Document (#37742)

Author

Taylor, N.J.
Dennis, A.R.
Cummings, J.W.

Title

Situation normality and the shape of search : the effects of time delays and information presentation on search behavior

Source

Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology. 64(2013) no.5, S.909-928

Year

2013

Abstract

Delays have become one of the most often cited complaints of web users. Long delays often cause users to abandon their searches, but how do tolerable delays affect information search behavior? Intuitively, we would expect that tolerable delays should induce decreased information search. We conducted two experiments and found that as delay increased, a point occurs at which time within-page information search increases; that is, search behavior remained the same until a tipping point occurs where delay increases the depth of search. We argue that situation normality explains this phenomenon; users have become accustomed to tolerable delays up to a point (our research suggests between 7 and 11 s), after which search behavior changes. That is, some delay is expected, but as delay becomes noticeable but not long enough to cause the abandonment of search, an increase occurs in the "stickiness" of webpages such that users examine more information on each page before moving to new pages. The net impact of tolerable delays was counterintuitive: tolerable delays had no impact on the total amount of data searched in the first experiment, but induced users to examine more data points in the second experiment.

Similar documents (author)

1. Dennis, D.D.: Microsoft's Bookshelf, Stat Pack and Small Business Consultant : a review (1989) 1.32

   1.3245564 = sum of:
     1.3245564 = product of:
       3.9736688 = sum of:
         3.9736688 = weight(author_txt:dennis in 2596) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           3.9736688 = score(doc=2596,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.6517178 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.2960612 = boost
               9.755557 = idf(docFreq=6, maxDocs=44421)
               0.051544458 = queryNorm
             6.0972233 = fieldWeight in 2596, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               9.755557 = idf(docFreq=6, maxDocs=44421)
               0.625 = fieldNorm(doc=2596)
       0.33333334 = coord(1/3)
   

2. Cummings, A.M.: Information as a commodity (1996) 1.32

   1.3245564 = sum of:
     1.3245564 = product of:
       3.9736688 = sum of:
         3.9736688 = weight(author_txt:cummings in 851) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           3.9736688 = score(doc=851,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.6517178 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.2960612 = boost
               9.755557 = idf(docFreq=6, maxDocs=44421)
               0.051544458 = queryNorm
             6.0972233 = fieldWeight in 851, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               9.755557 = idf(docFreq=6, maxDocs=44421)
               0.625 = fieldNorm(doc=851)
       0.33333334 = coord(1/3)
   

3. Cummings, A.M.: University libraries and scholarly communication : a study prepared for the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation (1996) 1.32

   1.3245564 = sum of:
     1.3245564 = product of:
       3.9736688 = sum of:
         3.9736688 = weight(author_txt:cummings in 852) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           3.9736688 = score(doc=852,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.6517178 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.2960612 = boost
               9.755557 = idf(docFreq=6, maxDocs=44421)
               0.051544458 = queryNorm
             6.0972233 = fieldWeight in 852, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               9.755557 = idf(docFreq=6, maxDocs=44421)
               0.625 = fieldNorm(doc=852)
       0.33333334 = coord(1/3)
   

4. Dennis, S.L.: Aggravating or aggregating? : providing effective access to contents of aggregator databases: a reference/collection development librarian's perspective (1999) 1.32

   1.3245564 = sum of:
     1.3245564 = product of:
       3.9736688 = sum of:
         3.9736688 = weight(author_txt:dennis in 361) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           3.9736688 = score(doc=361,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.6517178 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.2960612 = boost
               9.755557 = idf(docFreq=6, maxDocs=44421)
               0.051544458 = queryNorm
             6.0972233 = fieldWeight in 361, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               9.755557 = idf(docFreq=6, maxDocs=44421)
               0.625 = fieldNorm(doc=361)
       0.33333334 = coord(1/3)
   

5. Wegner, B.; Dennis, R.K.: ¬Die Erfassung der mathematischen Literatur von 1868 bis 1942 (1996) 1.06

   1.059645 = sum of:
     1.059645 = product of:
       3.178935 = sum of:
         3.178935 = weight(author_txt:dennis in 4022) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           3.178935 = score(doc=4022,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.6517178 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.2960612 = boost
               9.755557 = idf(docFreq=6, maxDocs=44421)
               0.051544458 = queryNorm
             4.8777785 = fieldWeight in 4022, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               9.755557 = idf(docFreq=6, maxDocs=44421)
               0.5 = fieldNorm(doc=4022)
       0.33333334 = coord(1/3)
   

Similar documents (content)

1. Goldberg, D.M.; Zaman, N.; Brahma, A.; Aloiso, M.: Are mortgage loan closing delay risks predictable? : A predictive analysis using text mining on discussion threads (2022) 0.27

   0.26611802 = sum of:
     0.26611802 = product of:
       1.3305901 = sum of:
         0.019874718 = weight(abstract_txt:become in 1502) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.019874718 = score(doc=1502,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.06333798 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.1245786 = boost
               5.0206127 = idf(docFreq=796, maxDocs=44421)
               0.011218057 = queryNorm
             0.3137883 = fieldWeight in 1502, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               5.0206127 = idf(docFreq=796, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=1502)
         0.022738198 = weight(abstract_txt:examine in 1502) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.022738198 = score(doc=1502,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.06928421 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.1761829 = boost
               5.250997 = idf(docFreq=632, maxDocs=44421)
               0.011218057 = queryNorm
             0.32818732 = fieldWeight in 1502, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               5.250997 = idf(docFreq=632, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=1502)
         0.0107937 = weight(abstract_txt:that in 1502) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.0107937 = score(doc=1502,freq=3.0), product of:
             0.042160958 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.5891818 = boost
               2.3649352 = idf(docFreq=11344, maxDocs=44421)
               0.011218057 = queryNorm
             0.25601172 = fieldWeight in 1502, product of:
               1.7320508 = tf(freq=3.0), with freq of:
                 3.0 = termFreq=3.0
               2.3649352 = idf(docFreq=11344, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=1502)
         0.18182272 = weight(abstract_txt:delay in 1502) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.18182272 = score(doc=1502,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.34906447 = queryWeight, product of:
               3.7335806 = boost
               8.334172 = idf(docFreq=28, maxDocs=44421)
               0.011218057 = queryNorm
             0.52088577 = fieldWeight in 1502, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               8.334172 = idf(docFreq=28, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=1502)
         1.0953608 = weight(abstract_txt:delays in 1502) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           1.0953608 = score(doc=1502,freq=6.0), product of:
             0.8013174 = queryWeight, product of:
               8.0 = boost
               8.928879 = idf(docFreq=15, maxDocs=44421)
               0.011218057 = queryNorm
             1.3669499 = fieldWeight in 1502, product of:
               2.4494898 = tf(freq=6.0), with freq of:
                 6.0 = termFreq=6.0
               8.928879 = idf(docFreq=15, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=1502)
       0.2 = coord(5/25)
   

2. Shi, D.; Rousseau, R.; Yang, L.; Li, J.: ¬A journal's impact factor is influenced by changes in publication delays of citing journals (2017) 0.20

   0.20271312 = sum of:
     0.20271312 = product of:
       1.0135655 = sum of:
         0.04505548 = weight(abstract_txt:impact in 4441) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.04505548 = score(doc=4441,freq=4.0), product of:
             0.052546985 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.0243105 = boost
               4.572972 = idf(docFreq=1246, maxDocs=44421)
               0.011218057 = queryNorm
             0.85743225 = fieldWeight in 4441, product of:
               2.0 = tf(freq=4.0), with freq of:
                 4.0 = termFreq=4.0
               4.572972 = idf(docFreq=1246, maxDocs=44421)
               0.09375 = fieldNorm(doc=4441)
         0.01178774 = weight(abstract_txt:information in 4441) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.01178774 = score(doc=4441,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.036755845 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.3545371 = boost
               2.4188995 = idf(docFreq=10748, maxDocs=44421)
               0.011218057 = queryNorm
             0.3207038 = fieldWeight in 4441, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               2.4188995 = idf(docFreq=10748, maxDocs=44421)
               0.09375 = fieldNorm(doc=4441)
         0.013219529 = weight(abstract_txt:that in 4441) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.013219529 = score(doc=4441,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.042160958 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.5891818 = boost
               2.3649352 = idf(docFreq=11344, maxDocs=44421)
               0.011218057 = queryNorm
             0.31354907 = fieldWeight in 4441, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               2.3649352 = idf(docFreq=11344, maxDocs=44421)
               0.09375 = fieldNorm(doc=4441)
         0.27273408 = weight(abstract_txt:delay in 4441) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.27273408 = score(doc=4441,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.34906447 = queryWeight, product of:
               3.7335806 = boost
               8.334172 = idf(docFreq=28, maxDocs=44421)
               0.011218057 = queryNorm
             0.7813287 = fieldWeight in 4441, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               8.334172 = idf(docFreq=28, maxDocs=44421)
               0.09375 = fieldNorm(doc=4441)
         0.6707687 = weight(abstract_txt:delays in 4441) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.6707687 = score(doc=4441,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.8013174 = queryWeight, product of:
               8.0 = boost
               8.928879 = idf(docFreq=15, maxDocs=44421)
               0.011218057 = queryNorm
             0.8370824 = fieldWeight in 4441, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               8.928879 = idf(docFreq=15, maxDocs=44421)
               0.09375 = fieldNorm(doc=4441)
       0.2 = coord(5/25)
   

3. Ramsay, J.; Barbesi, A.; Preece, J.: ¬A psychological investigation of long retrieval times on the World Wide Web (1998) 0.15

   0.15070844 = sum of:
     0.15070844 = product of:
       1.2559037 = sum of:
         0.1180012 = weight(abstract_txt:page in 4538) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.1180012 = score(doc=4538,freq=4.0), product of:
             0.09008984 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.3412064 = boost
               5.987735 = idf(docFreq=302, maxDocs=44421)
               0.011218057 = queryNorm
             1.309817 = fieldWeight in 4538, product of:
               2.0 = tf(freq=4.0), with freq of:
                 4.0 = termFreq=4.0
               5.987735 = idf(docFreq=302, maxDocs=44421)
               0.109375 = fieldNorm(doc=4538)
         0.031190712 = weight(abstract_txt:users in 4538) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.031190712 = score(doc=4538,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.07994078 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.9976156 = boost
               3.5672934 = idf(docFreq=3408, maxDocs=44421)
               0.011218057 = queryNorm
             0.39017272 = fieldWeight in 4538, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               3.5672934 = idf(docFreq=3408, maxDocs=44421)
               0.109375 = fieldNorm(doc=4538)
         1.1067119 = weight(abstract_txt:delays in 4538) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           1.1067119 = score(doc=4538,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.8013174 = queryWeight, product of:
               8.0 = boost
               8.928879 = idf(docFreq=15, maxDocs=44421)
               0.011218057 = queryNorm
             1.3811154 = fieldWeight in 4538, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               8.928879 = idf(docFreq=15, maxDocs=44421)
               0.109375 = fieldNorm(doc=4538)
       0.12 = coord(3/25)
   

4. Mukhopadhyay, S.; Peng, S.; Raje, R.; Palakal, M.; Mostafa, J.: Multi-agent information classification using dynamic acquaintance lists (2003) 0.14

   0.13821492 = sum of:
     0.13821492 = product of:
       0.69107455 = sum of:
         0.009624648 = weight(abstract_txt:information in 2755) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.009624648 = score(doc=2755,freq=3.0), product of:
             0.036755845 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.3545371 = boost
               2.4188995 = idf(docFreq=10748, maxDocs=44421)
               0.011218057 = queryNorm
             0.26185355 = fieldWeight in 2755, product of:
               1.7320508 = tf(freq=3.0), with freq of:
                 3.0 = termFreq=3.0
               2.4188995 = idf(docFreq=10748, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=2755)
         0.043635074 = weight(abstract_txt:increases in 2755) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.043635074 = score(doc=2755,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.10699267 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.4616208 = boost
               6.5253177 = idf(docFreq=176, maxDocs=44421)
               0.011218057 = queryNorm
             0.40783235 = fieldWeight in 2755, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               6.5253177 = idf(docFreq=176, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=2755)
         0.00881302 = weight(abstract_txt:that in 2755) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.00881302 = score(doc=2755,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.042160958 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.5891818 = boost
               2.3649352 = idf(docFreq=11344, maxDocs=44421)
               0.011218057 = queryNorm
             0.20903271 = fieldWeight in 2755, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               2.3649352 = idf(docFreq=11344, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=2755)
         0.18182272 = weight(abstract_txt:delay in 2755) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.18182272 = score(doc=2755,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.34906447 = queryWeight, product of:
               3.7335806 = boost
               8.334172 = idf(docFreq=28, maxDocs=44421)
               0.011218057 = queryNorm
             0.52088577 = fieldWeight in 2755, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               8.334172 = idf(docFreq=28, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=2755)
         0.4471791 = weight(abstract_txt:delays in 2755) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.4471791 = score(doc=2755,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.8013174 = queryWeight, product of:
               8.0 = boost
               8.928879 = idf(docFreq=15, maxDocs=44421)
               0.011218057 = queryNorm
             0.5580549 = fieldWeight in 2755, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               8.928879 = idf(docFreq=15, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=2755)
       0.2 = coord(5/25)
   

5. Maflahi, N.; Thelwall, M.: How quickly do publications get read? : the evolution of mendeley reader counts for new articles (2018) 0.11

   0.1076463 = sum of:
     0.1076463 = product of:
       0.6727894 = sum of:
         0.026012793 = weight(abstract_txt:impact in 15) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.026012793 = score(doc=15,freq=3.0), product of:
             0.052546985 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.0243105 = boost
               4.572972 = idf(docFreq=1246, maxDocs=44421)
               0.011218057 = queryNorm
             0.49503872 = fieldWeight in 15, product of:
               1.7320508 = tf(freq=3.0), with freq of:
                 3.0 = termFreq=3.0
               4.572972 = idf(docFreq=1246, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=15)
         0.0055567934 = weight(abstract_txt:information in 15) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.0055567934 = score(doc=15,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.036755845 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.3545371 = boost
               2.4188995 = idf(docFreq=10748, maxDocs=44421)
               0.011218057 = queryNorm
             0.15118122 = fieldWeight in 15, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               2.4188995 = idf(docFreq=10748, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=15)
         0.00881302 = weight(abstract_txt:that in 15) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.00881302 = score(doc=15,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.042160958 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.5891818 = boost
               2.3649352 = idf(docFreq=11344, maxDocs=44421)
               0.011218057 = queryNorm
             0.20903271 = fieldWeight in 15, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               2.3649352 = idf(docFreq=11344, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=15)
         0.6324068 = weight(abstract_txt:delays in 15) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.6324068 = score(doc=15,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.8013174 = queryWeight, product of:
               8.0 = boost
               8.928879 = idf(docFreq=15, maxDocs=44421)
               0.011218057 = queryNorm
             0.7892088 = fieldWeight in 15, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               8.928879 = idf(docFreq=15, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=15)
       0.16 = coord(4/25)