Document (#38214)

Author

López-Cózar, E.D.
Robinson-García, N.R.
Torres-Salinas, D.

Title

¬The Google scholar experiment : how to index false papers and manipulate bibliometric indicators

Source

Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology. 65(2014) no.3, S.446-454

Year

2014

Abstract

Google Scholar has been well received by the research community. Its promises of free, universal, and easy access to scientific literature coupled with the perception that it covers the social sciences and the humanities better than other traditional multidisciplinary databases have contributed to the quick expansion of Google Scholar Citations and Google Scholar Metrics: 2 new bibliometric products that offer citation data at the individual level and at journal level. In this article, we show the results of an experiment undertaken to analyze Google Scholar's capacity to detect citation-counting manipulation. For this, we uploaded 6 documents to an institutional web domain that were authored by a fictitious researcher and referenced all the publications of the members of the EC3 research group at the University of Granada. The detection by Google Scholar of these papers caused an outburst in the number of citations included in the Google Scholar Citations profiles of the authors. We discuss the effects of such an outburst and how it could affect the future development of such products, at both the individual level and the journal level, especially if Google Scholar persists with its lack of transparency.

Theme

Informetrie

Object

Google scholar

Similar documents (author)

1. Torres-Salinas, D.; Robinson-García, N.; Jiménez-Contreras, E.; Herrera, F.; López-Cózar, E.D.: On the use of biplot analysis for multivariate bibliometric and scientific indicators (2013) 5.19

   5.1941047 = sum of:
     5.1941047 = sum of:
       0.575606 = weight(author_txt:robinson in 1972) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
         0.575606 = score(doc=1972,freq=1.0), product of:
           0.30833167 = queryWeight, product of:
             7.467361 = idf(docFreq=68, maxDocs=44421)
             0.04129058 = queryNorm
           1.8668402 = fieldWeight in 1972, product of:
             1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
               1.0 = termFreq=1.0
             7.467361 = idf(docFreq=68, maxDocs=44421)
             0.25 = fieldNorm(doc=1972)
       0.62965566 = weight(author_txt:lópez in 1972) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
         0.62965566 = score(doc=1972,freq=1.0), product of:
           0.32734323 = queryWeight, product of:
             1.0303686 = boost
             7.694134 = idf(docFreq=54, maxDocs=44421)
             0.04129058 = queryNorm
           1.9235336 = fieldWeight in 1972, product of:
             1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
               1.0 = termFreq=1.0
             7.694134 = idf(docFreq=54, maxDocs=44421)
             0.25 = fieldNorm(doc=1972)
       0.7320789 = weight(author_txt:garcía in 1972) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
         0.7320789 = score(doc=1972,freq=1.0), product of:
           0.36194274 = queryWeight, product of:
             1.083455 = boost
             8.090549 = idf(docFreq=36, maxDocs=44421)
             0.04129058 = queryNorm
           2.0226374 = fieldWeight in 1972, product of:
             1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
               1.0 = termFreq=1.0
             8.090549 = idf(docFreq=36, maxDocs=44421)
             0.25 = fieldNorm(doc=1972)
       0.91209525 = weight(author_txt:torres in 1972) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
         0.91209525 = score(doc=1972,freq=1.0), product of:
           0.41907787 = queryWeight, product of:
             1.1658382 = boost
             8.705735 = idf(docFreq=19, maxDocs=44421)
             0.04129058 = queryNorm
           2.1764338 = fieldWeight in 1972, product of:
             1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
               1.0 = termFreq=1.0
             8.705735 = idf(docFreq=19, maxDocs=44421)
             0.25 = fieldNorm(doc=1972)
       1.1131997 = weight(author_txt:salinas in 1972) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
         1.1131997 = score(doc=1972,freq=1.0), product of:
           0.47861174 = queryWeight, product of:
             1.2458984 = boost
             9.303573 = idf(docFreq=10, maxDocs=44421)
             0.04129058 = queryNorm
           2.3258932 = fieldWeight in 1972, product of:
             1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
               1.0 = termFreq=1.0
             9.303573 = idf(docFreq=10, maxDocs=44421)
             0.25 = fieldNorm(doc=1972)
       1.231469 = weight(author_txt:cózar in 1972) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
         1.231469 = score(doc=1972,freq=1.0), product of:
           0.5119375 = queryWeight, product of:
             1.2885444 = boost
             9.622026 = idf(docFreq=7, maxDocs=44421)
             0.04129058 = queryNorm
           2.4055066 = fieldWeight in 1972, product of:
             1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
               1.0 = termFreq=1.0
             9.622026 = idf(docFreq=7, maxDocs=44421)
             0.25 = fieldNorm(doc=1972)
   

2. Torres-Salinas, D.; Robinson-García, N.: ¬The time for bibliometric applications (2016) 3.33

   3.33298 = sum of:
     3.33298 = product of:
       4.9994698 = sum of:
         0.8634089 = weight(author_txt:robinson in 3763) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.8634089 = score(doc=3763,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.30833167 = queryWeight, product of:
               7.467361 = idf(docFreq=68, maxDocs=44421)
               0.04129058 = queryNorm
             2.8002603 = fieldWeight in 3763, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               7.467361 = idf(docFreq=68, maxDocs=44421)
               0.375 = fieldNorm(doc=3763)
         1.0981183 = weight(author_txt:garcía in 3763) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           1.0981183 = score(doc=3763,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.36194274 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.083455 = boost
               8.090549 = idf(docFreq=36, maxDocs=44421)
               0.04129058 = queryNorm
             3.033956 = fieldWeight in 3763, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               8.090549 = idf(docFreq=36, maxDocs=44421)
               0.375 = fieldNorm(doc=3763)
         1.368143 = weight(author_txt:torres in 3763) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           1.368143 = score(doc=3763,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.41907787 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.1658382 = boost
               8.705735 = idf(docFreq=19, maxDocs=44421)
               0.04129058 = queryNorm
             3.2646508 = fieldWeight in 3763, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               8.705735 = idf(docFreq=19, maxDocs=44421)
               0.375 = fieldNorm(doc=3763)
         1.6697996 = weight(author_txt:salinas in 3763) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           1.6697996 = score(doc=3763,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.47861174 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.2458984 = boost
               9.303573 = idf(docFreq=10, maxDocs=44421)
               0.04129058 = queryNorm
             3.4888396 = fieldWeight in 3763, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               9.303573 = idf(docFreq=10, maxDocs=44421)
               0.375 = fieldNorm(doc=3763)
       0.6666667 = coord(4/6)
   

3. Orduña-Malea, E.; Torres-Salinas, D.; López-Cózar, E.D.: Hyperlinks embedded in twitter as a proxy for total external in-links to international university websites (2015) 3.24

   3.2386832 = sum of:
     3.2386832 = product of:
       4.8580246 = sum of:
         0.7870696 = weight(author_txt:lópez in 3043) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.7870696 = score(doc=3043,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.32734323 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.0303686 = boost
               7.694134 = idf(docFreq=54, maxDocs=44421)
               0.04129058 = queryNorm
             2.404417 = fieldWeight in 3043, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               7.694134 = idf(docFreq=54, maxDocs=44421)
               0.3125 = fieldNorm(doc=3043)
         1.1401191 = weight(author_txt:torres in 3043) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           1.1401191 = score(doc=3043,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.41907787 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.1658382 = boost
               8.705735 = idf(docFreq=19, maxDocs=44421)
               0.04129058 = queryNorm
             2.7205422 = fieldWeight in 3043, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               8.705735 = idf(docFreq=19, maxDocs=44421)
               0.3125 = fieldNorm(doc=3043)
         1.3914998 = weight(author_txt:salinas in 3043) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           1.3914998 = score(doc=3043,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.47861174 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.2458984 = boost
               9.303573 = idf(docFreq=10, maxDocs=44421)
               0.04129058 = queryNorm
             2.9073665 = fieldWeight in 3043, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               9.303573 = idf(docFreq=10, maxDocs=44421)
               0.3125 = fieldNorm(doc=3043)
         1.5393362 = weight(author_txt:cózar in 3043) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           1.5393362 = score(doc=3043,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.5119375 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.2885444 = boost
               9.622026 = idf(docFreq=7, maxDocs=44421)
               0.04129058 = queryNorm
             3.0068831 = fieldWeight in 3043, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               9.622026 = idf(docFreq=7, maxDocs=44421)
               0.3125 = fieldNorm(doc=3043)
       0.6666667 = coord(4/6)
   

4. Robinson-García, N.; Jiménez-Contreras, E.; Torres-Salinas, D.: Analyzing data citation practices using the data citation index : a study of backup strategies of end users (2016) 2.78

   2.7774835 = sum of:
     2.7774835 = product of:
       4.166225 = sum of:
         0.71950746 = weight(author_txt:robinson in 4225) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.71950746 = score(doc=4225,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.30833167 = queryWeight, product of:
               7.467361 = idf(docFreq=68, maxDocs=44421)
               0.04129058 = queryNorm
             2.3335502 = fieldWeight in 4225, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               7.467361 = idf(docFreq=68, maxDocs=44421)
               0.3125 = fieldNorm(doc=4225)
         0.9150986 = weight(author_txt:garcía in 4225) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.9150986 = score(doc=4225,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.36194274 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.083455 = boost
               8.090549 = idf(docFreq=36, maxDocs=44421)
               0.04129058 = queryNorm
             2.5282967 = fieldWeight in 4225, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               8.090549 = idf(docFreq=36, maxDocs=44421)
               0.3125 = fieldNorm(doc=4225)
         1.1401191 = weight(author_txt:torres in 4225) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           1.1401191 = score(doc=4225,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.41907787 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.1658382 = boost
               8.705735 = idf(docFreq=19, maxDocs=44421)
               0.04129058 = queryNorm
             2.7205422 = fieldWeight in 4225, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               8.705735 = idf(docFreq=19, maxDocs=44421)
               0.3125 = fieldNorm(doc=4225)
         1.3914998 = weight(author_txt:salinas in 4225) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           1.3914998 = score(doc=4225,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.47861174 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.2458984 = boost
               9.303573 = idf(docFreq=10, maxDocs=44421)
               0.04129058 = queryNorm
             2.9073665 = fieldWeight in 4225, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               9.303573 = idf(docFreq=10, maxDocs=44421)
               0.3125 = fieldNorm(doc=4225)
       0.6666667 = coord(4/6)
   

5. García, J.A.; Rodríguez-Sánchez, R.; Fdez-Valdivia, J.; Robinson-García, N.; Torres-Salinas, D.: Mapping academic institutions according to their journal publication profile : Spanish universities as a case study (2012) 2.42

   2.4241447 = sum of:
     2.4241447 = product of:
       3.6362169 = sum of:
         0.575606 = weight(author_txt:robinson in 1500) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.575606 = score(doc=1500,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.30833167 = queryWeight, product of:
               7.467361 = idf(docFreq=68, maxDocs=44421)
               0.04129058 = queryNorm
             1.8668402 = fieldWeight in 1500, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               7.467361 = idf(docFreq=68, maxDocs=44421)
               0.25 = fieldNorm(doc=1500)
         1.0353159 = weight(author_txt:garcía in 1500) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           1.0353159 = score(doc=1500,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.36194274 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.083455 = boost
               8.090549 = idf(docFreq=36, maxDocs=44421)
               0.04129058 = queryNorm
             2.8604412 = fieldWeight in 1500, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               8.090549 = idf(docFreq=36, maxDocs=44421)
               0.25 = fieldNorm(doc=1500)
         0.91209525 = weight(author_txt:torres in 1500) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.91209525 = score(doc=1500,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.41907787 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.1658382 = boost
               8.705735 = idf(docFreq=19, maxDocs=44421)
               0.04129058 = queryNorm
             2.1764338 = fieldWeight in 1500, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               8.705735 = idf(docFreq=19, maxDocs=44421)
               0.25 = fieldNorm(doc=1500)
         1.1131997 = weight(author_txt:salinas in 1500) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           1.1131997 = score(doc=1500,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.47861174 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.2458984 = boost
               9.303573 = idf(docFreq=10, maxDocs=44421)
               0.04129058 = queryNorm
             2.3258932 = fieldWeight in 1500, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               9.303573 = idf(docFreq=10, maxDocs=44421)
               0.25 = fieldNorm(doc=1500)
       0.6666667 = coord(4/6)
   

Similar documents (content)

1. Kousha, K.; Thelwall, M.: Google Scholar citations and Google Web/URL citations : a multi-discipline exploratory analysis (2007) 0.28

   0.28483143 = sum of:
     0.28483143 = product of:
       1.4241571 = sum of:
         0.068733774 = weight(abstract_txt:citation in 1337) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.068733774 = score(doc=1337,freq=6.0), product of:
             0.09180913 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.3782464 = boost
               4.890223 = idf(docFreq=907, maxDocs=44421)
               0.013621669 = queryNorm
             0.7486595 = fieldWeight in 1337, product of:
               2.4494898 = tf(freq=6.0), with freq of:
                 6.0 = termFreq=6.0
               4.890223 = idf(docFreq=907, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=1337)
         0.03264574 = weight(abstract_txt:journal in 1337) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.03264574 = score(doc=1337,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.101556376 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.4495645 = boost
               5.14327 = idf(docFreq=704, maxDocs=44421)
               0.013621669 = queryNorm
             0.32145438 = fieldWeight in 1337, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               5.14327 = idf(docFreq=704, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=1337)
         0.14431565 = weight(abstract_txt:citations in 1337) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.14431565 = score(doc=1337,freq=7.0), product of:
             0.16369277 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.25395 = boost
               5.331567 = idf(docFreq=583, maxDocs=44421)
               0.013621669 = queryNorm
             0.881625 = fieldWeight in 1337, product of:
               2.6457512 = tf(freq=7.0), with freq of:
                 7.0 = termFreq=7.0
               5.331567 = idf(docFreq=583, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=1337)
         0.44410175 = weight(abstract_txt:google in 1337) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.44410175 = score(doc=1337,freq=9.0), product of:
             0.4416555 = queryWeight, product of:
               6.0458274 = boost
               5.3628736 = idf(docFreq=565, maxDocs=44421)
               0.013621669 = queryNorm
             1.0055388 = fieldWeight in 1337, product of:
               3.0 = tf(freq=9.0), with freq of:
                 9.0 = termFreq=9.0
               5.3628736 = idf(docFreq=565, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=1337)
         0.7343602 = weight(abstract_txt:scholar in 1337) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.7343602 = score(doc=1337,freq=7.0), product of:
             0.6423212 = queryWeight, product of:
               6.8201528 = boost
               6.9139757 = idf(docFreq=119, maxDocs=44421)
               0.013621669 = queryNorm
             1.1432912 = fieldWeight in 1337, product of:
               2.6457512 = tf(freq=7.0), with freq of:
                 7.0 = termFreq=7.0
               6.9139757 = idf(docFreq=119, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=1337)
       0.2 = coord(5/25)
   

2. Kousha, K.; Thelwall, M.; Rezaie, S.: Assessing the citation impact of books : the role of Google Books, Google Scholar, and Scopus (2011) 0.22

   0.21661313 = sum of:
     0.21661313 = product of:
       1.0830656 = sum of:
         0.062745064 = weight(abstract_txt:citation in 920) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.062745064 = score(doc=920,freq=5.0), product of:
             0.09180913 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.3782464 = boost
               4.890223 = idf(docFreq=907, maxDocs=44421)
               0.013621669 = queryNorm
             0.6834295 = fieldWeight in 920, product of:
               2.236068 = tf(freq=5.0), with freq of:
                 5.0 = termFreq=5.0
               4.890223 = idf(docFreq=907, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=920)
         0.03264574 = weight(abstract_txt:journal in 920) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.03264574 = score(doc=920,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.101556376 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.4495645 = boost
               5.14327 = idf(docFreq=704, maxDocs=44421)
               0.013621669 = queryNorm
             0.32145438 = fieldWeight in 920, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               5.14327 = idf(docFreq=704, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=920)
         0.14431565 = weight(abstract_txt:citations in 920) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.14431565 = score(doc=920,freq=7.0), product of:
             0.16369277 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.25395 = boost
               5.331567 = idf(docFreq=583, maxDocs=44421)
               0.013621669 = queryNorm
             0.881625 = fieldWeight in 920, product of:
               2.6457512 = tf(freq=7.0), with freq of:
                 7.0 = termFreq=7.0
               5.331567 = idf(docFreq=583, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=920)
         0.36260754 = weight(abstract_txt:google in 920) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.36260754 = score(doc=920,freq=6.0), product of:
             0.4416555 = queryWeight, product of:
               6.0458274 = boost
               5.3628736 = idf(docFreq=565, maxDocs=44421)
               0.013621669 = queryNorm
             0.821019 = fieldWeight in 920, product of:
               2.4494898 = tf(freq=6.0), with freq of:
                 6.0 = termFreq=6.0
               5.3628736 = idf(docFreq=565, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=920)
         0.48075163 = weight(abstract_txt:scholar in 920) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.48075163 = score(doc=920,freq=3.0), product of:
             0.6423212 = queryWeight, product of:
               6.8201528 = boost
               6.9139757 = idf(docFreq=119, maxDocs=44421)
               0.013621669 = queryNorm
             0.7484598 = fieldWeight in 920, product of:
               1.7320508 = tf(freq=3.0), with freq of:
                 3.0 = termFreq=3.0
               6.9139757 = idf(docFreq=119, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=920)
       0.2 = coord(5/25)
   

3. Arendt, J.: Imperfect tools : Google Scholar vs. traditional commercial library databases (2008) 0.20

   0.20428607 = sum of:
     0.20428607 = product of:
       2.553576 = sum of:
         0.8882035 = weight(abstract_txt:google in 802) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.8882035 = score(doc=802,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.4416555 = queryWeight, product of:
               6.0458274 = boost
               5.3628736 = idf(docFreq=565, maxDocs=44421)
               0.013621669 = queryNorm
             2.0110776 = fieldWeight in 802, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               5.3628736 = idf(docFreq=565, maxDocs=44421)
               0.375 = fieldNorm(doc=802)
         1.6653726 = weight(abstract_txt:scholar in 802) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           1.6653726 = score(doc=802,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.6423212 = queryWeight, product of:
               6.8201528 = boost
               6.9139757 = idf(docFreq=119, maxDocs=44421)
               0.013621669 = queryNorm
             2.592741 = fieldWeight in 802, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               6.9139757 = idf(docFreq=119, maxDocs=44421)
               0.375 = fieldNorm(doc=802)
       0.08 = coord(2/25)
   

4. Abdelkareem, M.A.A.: In terms of publication index, what indicator is the best for researchers indexing, Google Scholar, Scopus, Clarivate or others? (2018) 0.19

   0.19325352 = sum of:
     0.19325352 = product of:
       1.610446 = sum of:
         0.18295348 = weight(abstract_txt:citations in 548) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.18295348 = score(doc=548,freq=5.0), product of:
             0.16369277 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.25395 = boost
               5.331567 = idf(docFreq=583, maxDocs=44421)
               0.013621669 = queryNorm
             1.1176637 = fieldWeight in 548, product of:
               2.236068 = tf(freq=5.0), with freq of:
                 5.0 = termFreq=5.0
               5.331567 = idf(docFreq=583, maxDocs=44421)
               0.09375 = fieldNorm(doc=548)
         0.49652085 = weight(abstract_txt:google in 548) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.49652085 = score(doc=548,freq=5.0), product of:
             0.4416555 = queryWeight, product of:
               6.0458274 = boost
               5.3628736 = idf(docFreq=565, maxDocs=44421)
               0.013621669 = queryNorm
             1.1242266 = fieldWeight in 548, product of:
               2.236068 = tf(freq=5.0), with freq of:
                 5.0 = termFreq=5.0
               5.3628736 = idf(docFreq=565, maxDocs=44421)
               0.09375 = fieldNorm(doc=548)
         0.93097156 = weight(abstract_txt:scholar in 548) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.93097156 = score(doc=548,freq=5.0), product of:
             0.6423212 = queryWeight, product of:
               6.8201528 = boost
               6.9139757 = idf(docFreq=119, maxDocs=44421)
               0.013621669 = queryNorm
             1.4493862 = fieldWeight in 548, product of:
               2.236068 = tf(freq=5.0), with freq of:
                 5.0 = termFreq=5.0
               6.9139757 = idf(docFreq=119, maxDocs=44421)
               0.09375 = fieldNorm(doc=548)
       0.12 = coord(3/25)
   

5. Donlan, R.; Cooke, R.: Running with the devil : accessing library-licensed full text holdings through Google Scholar (2005) 0.19

   0.19114748 = sum of:
     0.19114748 = product of:
       1.5928956 = sum of:
         0.103309624 = weight(abstract_txt:transparency in 1363) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.103309624 = score(doc=1363,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.119641356 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.1125245 = boost
               7.894805 = idf(docFreq=44, maxDocs=44421)
               0.013621669 = queryNorm
             0.8634943 = fieldWeight in 1363, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               7.894805 = idf(docFreq=44, maxDocs=44421)
               0.109375 = fieldNorm(doc=1363)
         0.5181187 = weight(abstract_txt:google in 1363) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.5181187 = score(doc=1363,freq=4.0), product of:
             0.4416555 = queryWeight, product of:
               6.0458274 = boost
               5.3628736 = idf(docFreq=565, maxDocs=44421)
               0.013621669 = queryNorm
             1.1731286 = fieldWeight in 1363, product of:
               2.0 = tf(freq=4.0), with freq of:
                 4.0 = termFreq=4.0
               5.3628736 = idf(docFreq=565, maxDocs=44421)
               0.109375 = fieldNorm(doc=1363)
         0.9714673 = weight(abstract_txt:scholar in 1363) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.9714673 = score(doc=1363,freq=4.0), product of:
             0.6423212 = queryWeight, product of:
               6.8201528 = boost
               6.9139757 = idf(docFreq=119, maxDocs=44421)
               0.013621669 = queryNorm
             1.5124322 = fieldWeight in 1363, product of:
               2.0 = tf(freq=4.0), with freq of:
                 4.0 = termFreq=4.0
               6.9139757 = idf(docFreq=119, maxDocs=44421)
               0.109375 = fieldNorm(doc=1363)
       0.12 = coord(3/25)