Document (#39301)

Author

Golub, K.
Hansson, J.
Soergel, D.
Tudhope, D.

Title

Managing classification in libraries : a methodological outline for evaluating automatic subject indexing and classification in Swedish library catalogues

Source

Classification and authority control: expanding resource discovery: proceedings of the International UDC Seminar 2015, 29-30 October 2015, Lisbon, Portugal. Eds.: Slavic, A. u. M.I. Cordeiro

Imprint

Würzburg : Ergon-Verlag

Year

2015

Pages

S.163-175

Abstract

Subject terms play a crucial role in resource discovery but require substantial effort to produce. Automatic subject classification and indexing address problems of scale and sustainability and can be used to enrich existing bibliographic records, establish more connections across and between resources and enhance consistency of bibliographic data. The paper aims to put forward a complex methodological framework to evaluate automatic classification tools of Swedish textual documents based on the Dewey Decimal Classification (DDC) recently introduced to Swedish libraries. Three major complementary approaches are suggested: a quality-built gold standard, retrieval effects, domain analysis. The gold standard is built based on input from at least two catalogue librarians, end-users expert in the subject, end users inexperienced in the subject and automated tools. Retrieval effects are studied through a combination of assigned and free tasks, including factual and comprehensive types. The study also takes into consideration the different role and character of subject terms in various knowledge domains, such as scientific disciplines. As a theoretical framework, domain analysis is used and applied in relation to the implementation of DDC in Swedish libraries and chosen domains of knowledge within the DDC itself.

Content

Präsentation unter: http://www.udcds.com/seminar/2015/media/slides/Hansson_InternationalUDCSeminar2015.pdf.

Theme

Automatisches Klassifizieren

Object

DDC

Location

S

Similar documents (author)

1. Golub, K.; Soergel, D.; Buchanan, G.; Tudhope, D.; Lykke, M.; Hiom, D.: ¬A framework for evaluating automatic indexing or classification in the context of retrieval (2016) 2.12

   2.118633 = sum of:
     2.118633 = product of:
       2.8248441 = sum of:
         0.88863105 = weight(author_txt:soergel in 4311) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.88863105 = score(doc=4311,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.44222018 = queryWeight, product of:
               8.037906 = idf(docFreq=38, maxDocs=44421)
               0.05501684 = queryNorm
             2.0094764 = fieldWeight in 4311, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               8.037906 = idf(docFreq=38, maxDocs=44421)
               0.25 = fieldNorm(doc=4311)
         0.9062058 = weight(author_txt:tudhope in 4311) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.9062058 = score(doc=4311,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.44803175 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.0065495 = boost
               8.090549 = idf(docFreq=36, maxDocs=44421)
               0.05501684 = queryNorm
             2.0226374 = fieldWeight in 4311, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               8.090549 = idf(docFreq=36, maxDocs=44421)
               0.25 = fieldNorm(doc=4311)
         1.0300074 = weight(author_txt:golub in 4311) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           1.0300074 = score(doc=4311,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.48796028 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.0504441 = boost
               8.443371 = idf(docFreq=25, maxDocs=44421)
               0.05501684 = queryNorm
             2.1108427 = fieldWeight in 4311, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               8.443371 = idf(docFreq=25, maxDocs=44421)
               0.25 = fieldNorm(doc=4311)
       0.75 = coord(3/4)
   

2. Golub, K.; Tyrkkö, J.; Hansson, J.; Ahlström, I.: Subject indexing in humanities : a comparison between a local university repository and an international bibliographic service (2020) 1.53

   1.5317311 = sum of:
     1.5317311 = product of:
       3.0634623 = sum of:
         1.2875092 = weight(author_txt:golub in 982) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           1.2875092 = score(doc=982,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.48796028 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.0504441 = boost
               8.443371 = idf(docFreq=25, maxDocs=44421)
               0.05501684 = queryNorm
             2.6385534 = fieldWeight in 982, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               8.443371 = idf(docFreq=25, maxDocs=44421)
               0.3125 = fieldNorm(doc=982)
         1.775953 = weight(author_txt:hansson in 982) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           1.775953 = score(doc=982,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.60465163 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.1693199 = boost
               9.398883 = idf(docFreq=9, maxDocs=44421)
               0.05501684 = queryNorm
             2.937151 = fieldWeight in 982, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               9.398883 = idf(docFreq=9, maxDocs=44421)
               0.3125 = fieldNorm(doc=982)
       0.5 = coord(2/4)
   

3. Golub, K.; Lykke, M.; Tudhope, D.: Enhancing social tagging with automated keywords from the Dewey Decimal Classification (2014) 1.45

   1.4521599 = sum of:
     1.4521599 = product of:
       2.9043198 = sum of:
         1.3593086 = weight(author_txt:tudhope in 3918) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           1.3593086 = score(doc=3918,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.44803175 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.0065495 = boost
               8.090549 = idf(docFreq=36, maxDocs=44421)
               0.05501684 = queryNorm
             3.033956 = fieldWeight in 3918, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               8.090549 = idf(docFreq=36, maxDocs=44421)
               0.375 = fieldNorm(doc=3918)
         1.545011 = weight(author_txt:golub in 3918) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           1.545011 = score(doc=3918,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.48796028 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.0504441 = boost
               8.443371 = idf(docFreq=25, maxDocs=44421)
               0.05501684 = queryNorm
             3.166264 = fieldWeight in 3918, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               8.443371 = idf(docFreq=25, maxDocs=44421)
               0.375 = fieldNorm(doc=3918)
       0.5 = coord(2/4)
   

4. Golub, K.; Moon, J.; Nielsen, M.L.; Tudhope, D.: EnTag: Enhanced Tagging for Discovery (2008) 1.21

   1.2101332 = sum of:
     1.2101332 = product of:
       2.4202664 = sum of:
         1.1327572 = weight(author_txt:tudhope in 3294) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           1.1327572 = score(doc=3294,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.44803175 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.0065495 = boost
               8.090549 = idf(docFreq=36, maxDocs=44421)
               0.05501684 = queryNorm
             2.5282967 = fieldWeight in 3294, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               8.090549 = idf(docFreq=36, maxDocs=44421)
               0.3125 = fieldNorm(doc=3294)
         1.2875092 = weight(author_txt:golub in 3294) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           1.2875092 = score(doc=3294,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.48796028 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.0504441 = boost
               8.443371 = idf(docFreq=25, maxDocs=44421)
               0.05501684 = queryNorm
             2.6385534 = fieldWeight in 3294, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               8.443371 = idf(docFreq=25, maxDocs=44421)
               0.3125 = fieldNorm(doc=3294)
       0.5 = coord(2/4)
   

5. Golub, K.; Tudhope, D.; Zeng, M.L.; Zumer, M.: Terminology registries for knowledge organization systems : functionality, use, and attributes (2014) 1.21

   1.2101332 = sum of:
     1.2101332 = product of:
       2.4202664 = sum of:
         1.1327572 = weight(author_txt:tudhope in 2347) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           1.1327572 = score(doc=2347,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.44803175 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.0065495 = boost
               8.090549 = idf(docFreq=36, maxDocs=44421)
               0.05501684 = queryNorm
             2.5282967 = fieldWeight in 2347, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               8.090549 = idf(docFreq=36, maxDocs=44421)
               0.3125 = fieldNorm(doc=2347)
         1.2875092 = weight(author_txt:golub in 2347) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           1.2875092 = score(doc=2347,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.48796028 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.0504441 = boost
               8.443371 = idf(docFreq=25, maxDocs=44421)
               0.05501684 = queryNorm
             2.6385534 = fieldWeight in 2347, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               8.443371 = idf(docFreq=25, maxDocs=44421)
               0.3125 = fieldNorm(doc=2347)
       0.5 = coord(2/4)
   

Similar documents (content)

1. Svanberg, M.: Mapping two classification schemes : DDC and SAB (2008) 0.26

   0.25972205 = sum of:
     0.25972205 = product of:
       1.0821753 = sum of:
         0.018458195 = weight(abstract_txt:users in 3151) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.018458195 = score(doc=3151,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.066230856 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.0058935 = boost
               3.5672934 = idf(docFreq=3408, maxDocs=44421)
               0.018457359 = queryNorm
             0.2786948 = fieldWeight in 3151, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               3.5672934 = idf(docFreq=3408, maxDocs=44421)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=3151)
         0.030789413 = weight(abstract_txt:bibliographic in 3151) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.030789413 = score(doc=3151,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.093154065 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.1929513 = boost
               4.230674 = idf(docFreq=1755, maxDocs=44421)
               0.018457359 = queryNorm
             0.3305214 = fieldWeight in 3151, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               4.230674 = idf(docFreq=1755, maxDocs=44421)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=3151)
         0.035393883 = weight(abstract_txt:role in 3151) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.035393883 = score(doc=3151,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.10222404 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.2496786 = boost
               4.431851 = idf(docFreq=1435, maxDocs=44421)
               0.018457359 = queryNorm
             0.34623834 = fieldWeight in 3151, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               4.431851 = idf(docFreq=1435, maxDocs=44421)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=3151)
         0.03306318 = weight(abstract_txt:libraries in 3151) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.03306318 = score(doc=3151,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.11182213 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.6007787 = boost
               3.78466 = idf(docFreq=2742, maxDocs=44421)
               0.018457359 = queryNorm
             0.29567656 = fieldWeight in 3151, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               3.78466 = idf(docFreq=2742, maxDocs=44421)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=3151)
         0.09146425 = weight(abstract_txt:classification in 3151) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.09146425 = score(doc=3151,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.20736645 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.8142395 = boost
               3.9921594 = idf(docFreq=2228, maxDocs=44421)
               0.018457359 = queryNorm
             0.44107544 = fieldWeight in 3151, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               3.9921594 = idf(docFreq=2228, maxDocs=44421)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=3151)
         0.8730064 = weight(abstract_txt:swedish in 3151) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.8730064 = score(doc=3151,freq=5.0), product of:
             0.6382133 = queryWeight, product of:
               4.415905 = boost
               7.8302665 = idf(docFreq=47, maxDocs=44421)
               0.018457359 = queryNorm
             1.3678913 = fieldWeight in 3151, product of:
               2.236068 = tf(freq=5.0), with freq of:
                 5.0 = termFreq=5.0
               7.8302665 = idf(docFreq=47, maxDocs=44421)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=3151)
       0.24 = coord(6/25)
   

2. Golub, K.; Soergel, D.; Buchanan, G.; Tudhope, D.; Lykke, M.; Hiom, D.: ¬A framework for evaluating automatic indexing or classification in the context of retrieval (2016) 0.21

   0.20827396 = sum of:
     0.20827396 = product of:
       0.65085614 = sum of:
         0.07936422 = weight(abstract_txt:sustainability in 4311) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.07936422 = score(doc=4311,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.16129246 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.1099766 = boost
               7.872826 = idf(docFreq=45, maxDocs=44421)
               0.018457359 = queryNorm
             0.49205163 = fieldWeight in 4311, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               7.872826 = idf(docFreq=45, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=4311)
         0.06559924 = weight(abstract_txt:indexing in 4311) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.06559924 = score(doc=4311,freq=6.0), product of:
             0.098497 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.2266858 = boost
               4.3503094 = idf(docFreq=1557, maxDocs=44421)
               0.018457359 = queryNorm
             0.6660024 = fieldWeight in 4311, product of:
               2.4494898 = tf(freq=6.0), with freq of:
                 6.0 = termFreq=6.0
               4.3503094 = idf(docFreq=1557, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=4311)
         0.040502198 = weight(abstract_txt:tools in 4311) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.040502198 = score(doc=4311,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.103003025 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.2544311 = boost
               4.448705 = idf(docFreq=1411, maxDocs=44421)
               0.018457359 = queryNorm
             0.3932137 = fieldWeight in 4311, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               4.448705 = idf(docFreq=1411, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=4311)
         0.043175694 = weight(abstract_txt:framework in 4311) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.043175694 = score(doc=4311,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.10748729 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.2814462 = boost
               4.5445113 = idf(docFreq=1282, maxDocs=44421)
               0.018457359 = queryNorm
             0.40168184 = fieldWeight in 4311, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               4.5445113 = idf(docFreq=1282, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=4311)
         0.04864604 = weight(abstract_txt:standard in 4311) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.04864604 = score(doc=4311,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.11638471 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.3334286 = boost
               4.7288613 = idf(docFreq=1066, maxDocs=44421)
               0.018457359 = queryNorm
             0.41797623 = fieldWeight in 4311, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               4.7288613 = idf(docFreq=1066, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=4311)
         0.068435594 = weight(abstract_txt:automatic in 4311) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.068435594 = score(doc=4311,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.210746 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.1975923 = boost
               5.1956835 = idf(docFreq=668, maxDocs=44421)
               0.018457359 = queryNorm
             0.32473022 = fieldWeight in 4311, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               5.1956835 = idf(docFreq=668, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=4311)
         0.22264133 = weight(abstract_txt:gold in 4311) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.22264133 = score(doc=4311,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.32082492 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.2138891 = boost
               7.85132 = idf(docFreq=46, maxDocs=44421)
               0.018457359 = queryNorm
             0.6939652 = fieldWeight in 4311, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               7.85132 = idf(docFreq=46, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=4311)
         0.082491815 = weight(abstract_txt:subject in 4311) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.082491815 = score(doc=4311,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.23869605 = queryWeight, product of:
               3.3075397 = boost
               3.9099448 = idf(docFreq=2419, maxDocs=44421)
               0.018457359 = queryNorm
             0.34559354 = fieldWeight in 4311, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               3.9099448 = idf(docFreq=2419, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=4311)
       0.32 = coord(8/25)
   

3. Aagaard, H.; Viktorsson, E.: Subject headings for fiction in Sweden : a cooperative development (2014) 0.21

   0.2064149 = sum of:
     0.2064149 = product of:
       0.86006206 = sum of:
         0.05225136 = weight(abstract_txt:bibliographic in 2965) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.05225136 = score(doc=2965,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.093154065 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.1929513 = boost
               4.230674 = idf(docFreq=1755, maxDocs=44421)
               0.018457359 = queryNorm
             0.5609134 = fieldWeight in 2965, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               4.230674 = idf(docFreq=1755, maxDocs=44421)
               0.09375 = fieldNorm(doc=2965)
         0.056810606 = weight(abstract_txt:indexing in 2965) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.056810606 = score(doc=2965,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.098497 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.2266858 = boost
               4.3503094 = idf(docFreq=1557, maxDocs=44421)
               0.018457359 = queryNorm
             0.57677495 = fieldWeight in 2965, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               4.3503094 = idf(docFreq=1557, maxDocs=44421)
               0.09375 = fieldNorm(doc=2965)
         0.05159692 = weight(abstract_txt:standard in 2965) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.05159692 = score(doc=2965,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.11638471 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.3334286 = boost
               4.7288613 = idf(docFreq=1066, maxDocs=44421)
               0.018457359 = queryNorm
             0.44333076 = fieldWeight in 2965, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               4.7288613 = idf(docFreq=1066, maxDocs=44421)
               0.09375 = fieldNorm(doc=2965)
         0.07935164 = weight(abstract_txt:libraries in 2965) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.07935164 = score(doc=2965,freq=4.0), product of:
             0.11182213 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.6007787 = boost
               3.78466 = idf(docFreq=2742, maxDocs=44421)
               0.018457359 = queryNorm
             0.70962375 = fieldWeight in 2965, product of:
               2.0 = tf(freq=4.0), with freq of:
                 4.0 = termFreq=4.0
               3.78466 = idf(docFreq=2742, maxDocs=44421)
               0.09375 = fieldNorm(doc=2965)
         0.15154715 = weight(abstract_txt:subject in 2965) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.15154715 = score(doc=2965,freq=3.0), product of:
             0.23869605 = queryWeight, product of:
               3.3075397 = boost
               3.9099448 = idf(docFreq=2419, maxDocs=44421)
               0.018457359 = queryNorm
             0.6348959 = fieldWeight in 2965, product of:
               1.7320508 = tf(freq=3.0), with freq of:
                 3.0 = termFreq=3.0
               3.9099448 = idf(docFreq=2419, maxDocs=44421)
               0.09375 = fieldNorm(doc=2965)
         0.46850437 = weight(abstract_txt:swedish in 2965) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.46850437 = score(doc=2965,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.6382133 = queryWeight, product of:
               4.415905 = boost
               7.8302665 = idf(docFreq=47, maxDocs=44421)
               0.018457359 = queryNorm
             0.73408747 = fieldWeight in 2965, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               7.8302665 = idf(docFreq=47, maxDocs=44421)
               0.09375 = fieldNorm(doc=2965)
       0.24 = coord(6/25)
   

4. Hansson, J.: Framvaxten av 'Klassificationssystem for svenska bibliotek' mot bakgrund av folkbibliotekenes tidiga utveckling och aldre svensk klassifikationspraxis (1995) 0.20

   0.19595526 = sum of:
     0.19595526 = product of:
       0.97977626 = sum of:
         0.018458195 = weight(abstract_txt:users in 4770) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.018458195 = score(doc=4770,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.066230856 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.0058935 = boost
               3.5672934 = idf(docFreq=3408, maxDocs=44421)
               0.018457359 = queryNorm
             0.2786948 = fieldWeight in 4770, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               3.5672934 = idf(docFreq=3408, maxDocs=44421)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=4770)
         0.035393883 = weight(abstract_txt:role in 4770) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.035393883 = score(doc=4770,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.10222404 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.2496786 = boost
               4.431851 = idf(docFreq=1435, maxDocs=44421)
               0.018457359 = queryNorm
             0.34623834 = fieldWeight in 4770, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               4.431851 = idf(docFreq=1435, maxDocs=44421)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=4770)
         0.03306318 = weight(abstract_txt:libraries in 4770) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.03306318 = score(doc=4770,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.11182213 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.6007787 = boost
               3.78466 = idf(docFreq=2742, maxDocs=44421)
               0.018457359 = queryNorm
             0.29567656 = fieldWeight in 4770, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               3.78466 = idf(docFreq=2742, maxDocs=44421)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=4770)
         0.11202037 = weight(abstract_txt:classification in 4770) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.11202037 = score(doc=4770,freq=3.0), product of:
             0.20736645 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.8142395 = boost
               3.9921594 = idf(docFreq=2228, maxDocs=44421)
               0.018457359 = queryNorm
             0.5402049 = fieldWeight in 4770, product of:
               1.7320508 = tf(freq=3.0), with freq of:
                 3.0 = termFreq=3.0
               3.9921594 = idf(docFreq=2228, maxDocs=44421)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=4770)
         0.78084064 = weight(abstract_txt:swedish in 4770) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.78084064 = score(doc=4770,freq=4.0), product of:
             0.6382133 = queryWeight, product of:
               4.415905 = boost
               7.8302665 = idf(docFreq=47, maxDocs=44421)
               0.018457359 = queryNorm
             1.2234792 = fieldWeight in 4770, product of:
               2.0 = tf(freq=4.0), with freq of:
                 4.0 = termFreq=4.0
               7.8302665 = idf(docFreq=47, maxDocs=44421)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=4770)
       0.2 = coord(5/25)
   

5. Golub, K.: Automatic subject indexing of text (2019) 0.19

   0.19376354 = sum of:
     0.19376354 = product of:
       0.60551107 = sum of:
         0.014508523 = weight(abstract_txt:knowledge in 268) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.014508523 = score(doc=268,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.06545704 = queryWeight, product of:
               3.5463927 = idf(docFreq=3480, maxDocs=44421)
               0.018457359 = queryNorm
             0.22164954 = fieldWeight in 268, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               3.5463927 = idf(docFreq=3480, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=268)
         0.06444146 = weight(abstract_txt:enrich in 268) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.06444146 = score(doc=268,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.14038083 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.0355253 = boost
               7.344759 = idf(docFreq=77, maxDocs=44421)
               0.018457359 = queryNorm
             0.45904744 = fieldWeight in 268, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               7.344759 = idf(docFreq=77, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=268)
         0.07936422 = weight(abstract_txt:sustainability in 268) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.07936422 = score(doc=268,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.16129246 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.1099766 = boost
               7.872826 = idf(docFreq=45, maxDocs=44421)
               0.018457359 = queryNorm
             0.49205163 = fieldWeight in 268, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               7.872826 = idf(docFreq=45, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=268)
         0.043016337 = weight(abstract_txt:terms in 268) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.043016337 = score(doc=268,freq=4.0), product of:
             0.08510267 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.1402324 = boost
               4.043712 = idf(docFreq=2116, maxDocs=44421)
               0.018457359 = queryNorm
             0.505464 = fieldWeight in 268, product of:
               2.0 = tf(freq=4.0), with freq of:
                 4.0 = termFreq=4.0
               4.043712 = idf(docFreq=2116, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=268)
         0.06559924 = weight(abstract_txt:indexing in 268) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.06559924 = score(doc=268,freq=6.0), product of:
             0.098497 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.2266858 = boost
               4.3503094 = idf(docFreq=1557, maxDocs=44421)
               0.018457359 = queryNorm
             0.6660024 = fieldWeight in 268, product of:
               2.4494898 = tf(freq=6.0), with freq of:
                 6.0 = termFreq=6.0
               4.3503094 = idf(docFreq=1557, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=268)
         0.118533924 = weight(abstract_txt:automatic in 268) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.118533924 = score(doc=268,freq=3.0), product of:
             0.210746 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.1975923 = boost
               5.1956835 = idf(docFreq=668, maxDocs=44421)
               0.018457359 = queryNorm
             0.5624492 = fieldWeight in 268, product of:
               1.7320508 = tf(freq=3.0), with freq of:
                 3.0 = termFreq=3.0
               5.1956835 = idf(docFreq=668, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=268)
         0.0896163 = weight(abstract_txt:classification in 268) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.0896163 = score(doc=268,freq=3.0), product of:
             0.20736645 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.8142395 = boost
               3.9921594 = idf(docFreq=2228, maxDocs=44421)
               0.018457359 = queryNorm
             0.43216392 = fieldWeight in 268, product of:
               1.7320508 = tf(freq=3.0), with freq of:
                 3.0 = termFreq=3.0
               3.9921594 = idf(docFreq=2228, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=268)
         0.13043103 = weight(abstract_txt:subject in 268) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.13043103 = score(doc=268,freq=5.0), product of:
             0.23869605 = queryWeight, product of:
               3.3075397 = boost
               3.9099448 = idf(docFreq=2419, maxDocs=44421)
               0.018457359 = queryNorm
             0.5464314 = fieldWeight in 268, product of:
               2.236068 = tf(freq=5.0), with freq of:
                 5.0 = termFreq=5.0
               3.9099448 = idf(docFreq=2419, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=268)
       0.32 = coord(8/25)