson's correlation coefficient and IR measures precision, recall and F-measure. Findings Positive correlation between the degree of similarity and degree of similarity (reference alignment) and computed values of precision, recall and F-measure showed that if only key concepts of ontologies are compared, a time and search space efficient ontology matching system can be developed. Originality/value On the basis of the present novel approach for ontology matching, it is concluded that using key concepts for ontology matching gives comparable results in reduced time and space.

Content

Vgl.: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/AJIM-04-2015-0054.

Theme

Wissensrepräsentation

Similar documents (content)

1. Kiren, T.: ¬A clustering based indexing technique of modularized ontologies for information retrieval (2017) 0.80

   0.80083686 = sum of:
     0.80083686 = product of:
       1.334728 = sum of:
         0.0042561293 = weight(abstract_txt:that in 399) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.0042561293 = score(doc=399,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.038393196 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.0596325 = boost
               2.3649352 = idf(docFreq=11344, maxDocs=44421)
               0.015320741 = queryNorm
             0.11085634 = fieldWeight in 399, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               2.3649352 = idf(docFreq=11344, maxDocs=44421)
               0.046875 = fieldNorm(doc=399)
         0.017267458 = weight(abstract_txt:using in 399) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.017267458 = score(doc=399,freq=3.0), product of:
             0.061523832 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.1616638 = boost
               3.4568708 = idf(docFreq=3806, maxDocs=44421)
               0.015320741 = queryNorm
             0.28066292 = fieldWeight in 399, product of:
               1.7320508 = tf(freq=3.0), with freq of:
                 3.0 = termFreq=3.0
               3.4568708 = idf(docFreq=3806, maxDocs=44421)
               0.046875 = fieldNorm(doc=399)
         0.016659124 = weight(abstract_txt:search in 399) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.016659124 = score(doc=399,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.06876323 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.228109 = boost
               3.654598 = idf(docFreq=3123, maxDocs=44421)
               0.015320741 = queryNorm
             0.2422679 = fieldWeight in 399, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               3.654598 = idf(docFreq=3123, maxDocs=44421)
               0.046875 = fieldNorm(doc=399)
         0.0383434 = weight(abstract_txt:precision in 399) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.0383434 = score(doc=399,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.10471723 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.2374345 = boost
               5.5235233 = idf(docFreq=481, maxDocs=44421)
               0.015320741 = queryNorm
             0.36616132 = fieldWeight in 399, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               5.5235233 = idf(docFreq=481, maxDocs=44421)
               0.046875 = fieldNorm(doc=399)
         0.04879313 = weight(abstract_txt:technique in 399) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.04879313 = score(doc=399,freq=3.0), product of:
             0.10742362 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.2533231 = boost
               5.5944448 = idf(docFreq=448, maxDocs=44421)
               0.015320741 = queryNorm
             0.4542123 = fieldWeight in 399, product of:
               1.7320508 = tf(freq=3.0), with freq of:
                 3.0 = termFreq=3.0
               5.5944448 = idf(docFreq=448, maxDocs=44421)
               0.046875 = fieldNorm(doc=399)
         0.043274544 = weight(abstract_txt:recall in 399) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.043274544 = score(doc=399,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.11351313 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.2883569 = boost
               5.750825 = idf(docFreq=383, maxDocs=44421)
               0.015320741 = queryNorm
             0.38122943 = fieldWeight in 399, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               5.750825 = idf(docFreq=383, maxDocs=44421)
               0.046875 = fieldNorm(doc=399)
         0.029848108 = weight(abstract_txt:time in 399) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.029848108 = score(doc=399,freq=3.0), product of:
             0.08861399 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.3941513 = boost
               4.1487055 = idf(docFreq=1905, maxDocs=44421)
               0.015320741 = queryNorm
             0.3368329 = fieldWeight in 399, product of:
               1.7320508 = tf(freq=3.0), with freq of:
                 3.0 = termFreq=3.0
               4.1487055 = idf(docFreq=1905, maxDocs=44421)
               0.046875 = fieldNorm(doc=399)
         0.041004445 = weight(abstract_txt:correlation in 399) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.041004445 = score(doc=399,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.13797118 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.420389 = boost
               6.3401756 = idf(docFreq=212, maxDocs=44421)
               0.015320741 = queryNorm
             0.29719573 = fieldWeight in 399, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               6.3401756 = idf(docFreq=212, maxDocs=44421)
               0.046875 = fieldNorm(doc=399)
         0.08968358 = weight(abstract_txt:alignment in 399) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.08968358 = score(doc=399,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.18451558 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.6425918 = boost
               7.33202 = idf(docFreq=78, maxDocs=44421)
               0.015320741 = queryNorm
             0.48604882 = fieldWeight in 399, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               7.33202 = idf(docFreq=78, maxDocs=44421)
               0.046875 = fieldNorm(doc=399)
         0.071392484 = weight(abstract_txt:space in 399) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.071392484 = score(doc=399,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.1996807 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.4165523 = boost
               5.393369 = idf(docFreq=548, maxDocs=44421)
               0.015320741 = queryNorm
             0.35753322 = fieldWeight in 399, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               5.393369 = idf(docFreq=548, maxDocs=44421)
               0.046875 = fieldNorm(doc=399)
         0.058309343 = weight(abstract_txt:degree in 399) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.058309343 = score(doc=399,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.21982133 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.5354967 = boost
               5.658835 = idf(docFreq=420, maxDocs=44421)
               0.015320741 = queryNorm
             0.2652579 = fieldWeight in 399, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               5.658835 = idf(docFreq=420, maxDocs=44421)
               0.046875 = fieldNorm(doc=399)
         0.063373946 = weight(abstract_txt:similarity in 399) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.063373946 = score(doc=399,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.2323726 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.6068773 = boost
               5.8181453 = idf(docFreq=358, maxDocs=44421)
               0.015320741 = queryNorm
             0.27272555 = fieldWeight in 399, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               5.8181453 = idf(docFreq=358, maxDocs=44421)
               0.046875 = fieldNorm(doc=399)
         0.07874772 = weight(abstract_txt:concepts in 399) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.07874772 = score(doc=399,freq=3.0), product of:
             0.21317016 = queryWeight, product of:
               3.0579965 = boost
               4.549982 = idf(docFreq=1275, maxDocs=44421)
               0.015320741 = queryNorm
             0.36941248 = fieldWeight in 399, product of:
               1.7320508 = tf(freq=3.0), with freq of:
                 3.0 = termFreq=3.0
               4.549982 = idf(docFreq=1275, maxDocs=44421)
               0.046875 = fieldNorm(doc=399)
         0.342747 = weight(abstract_txt:ontologies in 399) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.342747 = score(doc=399,freq=13.0), product of:
             0.3485589 = queryWeight, product of:
               3.910316 = boost
               5.8181453 = idf(docFreq=358, maxDocs=44421)
               0.015320741 = queryNorm
             0.98332596 = fieldWeight in 399, product of:
               3.6055512 = tf(freq=13.0), with freq of:
                 13.0 = termFreq=13.0
               5.8181453 = idf(docFreq=358, maxDocs=44421)
               0.046875 = fieldNorm(doc=399)
         0.3910275 = weight(abstract_txt:ontology in 399) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.3910275 = score(doc=399,freq=13.0), product of:
             0.41886893 = queryWeight, product of:
               4.949738 = boost
               5.5235233 = idf(docFreq=481, maxDocs=44421)
               0.015320741 = queryNorm
             0.9335319 = fieldWeight in 399, product of:
               3.6055512 = tf(freq=13.0), with freq of:
                 13.0 = termFreq=13.0
               5.5235233 = idf(docFreq=481, maxDocs=44421)
               0.046875 = fieldNorm(doc=399)
       0.6 = coord(15/25)
   

2. Mao, M.: Ontology mapping : towards semantic interoperability in distributed and heterogeneous environments (2008) 0.37

   0.37433094 = sum of:
     0.37433094 = product of:
       1.0398082 = sum of:
         0.0049654837 = weight(abstract_txt:that in 659) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.0049654837 = score(doc=659,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.038393196 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.0596325 = boost
               2.3649352 = idf(docFreq=11344, maxDocs=44421)
               0.015320741 = queryNorm
             0.1293324 = fieldWeight in 659, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               2.3649352 = idf(docFreq=11344, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=659)
         0.016448624 = weight(abstract_txt:using in 659) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.016448624 = score(doc=659,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.061523832 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.1616638 = boost
               3.4568708 = idf(docFreq=3806, maxDocs=44421)
               0.015320741 = queryNorm
             0.2673537 = fieldWeight in 659, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               3.4568708 = idf(docFreq=3806, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=659)
         0.016456127 = weight(abstract_txt:between in 659) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.016456127 = score(doc=659,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.061542533 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.1618403 = boost
               3.4573963 = idf(docFreq=3804, maxDocs=44421)
               0.015320741 = queryNorm
             0.26739436 = fieldWeight in 659, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               3.4573963 = idf(docFreq=3804, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=659)
         0.04351659 = weight(abstract_txt:finding in 659) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.04351659 = score(doc=659,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.102808684 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.226106 = boost
               5.4729567 = idf(docFreq=506, maxDocs=44421)
               0.015320741 = queryNorm
             0.42327738 = fieldWeight in 659, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               5.4729567 = idf(docFreq=506, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=659)
         0.025535185 = weight(abstract_txt:approach in 659) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.025535185 = score(doc=659,freq=3.0), product of:
             0.07205861 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.2571923 = boost
               3.741144 = idf(docFreq=2864, maxDocs=44421)
               0.015320741 = queryNorm
             0.35436687 = fieldWeight in 659, product of:
               1.7320508 = tf(freq=3.0), with freq of:
                 3.0 = termFreq=3.0
               3.741144 = idf(docFreq=2864, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=659)
         0.05304252 = weight(abstract_txt:concepts in 659) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.05304252 = score(doc=659,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.21317016 = queryWeight, product of:
               3.0579965 = boost
               4.549982 = idf(docFreq=1275, maxDocs=44421)
               0.015320741 = queryNorm
             0.24882714 = fieldWeight in 659, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               4.549982 = idf(docFreq=1275, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=659)
         0.29342547 = weight(abstract_txt:ontologies in 659) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.29342547 = score(doc=659,freq=7.0), product of:
             0.3485589 = queryWeight, product of:
               3.910316 = boost
               5.8181453 = idf(docFreq=358, maxDocs=44421)
               0.015320741 = queryNorm
             0.84182465 = fieldWeight in 659, product of:
               2.6457512 = tf(freq=7.0), with freq of:
                 7.0 = termFreq=7.0
               5.8181453 = idf(docFreq=358, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=659)
         0.40011278 = weight(abstract_txt:ontology in 659) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.40011278 = score(doc=659,freq=10.0), product of:
             0.41886893 = queryWeight, product of:
               4.949738 = boost
               5.5235233 = idf(docFreq=481, maxDocs=44421)
               0.015320741 = queryNorm
             0.9552219 = fieldWeight in 659, product of:
               3.1622777 = tf(freq=10.0), with freq of:
                 10.0 = termFreq=10.0
               5.5235233 = idf(docFreq=481, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=659)
         0.1863054 = weight(abstract_txt:matching in 659) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.1863054 = score(doc=659,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.56384236 = queryWeight, product of:
               6.091135 = boost
               6.0419855 = idf(docFreq=286, maxDocs=44421)
               0.015320741 = queryNorm
             0.3304211 = fieldWeight in 659, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               6.0419855 = idf(docFreq=286, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=659)
       0.36 = coord(9/25)
   

3. Kim, J.-M.; Shin, H.; Kim, H.-J.: Schema and constraints-based matching and merging of Topic Maps (2007) 0.37

   0.37014335 = sum of:
     0.37014335 = product of:
       1.156698 = sum of:
         0.0056748386 = weight(abstract_txt:that in 1922) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.0056748386 = score(doc=1922,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.038393196 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.0596325 = boost
               2.3649352 = idf(docFreq=11344, maxDocs=44421)
               0.015320741 = queryNorm
             0.14780845 = fieldWeight in 1922, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               2.3649352 = idf(docFreq=11344, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=1922)
         0.013292496 = weight(abstract_txt:using in 1922) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.013292496 = score(doc=1922,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.061523832 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.1616638 = boost
               3.4568708 = idf(docFreq=3806, maxDocs=44421)
               0.015320741 = queryNorm
             0.21605442 = fieldWeight in 1922, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               3.4568708 = idf(docFreq=3806, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=1922)
         0.023033777 = weight(abstract_txt:between in 1922) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.023033777 = score(doc=1922,freq=3.0), product of:
             0.061542533 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.1618403 = boost
               3.4573963 = idf(docFreq=3804, maxDocs=44421)
               0.015320741 = queryNorm
             0.3742741 = fieldWeight in 1922, product of:
               1.7320508 = tf(freq=3.0), with freq of:
                 3.0 = termFreq=3.0
               3.4573963 = idf(docFreq=3804, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=1922)
         0.023827875 = weight(abstract_txt:approach in 1922) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.023827875 = score(doc=1922,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.07205861 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.2571923 = boost
               3.741144 = idf(docFreq=2864, maxDocs=44421)
               0.015320741 = queryNorm
             0.33067352 = fieldWeight in 1922, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               3.741144 = idf(docFreq=2864, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=1922)
         0.060620025 = weight(abstract_txt:concepts in 1922) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.060620025 = score(doc=1922,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.21317016 = queryWeight, product of:
               3.0579965 = boost
               4.549982 = idf(docFreq=1275, maxDocs=44421)
               0.015320741 = queryNorm
             0.28437388 = fieldWeight in 1922, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               4.549982 = idf(docFreq=1275, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=1922)
         0.28341693 = weight(abstract_txt:ontologies in 1922) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.28341693 = score(doc=1922,freq=5.0), product of:
             0.3485589 = queryWeight, product of:
               3.910316 = boost
               5.8181453 = idf(docFreq=358, maxDocs=44421)
               0.015320741 = queryNorm
             0.81311053 = fieldWeight in 1922, product of:
               2.236068 = tf(freq=5.0), with freq of:
                 5.0 = termFreq=5.0
               5.8181453 = idf(docFreq=358, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=1922)
         0.14460202 = weight(abstract_txt:ontology in 1922) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.14460202 = score(doc=1922,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.41886893 = queryWeight, product of:
               4.949738 = boost
               5.5235233 = idf(docFreq=481, maxDocs=44421)
               0.015320741 = queryNorm
             0.3452202 = fieldWeight in 1922, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               5.5235233 = idf(docFreq=481, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=1922)
         0.60223 = weight(abstract_txt:matching in 1922) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.60223 = score(doc=1922,freq=8.0), product of:
             0.56384236 = queryWeight, product of:
               6.091135 = boost
               6.0419855 = idf(docFreq=286, maxDocs=44421)
               0.015320741 = queryNorm
             1.0680822 = fieldWeight in 1922, product of:
               2.828427 = tf(freq=8.0), with freq of:
                 8.0 = termFreq=8.0
               6.0419855 = idf(docFreq=286, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=1922)
       0.32 = coord(8/25)
   

4. Euzenat, J.; Shvaiko, P.: Ontology matching (2010) 0.37

   0.36799648 = sum of:
     0.36799648 = product of:
       1.3142731 = sum of:
         0.023631468 = weight(abstract_txt:reference in 1168) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.023631468 = score(doc=1168,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.068431124 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.0003223 = boost
               4.4651284 = idf(docFreq=1388, maxDocs=44421)
               0.015320741 = queryNorm
             0.34533218 = fieldWeight in 1168, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               4.4651284 = idf(docFreq=1388, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=1168)
         0.016448624 = weight(abstract_txt:using in 1168) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.016448624 = score(doc=1168,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.061523832 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.1616638 = boost
               3.4568708 = idf(docFreq=3806, maxDocs=44421)
               0.015320741 = queryNorm
             0.2673537 = fieldWeight in 1168, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               3.4568708 = idf(docFreq=3806, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=1168)
         0.016456127 = weight(abstract_txt:between in 1168) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.016456127 = score(doc=1168,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.061542533 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.1618403 = boost
               3.4573963 = idf(docFreq=3804, maxDocs=44421)
               0.015320741 = queryNorm
             0.26739436 = fieldWeight in 1168, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               3.4573963 = idf(docFreq=3804, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=1168)
         0.030770877 = weight(abstract_txt:finding in 1168) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.030770877 = score(doc=1168,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.102808684 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.226106 = boost
               5.4729567 = idf(docFreq=506, maxDocs=44421)
               0.015320741 = queryNorm
             0.2993023 = fieldWeight in 1168, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               5.4729567 = idf(docFreq=506, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=1168)
         0.27165923 = weight(abstract_txt:ontologies in 1168) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.27165923 = score(doc=1168,freq=6.0), product of:
             0.3485589 = queryWeight, product of:
               3.910316 = boost
               5.8181453 = idf(docFreq=358, maxDocs=44421)
               0.015320741 = queryNorm
             0.77937824 = fieldWeight in 1168, product of:
               2.4494898 = tf(freq=6.0), with freq of:
                 6.0 = termFreq=6.0
               5.8181453 = idf(docFreq=358, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=1168)
         0.309926 = weight(abstract_txt:ontology in 1168) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.309926 = score(doc=1168,freq=6.0), product of:
             0.41886893 = queryWeight, product of:
               4.949738 = boost
               5.5235233 = idf(docFreq=481, maxDocs=44421)
               0.015320741 = queryNorm
             0.7399117 = fieldWeight in 1168, product of:
               2.4494898 = tf(freq=6.0), with freq of:
                 6.0 = termFreq=6.0
               5.5235233 = idf(docFreq=481, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=1168)
         0.64538085 = weight(abstract_txt:matching in 1168) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.64538085 = score(doc=1168,freq=12.0), product of:
             0.56384236 = queryWeight, product of:
               6.091135 = boost
               6.0419855 = idf(docFreq=286, maxDocs=44421)
               0.015320741 = queryNorm
             1.1446122 = fieldWeight in 1168, product of:
               3.4641016 = tf(freq=12.0), with freq of:
                 12.0 = termFreq=12.0
               6.0419855 = idf(docFreq=286, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=1168)
       0.28 = coord(7/25)
   

5. Reimer, U.; Brockhausen, P.; Lau, T.; Reich, J.R.: Ontology-based knowledge management at work : the Swiss life case studies (2004) 0.36

   0.3586367 = sum of:
     0.3586367 = product of:
       0.81508344 = sum of:
         0.01669382 = weight(abstract_txt:purpose in 411) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.01669382 = score(doc=411,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.068387024 = queryWeight, product of:
               4.4636893 = idf(docFreq=1390, maxDocs=44421)
               0.015320741 = queryNorm
             0.244108 = fieldWeight in 411, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               4.4636893 = idf(docFreq=1390, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=411)
         0.007022254 = weight(abstract_txt:that in 411) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.007022254 = score(doc=411,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.038393196 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.0596325 = boost
               2.3649352 = idf(docFreq=11344, maxDocs=44421)
               0.015320741 = queryNorm
             0.18290362 = fieldWeight in 411, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               2.3649352 = idf(docFreq=11344, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=411)
         0.011630934 = weight(abstract_txt:using in 411) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.011630934 = score(doc=411,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.061523832 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.1616638 = boost
               3.4568708 = idf(docFreq=3806, maxDocs=44421)
               0.015320741 = queryNorm
             0.18904762 = fieldWeight in 411, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               3.4568708 = idf(docFreq=3806, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=411)
         0.011636239 = weight(abstract_txt:between in 411) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.011636239 = score(doc=411,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.061542533 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.1618403 = boost
               3.4573963 = idf(docFreq=3804, maxDocs=44421)
               0.015320741 = queryNorm
             0.18907636 = fieldWeight in 411, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               3.4573963 = idf(docFreq=3804, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=411)
         0.030770877 = weight(abstract_txt:finding in 411) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.030770877 = score(doc=411,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.102808684 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.226106 = boost
               5.4729567 = idf(docFreq=506, maxDocs=44421)
               0.015320741 = queryNorm
             0.2993023 = fieldWeight in 411, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               5.4729567 = idf(docFreq=506, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=411)
         0.019435646 = weight(abstract_txt:search in 411) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.019435646 = score(doc=411,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.06876323 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.228109 = boost
               3.654598 = idf(docFreq=3123, maxDocs=44421)
               0.015320741 = queryNorm
             0.2826459 = fieldWeight in 411, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               3.654598 = idf(docFreq=3123, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=411)
         0.031596106 = weight(abstract_txt:novel in 411) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.031596106 = score(doc=411,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.10463868 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.2369703 = boost
               5.521451 = idf(docFreq=482, maxDocs=44421)
               0.015320741 = queryNorm
             0.30195436 = fieldWeight in 411, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               5.521451 = idf(docFreq=482, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=411)
         0.08329123 = weight(abstract_txt:space in 411) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.08329123 = score(doc=411,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.1996807 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.4165523 = boost
               5.393369 = idf(docFreq=548, maxDocs=44421)
               0.015320741 = queryNorm
             0.4171221 = fieldWeight in 411, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               5.393369 = idf(docFreq=548, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=411)
         0.05304252 = weight(abstract_txt:concepts in 411) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.05304252 = score(doc=411,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.21317016 = queryWeight, product of:
               3.0579965 = boost
               4.549982 = idf(docFreq=1275, maxDocs=44421)
               0.015320741 = queryNorm
             0.24882714 = fieldWeight in 411, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               4.549982 = idf(docFreq=1275, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=411)
         0.19209206 = weight(abstract_txt:ontologies in 411) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.19209206 = score(doc=411,freq=3.0), product of:
             0.3485589 = queryWeight, product of:
               3.910316 = boost
               5.8181453 = idf(docFreq=358, maxDocs=44421)
               0.015320741 = queryNorm
             0.5511036 = fieldWeight in 411, product of:
               1.7320508 = tf(freq=3.0), with freq of:
                 3.0 = termFreq=3.0
               5.8181453 = idf(docFreq=358, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=411)
         0.35787174 = weight(abstract_txt:ontology in 411) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.35787174 = score(doc=411,freq=8.0), product of:
             0.41886893 = queryWeight, product of:
               4.949738 = boost
               5.5235233 = idf(docFreq=481, maxDocs=44421)
               0.015320741 = queryNorm
             0.85437644 = fieldWeight in 411, product of:
               2.828427 = tf(freq=8.0), with freq of:
                 8.0 = termFreq=8.0
               5.5235233 = idf(docFreq=481, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=411)
       0.44 = coord(11/25)