Document (#35454)

Author

Bar-Ilan, J.
Zhitomirsky-Geffet, M.
Miller, Y.
Shoham, S.

Title

¬The effects of background information and social interaction on image tagging

Source

Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology. 61(2010) no.5, S.940-951

Year

2010

Abstract

In this article, we describe the results of an experiment designed to understand the effects of background information and social interaction on image tagging. The participants in the experiment were asked to tag 12 preselected images of Jewish cultural heritage. The users were partitioned into three groups: the first group saw only the images with no additional information whatsoever, the second group saw the images plus a short, descriptive title, and the third group saw the images, the titles, and the URL of the page in which the image appeared. In the first stage of the experiment, each user tagged the images without seeing the tags provided by the other users. In the second stage, the users saw the tags assigned by others and were encouraged to interact. Results show that after the social interaction phase, the tag sets converged and the popular tags became even more popular. Although in all cases the total number of assigned tags increased after the social interaction phase, the number of distinct tags decreased in most cases. When viewing the image only, in some cases the users were not able to correctly identify what they saw in some of the pictures, but they overcame the initial difficulties after interaction. We conclude from this experiment that social interaction may lead to convergence in tagging and that the wisdom of the crowds helps overcome the difficulties due to the lack of information.

Theme

Social tagging
Internet

Form

Bilder

Similar documents (author)

1. Zhitomirsky-Geffet, M.; Bar-Ilan, J.: Towards maximal unification of semantically diverse ontologies for controversial domains (2014) 2.62

   2.6154618 = sum of:
     2.6154618 = product of:
       4.3591027 = sum of:
         1.1995436 = weight(author_txt:ilan in 2634) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           1.1995436 = score(doc=2634,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.39537278 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.1335875 = boost
               8.090549 = idf(docFreq=36, maxDocs=44421)
               0.04310957 = queryNorm
             3.033956 = fieldWeight in 2634, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               8.090549 = idf(docFreq=36, maxDocs=44421)
               0.375 = fieldNorm(doc=2634)
         1.5797795 = weight(author_txt:zhitomirsky in 2634) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           1.5797795 = score(doc=2634,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.4750366 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.2425538 = boost
               8.868255 = idf(docFreq=16, maxDocs=44421)
               0.04310957 = queryNorm
             3.3255954 = fieldWeight in 2634, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               8.868255 = idf(docFreq=16, maxDocs=44421)
               0.375 = fieldNorm(doc=2634)
         1.5797795 = weight(author_txt:geffet in 2634) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           1.5797795 = score(doc=2634,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.4750366 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.2425538 = boost
               8.868255 = idf(docFreq=16, maxDocs=44421)
               0.04310957 = queryNorm
             3.3255954 = fieldWeight in 2634, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               8.868255 = idf(docFreq=16, maxDocs=44421)
               0.375 = fieldNorm(doc=2634)
       0.6 = coord(3/5)
   

2. Zhitomirsky-Geffet, M.; Bar-Ilan, J.; Levene, M.: Testing the stability of "wisdom of crowds" judgments of search results over time and their similarity with the search engine rankings (2016) 2.18

   2.1795516 = sum of:
     2.1795516 = product of:
       3.6325858 = sum of:
         0.9996197 = weight(author_txt:ilan in 4071) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.9996197 = score(doc=4071,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.39537278 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.1335875 = boost
               8.090549 = idf(docFreq=36, maxDocs=44421)
               0.04310957 = queryNorm
             2.5282967 = fieldWeight in 4071, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               8.090549 = idf(docFreq=36, maxDocs=44421)
               0.3125 = fieldNorm(doc=4071)
         1.316483 = weight(author_txt:zhitomirsky in 4071) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           1.316483 = score(doc=4071,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.4750366 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.2425538 = boost
               8.868255 = idf(docFreq=16, maxDocs=44421)
               0.04310957 = queryNorm
             2.7713296 = fieldWeight in 4071, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               8.868255 = idf(docFreq=16, maxDocs=44421)
               0.3125 = fieldNorm(doc=4071)
         1.316483 = weight(author_txt:geffet in 4071) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           1.316483 = score(doc=4071,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.4750366 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.2425538 = boost
               8.868255 = idf(docFreq=16, maxDocs=44421)
               0.04310957 = queryNorm
             2.7713296 = fieldWeight in 4071, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               8.868255 = idf(docFreq=16, maxDocs=44421)
               0.3125 = fieldNorm(doc=4071)
       0.6 = coord(3/5)
   

3. Zhitomirsky-Geffet, M.; Erez, E.S.; Bar-Ilan, J.: Toward multiviewpoint ontology construction by collaboration of non-experts and crowdsourcing : the case of the effect of diet on health (2017) 2.18

   2.1795516 = sum of:
     2.1795516 = product of:
       3.6325858 = sum of:
         0.9996197 = weight(author_txt:ilan in 4439) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.9996197 = score(doc=4439,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.39537278 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.1335875 = boost
               8.090549 = idf(docFreq=36, maxDocs=44421)
               0.04310957 = queryNorm
             2.5282967 = fieldWeight in 4439, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               8.090549 = idf(docFreq=36, maxDocs=44421)
               0.3125 = fieldNorm(doc=4439)
         1.316483 = weight(author_txt:zhitomirsky in 4439) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           1.316483 = score(doc=4439,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.4750366 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.2425538 = boost
               8.868255 = idf(docFreq=16, maxDocs=44421)
               0.04310957 = queryNorm
             2.7713296 = fieldWeight in 4439, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               8.868255 = idf(docFreq=16, maxDocs=44421)
               0.3125 = fieldNorm(doc=4439)
         1.316483 = weight(author_txt:geffet in 4439) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           1.316483 = score(doc=4439,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.4750366 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.2425538 = boost
               8.868255 = idf(docFreq=16, maxDocs=44421)
               0.04310957 = queryNorm
             2.7713296 = fieldWeight in 4439, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               8.868255 = idf(docFreq=16, maxDocs=44421)
               0.3125 = fieldNorm(doc=4439)
       0.6 = coord(3/5)
   

4. Zhitomirsky-Geffet, M.; Bar-Ilan, J.; Levene, M.: Analysis of change in users' assessment of search results over time (2017) 2.18

   2.1795516 = sum of:
     2.1795516 = product of:
       3.6325858 = sum of:
         0.9996197 = weight(author_txt:ilan in 4593) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.9996197 = score(doc=4593,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.39537278 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.1335875 = boost
               8.090549 = idf(docFreq=36, maxDocs=44421)
               0.04310957 = queryNorm
             2.5282967 = fieldWeight in 4593, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               8.090549 = idf(docFreq=36, maxDocs=44421)
               0.3125 = fieldNorm(doc=4593)
         1.316483 = weight(author_txt:zhitomirsky in 4593) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           1.316483 = score(doc=4593,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.4750366 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.2425538 = boost
               8.868255 = idf(docFreq=16, maxDocs=44421)
               0.04310957 = queryNorm
             2.7713296 = fieldWeight in 4593, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               8.868255 = idf(docFreq=16, maxDocs=44421)
               0.3125 = fieldNorm(doc=4593)
         1.316483 = weight(author_txt:geffet in 4593) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           1.316483 = score(doc=4593,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.4750366 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.2425538 = boost
               8.868255 = idf(docFreq=16, maxDocs=44421)
               0.04310957 = queryNorm
             2.7713296 = fieldWeight in 4593, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               8.868255 = idf(docFreq=16, maxDocs=44421)
               0.3125 = fieldNorm(doc=4593)
       0.6 = coord(3/5)
   

5. Zhitomirsky-Geffet, M.; Bar-Ilan, J.; Levene, M.: Categorical relevance judgment (2018) 2.18

   2.1795516 = sum of:
     2.1795516 = product of:
       3.6325858 = sum of:
         0.9996197 = weight(author_txt:ilan in 457) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.9996197 = score(doc=457,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.39537278 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.1335875 = boost
               8.090549 = idf(docFreq=36, maxDocs=44421)
               0.04310957 = queryNorm
             2.5282967 = fieldWeight in 457, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               8.090549 = idf(docFreq=36, maxDocs=44421)
               0.3125 = fieldNorm(doc=457)
         1.316483 = weight(author_txt:zhitomirsky in 457) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           1.316483 = score(doc=457,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.4750366 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.2425538 = boost
               8.868255 = idf(docFreq=16, maxDocs=44421)
               0.04310957 = queryNorm
             2.7713296 = fieldWeight in 457, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               8.868255 = idf(docFreq=16, maxDocs=44421)
               0.3125 = fieldNorm(doc=457)
         1.316483 = weight(author_txt:geffet in 457) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           1.316483 = score(doc=457,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.4750366 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.2425538 = boost
               8.868255 = idf(docFreq=16, maxDocs=44421)
               0.04310957 = queryNorm
             2.7713296 = fieldWeight in 457, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               8.868255 = idf(docFreq=16, maxDocs=44421)
               0.3125 = fieldNorm(doc=457)
       0.6 = coord(3/5)
   

Similar documents (content)

1. Rorissa, A.: ¬A comparative study of Flickr tags and index terms in a general image collection (2010) 0.37

   0.37188396 = sum of:
     0.37188396 = product of:
       1.033011 = sum of:
         0.010312601 = weight(abstract_txt:information in 100) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.010312601 = score(doc=100,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.04823423 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.0910375 = boost
               2.4188995 = idf(docFreq=10748, maxDocs=44421)
               0.018276703 = queryNorm
             0.21380253 = fieldWeight in 100, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               2.4188995 = idf(docFreq=10748, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=100)
         0.059542473 = weight(abstract_txt:assigned in 100) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.059542473 = score(doc=100,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.15523672 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.3840259 = boost
               6.136947 = idf(docFreq=260, maxDocs=44421)
               0.018276703 = queryNorm
             0.3835592 = fieldWeight in 100, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               6.136947 = idf(docFreq=260, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=100)
         0.023389244 = weight(abstract_txt:users in 100) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.023389244 = score(doc=100,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.10490528 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.6090171 = boost
               3.5672934 = idf(docFreq=3408, maxDocs=44421)
               0.018276703 = queryNorm
             0.22295584 = fieldWeight in 100, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               3.5672934 = idf(docFreq=3408, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=100)
         0.025415853 = weight(abstract_txt:were in 100) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.025415853 = score(doc=100,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.1108808 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.6542082 = boost
               3.6674848 = idf(docFreq=3083, maxDocs=44421)
               0.018276703 = queryNorm
             0.2292178 = fieldWeight in 100, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               3.6674848 = idf(docFreq=3083, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=100)
         0.16762024 = weight(abstract_txt:tagging in 100) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.16762024 = score(doc=100,freq=3.0), product of:
             0.24565043 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.1323152 = boost
               6.3033047 = idf(docFreq=220, maxDocs=44421)
               0.018276703 = queryNorm
             0.6823527 = fieldWeight in 100, product of:
               1.7320508 = tf(freq=3.0), with freq of:
                 3.0 = termFreq=3.0
               6.3033047 = idf(docFreq=220, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=100)
         0.0828315 = weight(abstract_txt:social in 100) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.0828315 = score(doc=100,freq=3.0), product of:
             0.18204544 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.3697739 = boost
               4.2031517 = idf(docFreq=1804, maxDocs=44421)
               0.018276703 = queryNorm
             0.4550045 = fieldWeight in 100, product of:
               1.7320508 = tf(freq=3.0), with freq of:
                 3.0 = termFreq=3.0
               4.2031517 = idf(docFreq=1804, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=100)
         0.16004503 = weight(abstract_txt:image in 100) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.16004503 = score(doc=100,freq=4.0), product of:
             0.23819245 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.4245212 = boost
               5.375318 = idf(docFreq=558, maxDocs=44421)
               0.018276703 = queryNorm
             0.67191476 = fieldWeight in 100, product of:
               2.0 = tf(freq=4.0), with freq of:
                 4.0 = termFreq=4.0
               5.375318 = idf(docFreq=558, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=100)
         0.1784562 = weight(abstract_txt:images in 100) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.1784562 = score(doc=100,freq=3.0), product of:
             0.30367142 = queryWeight, product of:
               3.0606873 = boost
               5.428591 = idf(docFreq=529, maxDocs=44421)
               0.018276703 = queryNorm
             0.58766216 = fieldWeight in 100, product of:
               1.7320508 = tf(freq=3.0), with freq of:
                 3.0 = termFreq=3.0
               5.428591 = idf(docFreq=529, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=100)
         0.32539782 = weight(abstract_txt:tags in 100) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.32539782 = score(doc=100,freq=4.0), product of:
             0.41179365 = queryWeight, product of:
               3.564157 = boost
               6.3215704 = idf(docFreq=216, maxDocs=44421)
               0.018276703 = queryNorm
             0.7901963 = fieldWeight in 100, product of:
               2.0 = tf(freq=4.0), with freq of:
                 4.0 = termFreq=4.0
               6.3215704 = idf(docFreq=216, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=100)
       0.36 = coord(9/25)
   

2. Bentley, C.M.; Labelle, P.R.: ¬A comparison of social tagging designs and user participation (2008) 0.33

   0.33102423 = sum of:
     0.33102423 = product of:
       0.82756054 = sum of:
         0.007734451 = weight(abstract_txt:information in 3657) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.007734451 = score(doc=3657,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.04823423 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.0910375 = boost
               2.4188995 = idf(docFreq=10748, maxDocs=44421)
               0.018276703 = queryNorm
             0.1603519 = fieldWeight in 3657, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               2.4188995 = idf(docFreq=10748, maxDocs=44421)
               0.046875 = fieldNorm(doc=3657)
         0.03720347 = weight(abstract_txt:popular in 3657) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.03720347 = score(doc=3657,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.13744365 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.3022949 = boost
               5.7745414 = idf(docFreq=374, maxDocs=44421)
               0.018276703 = queryNorm
             0.27068162 = fieldWeight in 3657, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               5.7745414 = idf(docFreq=374, maxDocs=44421)
               0.046875 = fieldNorm(doc=3657)
         0.04747434 = weight(abstract_txt:phase in 3657) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.04747434 = score(doc=3657,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.16169937 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.4125414 = boost
               6.263388 = idf(docFreq=229, maxDocs=44421)
               0.018276703 = queryNorm
             0.29359633 = fieldWeight in 3657, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               6.263388 = idf(docFreq=229, maxDocs=44421)
               0.046875 = fieldNorm(doc=3657)
         0.030383518 = weight(abstract_txt:users in 3657) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.030383518 = score(doc=3657,freq=3.0), product of:
             0.10490528 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.6090171 = boost
               3.5672934 = idf(docFreq=3408, maxDocs=44421)
               0.018276703 = queryNorm
             0.28962812 = fieldWeight in 3657, product of:
               1.7320508 = tf(freq=3.0), with freq of:
                 3.0 = termFreq=3.0
               3.5672934 = idf(docFreq=3408, maxDocs=44421)
               0.046875 = fieldNorm(doc=3657)
         0.02695758 = weight(abstract_txt:were in 3657) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.02695758 = score(doc=3657,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.1108808 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.6542082 = boost
               3.6674848 = idf(docFreq=3083, maxDocs=44421)
               0.018276703 = queryNorm
             0.24312218 = fieldWeight in 3657, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               3.6674848 = idf(docFreq=3083, maxDocs=44421)
               0.046875 = fieldNorm(doc=3657)
         0.05231997 = weight(abstract_txt:cases in 3657) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.05231997 = score(doc=3657,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.1974897 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.9118986 = boost
               5.6517344 = idf(docFreq=423, maxDocs=44421)
               0.018276703 = queryNorm
             0.26492506 = fieldWeight in 3657, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               5.6517344 = idf(docFreq=423, maxDocs=44421)
               0.046875 = fieldNorm(doc=3657)
         0.26169702 = weight(abstract_txt:tagging in 3657) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.26169702 = score(doc=3657,freq=13.0), product of:
             0.24565043 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.1323152 = boost
               6.3033047 = idf(docFreq=220, maxDocs=44421)
               0.018276703 = queryNorm
             1.0653229 = fieldWeight in 3657, product of:
               3.6055512 = tf(freq=13.0), with freq of:
                 13.0 = termFreq=13.0
               6.3033047 = idf(docFreq=220, maxDocs=44421)
               0.046875 = fieldNorm(doc=3657)
         0.10760128 = weight(abstract_txt:social in 3657) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.10760128 = score(doc=3657,freq=9.0), product of:
             0.18204544 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.3697739 = boost
               4.2031517 = idf(docFreq=1804, maxDocs=44421)
               0.018276703 = queryNorm
             0.5910682 = fieldWeight in 3657, product of:
               3.0 = tf(freq=9.0), with freq of:
                 9.0 = termFreq=9.0
               4.2031517 = idf(docFreq=1804, maxDocs=44421)
               0.046875 = fieldNorm(doc=3657)
         0.08362068 = weight(abstract_txt:interaction in 3657) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.08362068 = score(doc=3657,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.34013548 = queryWeight, product of:
               3.5484085 = boost
               5.244698 = idf(docFreq=636, maxDocs=44421)
               0.018276703 = queryNorm
             0.24584523 = fieldWeight in 3657, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               5.244698 = idf(docFreq=636, maxDocs=44421)
               0.046875 = fieldNorm(doc=3657)
         0.17256825 = weight(abstract_txt:tags in 3657) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.17256825 = score(doc=3657,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.41179365 = queryWeight, product of:
               3.564157 = boost
               6.3215704 = idf(docFreq=216, maxDocs=44421)
               0.018276703 = queryNorm
             0.41906485 = fieldWeight in 3657, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               6.3215704 = idf(docFreq=216, maxDocs=44421)
               0.046875 = fieldNorm(doc=3657)
       0.4 = coord(10/25)
   

3. Arastoopoor, S.; Fattahi, R.: Users' perception of aboutness and ofness in images : an approach to subject indexing based on Ervin Panofsky's theory and users'' view (2012) 0.32

   0.32345405 = sum of:
     0.32345405 = product of:
       1.0107939 = sum of:
         0.04614032 = weight(abstract_txt:second in 1872) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.04614032 = score(doc=1872,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.103948995 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.1325494 = boost
               5.021868 = idf(docFreq=795, maxDocs=44421)
               0.018276703 = queryNorm
             0.44387463 = fieldWeight in 1872, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               5.021868 = idf(docFreq=795, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=1872)
         0.08951847 = weight(abstract_txt:phase in 1872) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.08951847 = score(doc=1872,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.16169937 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.4125414 = boost
               6.263388 = idf(docFreq=229, maxDocs=44421)
               0.018276703 = queryNorm
             0.5536105 = fieldWeight in 1872, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               6.263388 = idf(docFreq=229, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=1872)
         0.033077385 = weight(abstract_txt:users in 1872) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.033077385 = score(doc=1872,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.10490528 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.6090171 = boost
               3.5672934 = idf(docFreq=3408, maxDocs=44421)
               0.018276703 = queryNorm
             0.31530717 = fieldWeight in 1872, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               3.5672934 = idf(docFreq=3408, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=1872)
         0.056831576 = weight(abstract_txt:were in 1872) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.056831576 = score(doc=1872,freq=5.0), product of:
             0.1108808 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.6542082 = boost
               3.6674848 = idf(docFreq=3083, maxDocs=44421)
               0.018276703 = queryNorm
             0.5125466 = fieldWeight in 1872, product of:
               2.236068 = tf(freq=5.0), with freq of:
                 5.0 = termFreq=5.0
               3.6674848 = idf(docFreq=3083, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=1872)
         0.09677559 = weight(abstract_txt:tagging in 1872) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.09677559 = score(doc=1872,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.24565043 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.1323152 = boost
               6.3033047 = idf(docFreq=220, maxDocs=44421)
               0.018276703 = queryNorm
             0.39395654 = fieldWeight in 1872, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               6.3033047 = idf(docFreq=220, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=1872)
         0.17893578 = weight(abstract_txt:image in 1872) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.17893578 = score(doc=1872,freq=5.0), product of:
             0.23819245 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.4245212 = boost
               5.375318 = idf(docFreq=558, maxDocs=44421)
               0.018276703 = queryNorm
             0.75122356 = fieldWeight in 1872, product of:
               2.236068 = tf(freq=5.0), with freq of:
                 5.0 = termFreq=5.0
               5.375318 = idf(docFreq=558, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=1872)
         0.14570889 = weight(abstract_txt:images in 1872) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.14570889 = score(doc=1872,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.30367142 = queryWeight, product of:
               3.0606873 = boost
               5.428591 = idf(docFreq=529, maxDocs=44421)
               0.018276703 = queryNorm
             0.47982416 = fieldWeight in 1872, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               5.428591 = idf(docFreq=529, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=1872)
         0.36380583 = weight(abstract_txt:tags in 1872) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.36380583 = score(doc=1872,freq=5.0), product of:
             0.41179365 = queryWeight, product of:
               3.564157 = boost
               6.3215704 = idf(docFreq=216, maxDocs=44421)
               0.018276703 = queryNorm
             0.88346636 = fieldWeight in 1872, product of:
               2.236068 = tf(freq=5.0), with freq of:
                 5.0 = termFreq=5.0
               6.3215704 = idf(docFreq=216, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=1872)
       0.32 = coord(8/25)
   

4. Huang, H.; Jörgensen, C.: Characterizing user tagging and Co-occurring metadata in general and specialized metadata collections (2013) 0.31

   0.31334043 = sum of:
     0.31334043 = product of:
       1.1190729 = sum of:
         0.00729211 = weight(abstract_txt:information in 2046) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.00729211 = score(doc=2046,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.04823423 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.0910375 = boost
               2.4188995 = idf(docFreq=10748, maxDocs=44421)
               0.018276703 = queryNorm
             0.15118122 = fieldWeight in 2046, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               2.4188995 = idf(docFreq=10748, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=2046)
         0.14881387 = weight(abstract_txt:popular in 2046) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.14881387 = score(doc=2046,freq=9.0), product of:
             0.13744365 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.3022949 = boost
               5.7745414 = idf(docFreq=374, maxDocs=44421)
               0.018276703 = queryNorm
             1.0827265 = fieldWeight in 2046, product of:
               3.0 = tf(freq=9.0), with freq of:
                 9.0 = termFreq=9.0
               5.7745414 = idf(docFreq=374, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=2046)
         0.04051136 = weight(abstract_txt:users in 2046) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.04051136 = score(doc=2046,freq=3.0), product of:
             0.10490528 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.6090171 = boost
               3.5672934 = idf(docFreq=3408, maxDocs=44421)
               0.018276703 = queryNorm
             0.38617083 = fieldWeight in 2046, product of:
               1.7320508 = tf(freq=3.0), with freq of:
                 3.0 = termFreq=3.0
               3.5672934 = idf(docFreq=3408, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=2046)
         0.025415853 = weight(abstract_txt:were in 2046) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.025415853 = score(doc=2046,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.1108808 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.6542082 = boost
               3.6674848 = idf(docFreq=3083, maxDocs=44421)
               0.018276703 = queryNorm
             0.2292178 = fieldWeight in 2046, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               3.6674848 = idf(docFreq=3083, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=2046)
         0.21171966 = weight(abstract_txt:image in 2046) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.21171966 = score(doc=2046,freq=7.0), product of:
             0.23819245 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.4245212 = boost
               5.375318 = idf(docFreq=558, maxDocs=44421)
               0.018276703 = queryNorm
             0.8888596 = fieldWeight in 2046, product of:
               2.6457512 = tf(freq=7.0), with freq of:
                 7.0 = termFreq=7.0
               5.375318 = idf(docFreq=558, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=2046)
         0.14570889 = weight(abstract_txt:images in 2046) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.14570889 = score(doc=2046,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.30367142 = queryWeight, product of:
               3.0606873 = boost
               5.428591 = idf(docFreq=529, maxDocs=44421)
               0.018276703 = queryNorm
             0.47982416 = fieldWeight in 2046, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               5.428591 = idf(docFreq=529, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=2046)
         0.5396113 = weight(abstract_txt:tags in 2046) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.5396113 = score(doc=2046,freq=11.0), product of:
             0.41179365 = queryWeight, product of:
               3.564157 = boost
               6.3215704 = idf(docFreq=216, maxDocs=44421)
               0.018276703 = queryNorm
             1.3103924 = fieldWeight in 2046, product of:
               3.3166249 = tf(freq=11.0), with freq of:
                 11.0 = termFreq=11.0
               6.3215704 = idf(docFreq=216, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=2046)
       0.28 = coord(7/25)
   

5. Ransom, N.; Rafferty, P.: Facets of user-assigned tags and their effectiveness in image retrieval (2011) 0.31

   0.30581385 = sum of:
     0.30581385 = product of:
       1.0921923 = sum of:
         0.052099664 = weight(abstract_txt:assigned in 1296) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.052099664 = score(doc=1296,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.15523672 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.3840259 = boost
               6.136947 = idf(docFreq=260, maxDocs=44421)
               0.018276703 = queryNorm
             0.3356143 = fieldWeight in 1296, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               6.136947 = idf(docFreq=260, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=1296)
         0.028942714 = weight(abstract_txt:users in 1296) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.028942714 = score(doc=1296,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.10490528 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.6090171 = boost
               3.5672934 = idf(docFreq=3408, maxDocs=44421)
               0.018276703 = queryNorm
             0.27589378 = fieldWeight in 1296, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               3.5672934 = idf(docFreq=3408, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=1296)
         0.03145051 = weight(abstract_txt:were in 1296) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.03145051 = score(doc=1296,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.1108808 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.6542082 = boost
               3.6674848 = idf(docFreq=3083, maxDocs=44421)
               0.018276703 = queryNorm
             0.28364253 = fieldWeight in 1296, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               3.6674848 = idf(docFreq=3083, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=1296)
         0.08467864 = weight(abstract_txt:tagging in 1296) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.08467864 = score(doc=1296,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.24565043 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.1323152 = boost
               6.3033047 = idf(docFreq=220, maxDocs=44421)
               0.018276703 = queryNorm
             0.34471196 = fieldWeight in 1296, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               6.3033047 = idf(docFreq=220, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=1296)
         0.24255534 = weight(abstract_txt:image in 1296) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.24255534 = score(doc=1296,freq=12.0), product of:
             0.23819245 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.4245212 = boost
               5.375318 = idf(docFreq=558, maxDocs=44421)
               0.018276703 = queryNorm
             1.0183166 = fieldWeight in 1296, product of:
               3.4641016 = tf(freq=12.0), with freq of:
                 12.0 = termFreq=12.0
               5.375318 = idf(docFreq=558, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=1296)
         0.18030556 = weight(abstract_txt:images in 1296) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.18030556 = score(doc=1296,freq=4.0), product of:
             0.30367142 = queryWeight, product of:
               3.0606873 = boost
               5.428591 = idf(docFreq=529, maxDocs=44421)
               0.018276703 = queryNorm
             0.59375215 = fieldWeight in 1296, product of:
               2.0 = tf(freq=4.0), with freq of:
                 4.0 = termFreq=4.0
               5.428591 = idf(docFreq=529, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=1296)
         0.47215986 = weight(abstract_txt:tags in 1296) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.47215986 = score(doc=1296,freq=11.0), product of:
             0.41179365 = queryWeight, product of:
               3.564157 = boost
               6.3215704 = idf(docFreq=216, maxDocs=44421)
               0.018276703 = queryNorm
             1.1465933 = fieldWeight in 1296, product of:
               3.3166249 = tf(freq=11.0), with freq of:
                 11.0 = termFreq=11.0
               6.3215704 = idf(docFreq=216, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=1296)
       0.28 = coord(7/25)