Document (#37326)

Author

Szostak, R.

Title

Classifying science : phenomena, data, theory, method, practice

Imprint

Berlin : Springer Netherland

Year

2004

Pages

286 S

Isbn

1-402-03094-0

Series

Information Science & Knowledge Management ; 7

Abstract

Classification is the essential first step in science. The study of science, as well as the practice of science, will thus benefit from a detailed classification of different types of science. In this book, science - defined broadly to include the social sciences and humanities - is first unpacked into its constituent elements: the phenomena studied, the data used, the theories employed, the methods applied, and the practices of scientists. These five elements are then classified in turn. Notably, the classifications of both theory types and methods allow the key strengths and weaknesses of different theories and methods to be readily discerned and compared. Connections across classifications are explored: should certain theories or phenomena be investigated only with certain methods? What is the proper function and form of scientific paradigms? Are certain common errors and biases in scientific practice associated with particular phenomena, data, theories, or methods? The classifications point to several ways of improving both specialized and interdisciplinary research and teaching, and especially of enhancing communication across communities of scholars. The classifications also support a superior system of document classification that would allow searches by theory and method used as well as causal links investigated.

Content

Inhalt: - Chapter 1: Classifying Science: 1.1. A Simple Classificatory Guideline - 1.2. The First "Cut" (and Plan of Work) - 1.3. Some Preliminaries - Chapter 2: Classifying Phenomena and Data: 2.1. Classifying Phenomena - 2.2. Classifying Data - Chapter 3: Classifying Theory: 3.1. Typology of Theory - 3.2. What Is a Theory? - 3.3. Evaluating Theories - 3.4. Types of Theory and the Five Types of Causation - 3.5. Classifying Individual Theories - 3.6. Advantages of a Typology of Theory - Chapter 4: Classifying Method: 4.1. Classifying Methods - 4.2. Typology of Strengths and Weaknesses of Methods - 4.3. Qualitative Versus Quantitative Analysis Revisited - 4.4. Evaluating Methods - 4.5. Classifying Particular Methods Within The Typology - 4.6. Advantages of a Typology of Methods - Chapter 5: Classifying Practice: 5.1. Errors and Biases in ScienceChapter - 5.2. Typology of (Critiques of) Scientific Practice - 5.3. Utilizing This Classification - 5.4. The Five Types of Ethical Analysis - Chapter 6: Drawing Connections Across These Classifications: 6.1. Theory and Method - 6.2. Theory (Method) and Phenomena (Data) - 6.3. Better Paradigms - 6.4. Critiques of Scientific Practice: Are They Correlated with Other Classifications? - Chapter 7: Classifying Scientific Documents: 7.1. Faceted or Enumerative? - 7.2. Classifying By Phenomena Studied - 7.3. Classifying By Theory Used - 7.4. Classifying By Method Used - 7.5 Links Among Subjects - 7.6. Type of Work, Language, and More - 7.7. Critiques of Scientific Practice - 7.8. Classifying Philosophy - 7.9. Evaluating the System - Chapter 8: Concluding Remarks: 8.1. The Classifications - 8.2. Advantages of These Various Classifications - 8.3. Drawing Connections Across Classifications - 8.4. Golden Mean Arguments - 8.5. Why Should Science Be Believed? - 8.6. How Can Science Be Improved? - 8.7. How Should Science Be Taught?

Footnote

Rez. in: KO 32(2005) no.2, S.93-95 (H. Albrechtsen): "The book deals with mapping of the structures and contents of sciences, defined broadly to include the social sciences and the humanities. According to the author, the study of science, as well as the practice of science, could benefit from a detailed classification of different types of science. The book defines five universal constituents of the sciences: phenomena, data, theories, methods and practice. For each of these constituents, the author poses five questions, in the well-known 5W format: Who, What, Where, When, Why? - with the addition of the question How? (Szostak 2003). Two objectives of the author's endeavor stand out: 1) decision support for university curriculum development across disciplines and decision support for university students at advanced levels of education in selection of appropriate courses for their projects and to support cross-disciplinary inquiry for researchers and students; 2) decision support for researchers and students in scientific inquiry across disciplines, methods and theories. The main prospective audience of this book is university curriculum developers, university students and researchers, in that order of priority. The heart of the book is the chapters unfolding the author's ideas about how to classify phenomena and data, theory, method and practice, by use of the 5W inquiry model. . . .
Despite its methodological flaws and lack of empirical foundation, the book could potentially bring new ideas to current discussions within the practices of curriculum development and knowledge management as weIl as design of information systems, an classification schemes as tools for knowledge sharing, decision-making and knowledge exploration. I hesitate to recommend the book to students, except to students at advanced levels of study, because of its biased presentation of the new ideas and its basis an secondary literature."
Weitere Rez. in: JASIST 57(2006) no.14, S.1977-1978 (Y. Su); KO 39(2012) no.4, S.300-303 (M.J. Fox)

Theme

Klassifikationstheorie: Elemente / Struktur

Field

Wissenschaftstheorie

LCSH

Classification of sciences

RSWK

Wissenschaftsklassifikation

BK

06.70 Katalogisierung
02.02 Wissenschaftstheorie

DDC

501.2

LCC

Q177.S96 2004

Similar documents (author)

1. Szostak, R.: Comment on Hjørland's concept theory (2010) 5.13

   5.1281 = sum of:
     5.1281 = weight(author_txt:szostak in 5106) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
       5.1281 = fieldWeight in 5106, product of:
         1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
           1.0 = termFreq=1.0
         8.20496 = idf(docFreq=32, maxDocs=44421)
         0.625 = fieldNorm(doc=5106)
   

2. Szostak, R.: Classfying scholarly theories and methods (2003) 5.13

   5.1281 = sum of:
     5.1281 = weight(author_txt:szostak in 3104) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
       5.1281 = fieldWeight in 3104, product of:
         1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
           1.0 = termFreq=1.0
         8.20496 = idf(docFreq=32, maxDocs=44421)
         0.625 = fieldNorm(doc=3104)
   

3. Szostak, R.: ¬A schema for unifying human science : interdisciplinary perspectives on culture (2003) 5.13

   5.1281 = sum of:
     5.1281 = weight(author_txt:szostak in 928) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
       5.1281 = fieldWeight in 928, product of:
         1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
           1.0 = termFreq=1.0
         8.20496 = idf(docFreq=32, maxDocs=44421)
         0.625 = fieldNorm(doc=928)
   

4. Szostak, R.: Interdisciplinarity and the classification of scholarly documents by phenomena, theories and methods (2007) 5.13

   5.1281 = sum of:
     5.1281 = weight(author_txt:szostak in 2135) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
       5.1281 = fieldWeight in 2135, product of:
         1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
           1.0 = termFreq=1.0
         8.20496 = idf(docFreq=32, maxDocs=44421)
         0.625 = fieldNorm(doc=2135)
   

5. Szostak, R.: Classification, interdisciplinarity, and the study of science (2008) 5.13

   5.1281 = sum of:
     5.1281 = weight(author_txt:szostak in 2893) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
       5.1281 = fieldWeight in 2893, product of:
         1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
           1.0 = termFreq=1.0
         8.20496 = idf(docFreq=32, maxDocs=44421)
         0.625 = fieldNorm(doc=2893)
   

Similar documents (content)

1. Szostak, R.: Classification, interdisciplinarity, and the study of science (2008) 0.27

   0.26704052 = sum of:
     0.26704052 = product of:
       0.8345016 = sum of:
         0.01794193 = weight(abstract_txt:both in 2893) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.01794193 = score(doc=2893,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.075425245 = queryWeight, product of:
               3.8060317 = idf(docFreq=2684, maxDocs=44421)
               0.019817293 = queryNorm
             0.23787698 = fieldWeight in 2893, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               3.8060317 = idf(docFreq=2684, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=2893)
         0.076902665 = weight(abstract_txt:causal in 2893) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.076902665 = score(doc=2893,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.15796283 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.0233027 = boost
               7.7894444 = idf(docFreq=49, maxDocs=44421)
               0.019817293 = queryNorm
             0.48684028 = fieldWeight in 2893, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               7.7894444 = idf(docFreq=49, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=2893)
         0.028970351 = weight(abstract_txt:types in 2893) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.028970351 = score(doc=2893,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.10381015 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.1731716 = boost
               4.4651284 = idf(docFreq=1388, maxDocs=44421)
               0.019817293 = queryNorm
             0.27907053 = fieldWeight in 2893, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               4.4651284 = idf(docFreq=1388, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=2893)
         0.092595644 = weight(abstract_txt:classification in 2893) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.092595644 = score(doc=2893,freq=5.0), product of:
             0.16596544 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.0978067 = boost
               3.9921594 = idf(docFreq=2228, maxDocs=44421)
               0.019817293 = queryNorm
             0.55792123 = fieldWeight in 2893, product of:
               2.236068 = tf(freq=5.0), with freq of:
                 5.0 = termFreq=5.0
               3.9921594 = idf(docFreq=2228, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=2893)
         0.08184655 = weight(abstract_txt:methods in 2893) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.08184655 = score(doc=2893,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.22348115 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.721649 = boost
               4.1434727 = idf(docFreq=1915, maxDocs=44421)
               0.019817293 = queryNorm
             0.3662347 = fieldWeight in 2893, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               4.1434727 = idf(docFreq=1915, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=2893)
         0.16554485 = weight(abstract_txt:theories in 2893) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.16554485 = score(doc=2893,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.3318036 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.9661777 = boost
               5.6446834 = idf(docFreq=426, maxDocs=44421)
               0.019817293 = queryNorm
             0.49892423 = fieldWeight in 2893, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               5.6446834 = idf(docFreq=426, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=2893)
         0.07882579 = weight(abstract_txt:science in 2893) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.07882579 = score(doc=2893,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.2316043 = queryWeight, product of:
               3.0351179 = boost
               3.850585 = idf(docFreq=2567, maxDocs=44421)
               0.019817293 = queryNorm
             0.34034684 = fieldWeight in 2893, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               3.850585 = idf(docFreq=2567, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=2893)
         0.2918739 = weight(abstract_txt:phenomena in 2893) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.2918739 = score(doc=2893,freq=3.0), product of:
             0.42302924 = queryWeight, product of:
               3.3492057 = boost
               6.3735914 = idf(docFreq=205, maxDocs=44421)
               0.019817293 = queryNorm
             0.6899615 = fieldWeight in 2893, product of:
               1.7320508 = tf(freq=3.0), with freq of:
                 3.0 = termFreq=3.0
               6.3735914 = idf(docFreq=205, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=2893)
       0.32 = coord(8/25)
   

2. Robbio, A. de; Maguolo, D.; Marini, A.: Scientific and general subject classifications in the digital world (2001) 0.23

   0.22653468 = sum of:
     0.22653468 = product of:
       0.7079209 = sum of:
         0.016923888 = weight(abstract_txt:well in 1002) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.016923888 = score(doc=1002,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.07929857 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.0253551 = boost
               3.9025342 = idf(docFreq=2437, maxDocs=44421)
               0.019817293 = queryNorm
             0.21341984 = fieldWeight in 1002, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               3.9025342 = idf(docFreq=2437, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=1002)
         0.020527573 = weight(abstract_txt:first in 1002) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.020527573 = score(doc=1002,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.09018971 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.0935034 = boost
               4.1619086 = idf(docFreq=1880, maxDocs=44421)
               0.019817293 = queryNorm
             0.22760437 = fieldWeight in 1002, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               4.1619086 = idf(docFreq=1880, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=1002)
         0.03666628 = weight(abstract_txt:method in 1002) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.03666628 = score(doc=1002,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.10538202 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.1820202 = boost
               4.4988065 = idf(docFreq=1342, maxDocs=44421)
               0.019817293 = queryNorm
             0.3479368 = fieldWeight in 1002, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               4.4988065 = idf(docFreq=1342, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=1002)
         0.02830679 = weight(abstract_txt:scientific in 1002) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.02830679 = score(doc=1002,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.111735806 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.2171323 = boost
               4.6324444 = idf(docFreq=1174, maxDocs=44421)
               0.019817293 = queryNorm
             0.2533368 = fieldWeight in 1002, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               4.6324444 = idf(docFreq=1174, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=1002)
         0.04137683 = weight(abstract_txt:elements in 1002) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.04137683 = score(doc=1002,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.14391412 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.3813169 = boost
               5.257336 = idf(docFreq=628, maxDocs=44421)
               0.019817293 = queryNorm
             0.28751057 = fieldWeight in 1002, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               5.257336 = idf(docFreq=628, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=1002)
         0.06275874 = weight(abstract_txt:classification in 1002) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.06275874 = score(doc=1002,freq=3.0), product of:
             0.16596544 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.0978067 = boost
               3.9921594 = idf(docFreq=2228, maxDocs=44421)
               0.019817293 = queryNorm
             0.37814343 = fieldWeight in 1002, product of:
               1.7320508 = tf(freq=3.0), with freq of:
                 3.0 = termFreq=3.0
               3.9921594 = idf(docFreq=2228, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=1002)
         0.048770968 = weight(abstract_txt:science in 1002) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.048770968 = score(doc=1002,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.2316043 = queryWeight, product of:
               3.0351179 = boost
               3.850585 = idf(docFreq=2567, maxDocs=44421)
               0.019817293 = queryNorm
             0.21057886 = fieldWeight in 1002, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               3.850585 = idf(docFreq=2567, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=1002)
         0.45258984 = weight(abstract_txt:classifications in 1002) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.45258984 = score(doc=1002,freq=12.0), product of:
             0.39025763 = queryWeight, product of:
               3.2168612 = boost
               6.121738 = idf(docFreq=264, maxDocs=44421)
               0.019817293 = queryNorm
             1.1597207 = fieldWeight in 1002, product of:
               3.4641016 = tf(freq=12.0), with freq of:
                 12.0 = termFreq=12.0
               6.121738 = idf(docFreq=264, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=1002)
       0.32 = coord(8/25)
   

3. Hjoerland, B.: Theories of knowledge organization - theories of knowledge (2013) 0.21

   0.2068328 = sum of:
     0.2068328 = product of:
       0.86180335 = sum of:
         0.03235062 = weight(abstract_txt:scientific in 1789) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.03235062 = score(doc=1789,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.111735806 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.2171323 = boost
               4.6324444 = idf(docFreq=1174, maxDocs=44421)
               0.019817293 = queryNorm
             0.28952777 = fieldWeight in 1789, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               4.6324444 = idf(docFreq=1174, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=1789)
         0.045371536 = weight(abstract_txt:theory in 1789) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.045371536 = score(doc=1789,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.16025935 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.7852496 = boost
               4.529811 = idf(docFreq=1301, maxDocs=44421)
               0.019817293 = queryNorm
             0.28311318 = fieldWeight in 1789, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               4.529811 = idf(docFreq=1301, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=1789)
         0.08282006 = weight(abstract_txt:classification in 1789) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.08282006 = score(doc=1789,freq=4.0), product of:
             0.16596544 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.0978067 = boost
               3.9921594 = idf(docFreq=2228, maxDocs=44421)
               0.019817293 = queryNorm
             0.49901992 = fieldWeight in 1789, product of:
               2.0 = tf(freq=4.0), with freq of:
                 4.0 = termFreq=4.0
               3.9921594 = idf(docFreq=2228, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=1789)
         0.23411578 = weight(abstract_txt:theories in 1789) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.23411578 = score(doc=1789,freq=4.0), product of:
             0.3318036 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.9661777 = boost
               5.6446834 = idf(docFreq=426, maxDocs=44421)
               0.019817293 = queryNorm
             0.7055854 = fieldWeight in 1789, product of:
               2.0 = tf(freq=4.0), with freq of:
                 4.0 = termFreq=4.0
               5.6446834 = idf(docFreq=426, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=1789)
         0.29863188 = weight(abstract_txt:classifications in 1789) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.29863188 = score(doc=1789,freq=4.0), product of:
             0.39025763 = queryWeight, product of:
               3.2168612 = boost
               6.121738 = idf(docFreq=264, maxDocs=44421)
               0.019817293 = queryNorm
             0.76521724 = fieldWeight in 1789, product of:
               2.0 = tf(freq=4.0), with freq of:
                 4.0 = termFreq=4.0
               6.121738 = idf(docFreq=264, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=1789)
         0.16851348 = weight(abstract_txt:phenomena in 1789) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.16851348 = score(doc=1789,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.42302924 = queryWeight, product of:
               3.3492057 = boost
               6.3735914 = idf(docFreq=205, maxDocs=44421)
               0.019817293 = queryNorm
             0.39834946 = fieldWeight in 1789, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               6.3735914 = idf(docFreq=205, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=1789)
       0.24 = coord(6/25)
   

4. Poli, R.: Steps towards a synthetic methodology (2006) 0.19

   0.19122528 = sum of:
     0.19122528 = product of:
       0.6829474 = sum of:
         0.013456447 = weight(abstract_txt:both in 2094) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.013456447 = score(doc=2094,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.075425245 = queryWeight, product of:
               3.8060317 = idf(docFreq=2684, maxDocs=44421)
               0.019817293 = queryNorm
             0.17840773 = fieldWeight in 2094, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               3.8060317 = idf(docFreq=2684, maxDocs=44421)
               0.046875 = fieldNorm(doc=2094)
         0.09989949 = weight(abstract_txt:causal in 2094) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.09989949 = score(doc=2094,freq=3.0), product of:
             0.15796283 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.0233027 = boost
               7.7894444 = idf(docFreq=49, maxDocs=44421)
               0.019817293 = queryNorm
             0.63242406 = fieldWeight in 2094, product of:
               1.7320508 = tf(freq=3.0), with freq of:
                 3.0 = termFreq=3.0
               7.7894444 = idf(docFreq=49, maxDocs=44421)
               0.046875 = fieldNorm(doc=2094)
         0.01450619 = weight(abstract_txt:well in 2094) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.01450619 = score(doc=2094,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.07929857 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.0253551 = boost
               3.9025342 = idf(docFreq=2437, maxDocs=44421)
               0.019817293 = queryNorm
             0.18293129 = fieldWeight in 2094, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               3.9025342 = idf(docFreq=2437, maxDocs=44421)
               0.046875 = fieldNorm(doc=2094)
         0.024883175 = weight(abstract_txt:first in 2094) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.024883175 = score(doc=2094,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.09018971 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.0935034 = boost
               4.1619086 = idf(docFreq=1880, maxDocs=44421)
               0.019817293 = queryNorm
             0.27589816 = fieldWeight in 2094, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               4.1619086 = idf(docFreq=1880, maxDocs=44421)
               0.046875 = fieldNorm(doc=2094)
         0.096247554 = weight(abstract_txt:theory in 2094) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.096247554 = score(doc=2094,freq=8.0), product of:
             0.16025935 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.7852496 = boost
               4.529811 = idf(docFreq=1301, maxDocs=44421)
               0.019817293 = queryNorm
             0.6005737 = fieldWeight in 2094, product of:
               2.828427 = tf(freq=8.0), with freq of:
                 8.0 = termFreq=8.0
               4.529811 = idf(docFreq=1301, maxDocs=44421)
               0.046875 = fieldNorm(doc=2094)
         0.21504907 = weight(abstract_txt:theories in 2094) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.21504907 = score(doc=2094,freq=6.0), product of:
             0.3318036 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.9661777 = boost
               5.6446834 = idf(docFreq=426, maxDocs=44421)
               0.019817293 = queryNorm
             0.6481216 = fieldWeight in 2094, product of:
               2.4494898 = tf(freq=6.0), with freq of:
                 6.0 = termFreq=6.0
               5.6446834 = idf(docFreq=426, maxDocs=44421)
               0.046875 = fieldNorm(doc=2094)
         0.21890542 = weight(abstract_txt:phenomena in 2094) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.21890542 = score(doc=2094,freq=3.0), product of:
             0.42302924 = queryWeight, product of:
               3.3492057 = boost
               6.3735914 = idf(docFreq=205, maxDocs=44421)
               0.019817293 = queryNorm
             0.51747113 = fieldWeight in 2094, product of:
               1.7320508 = tf(freq=3.0), with freq of:
                 3.0 = termFreq=3.0
               6.3735914 = idf(docFreq=205, maxDocs=44421)
               0.046875 = fieldNorm(doc=2094)
       0.28 = coord(7/25)
   

5. Channon, M.G.: ¬The unification of concept representations : an impetus for scientific epistemology (2013) 0.19

   0.19031246 = sum of:
     0.19031246 = product of:
       0.6796874 = sum of:
         0.090892605 = weight(abstract_txt:constituent in 1777) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.090892605 = score(doc=1777,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.17658196 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.0819316 = boost
               8.235732 = idf(docFreq=31, maxDocs=44421)
               0.019817293 = queryNorm
             0.51473325 = fieldWeight in 1777, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               8.235732 = idf(docFreq=31, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=1777)
         0.05603292 = weight(abstract_txt:scientific in 1777) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.05603292 = score(doc=1777,freq=3.0), product of:
             0.111735806 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.2171323 = boost
               4.6324444 = idf(docFreq=1174, maxDocs=44421)
               0.019817293 = queryNorm
             0.5014768 = fieldWeight in 1777, product of:
               1.7320508 = tf(freq=3.0), with freq of:
                 3.0 = termFreq=3.0
               4.6324444 = idf(docFreq=1174, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=1777)
         0.04269732 = weight(abstract_txt:across in 1777) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.04269732 = score(doc=1777,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.13444285 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.3350898 = boost
               5.081394 = idf(docFreq=749, maxDocs=44421)
               0.019817293 = queryNorm
             0.31758714 = fieldWeight in 1777, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               5.081394 = idf(docFreq=749, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=1777)
         0.04669629 = weight(abstract_txt:sciences in 1777) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.04669629 = score(doc=1777,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.14271148 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.3755332 = boost
               5.235323 = idf(docFreq=642, maxDocs=44421)
               0.019817293 = queryNorm
             0.32720768 = fieldWeight in 1777, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               5.235323 = idf(docFreq=642, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=1777)
         0.05573825 = weight(abstract_txt:science in 1777) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.05573825 = score(doc=1777,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.2316043 = queryWeight, product of:
               3.0351179 = boost
               3.850585 = idf(docFreq=2567, maxDocs=44421)
               0.019817293 = queryNorm
             0.24066156 = fieldWeight in 1777, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               3.850585 = idf(docFreq=2567, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=1777)
         0.14931594 = weight(abstract_txt:classifications in 1777) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.14931594 = score(doc=1777,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.39025763 = queryWeight, product of:
               3.2168612 = boost
               6.121738 = idf(docFreq=264, maxDocs=44421)
               0.019817293 = queryNorm
             0.38260862 = fieldWeight in 1777, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               6.121738 = idf(docFreq=264, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=1777)
         0.23831403 = weight(abstract_txt:phenomena in 1777) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.23831403 = score(doc=1777,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.42302924 = queryWeight, product of:
               3.3492057 = boost
               6.3735914 = idf(docFreq=205, maxDocs=44421)
               0.019817293 = queryNorm
             0.5633512 = fieldWeight in 1777, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               6.3735914 = idf(docFreq=205, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=1777)
       0.28 = coord(7/25)