Document (#35316)

Author

Yang, Y.
Lu, Q.
Zhao, T.

Title

¬A delimiter-based general approach for Chinese term extraction

Source

Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology. 61(2010) no.1, S.111-125

Year

2009

Abstract

This article addresses a two-step approach for term extraction. In the first step on term candidate extraction, a new delimiter-based approach is proposed to identify features of the delimiters of term candidates rather than those of the term candidates themselves. This delimiter-based method is much more stable and domain independent than the previous approaches. In the second step on term verification, an algorithm using link analysis is applied to calculate the relevance between term candidates and the sentences from which the terms are extracted. All information is obtained from the working domain corpus without the need for prior domain knowledge. The approach is not targeted at any specific domain and there is no need for extensive training when applying it to new domains. In other words, the method is not domain dependent and it is especially useful for resource-limited domains. Evaluations of Chinese text in two different domains show quite significant improvements over existing techniques and also verify its efficiency and its relatively domain-independent nature. The proposed method is also very effective for extracting new terms so that it can serve as an efficient tool for updating domain knowledge, especially for expanding lexicons.

Theme

Computerlinguistik

Similar documents (author)

1. Gu, D.; Liu, H.; Zhao, H.; Yang, X.; Li, M.; Lian, C.: ¬A deep learning and clustering-based topic consistency modeling framework for matching health information supply and demand (2024) 2.58

   2.5848022 = sum of:
     2.5848022 = sum of:
       1.2171422 = weight(author_txt:yang in 2211) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
         1.2171422 = score(doc=2211,freq=1.0), product of:
           0.67912656 = queryWeight, product of:
             7.168868 = idf(docFreq=92, maxDocs=44421)
             0.09473275 = queryNorm
           1.792217 = fieldWeight in 2211, product of:
             1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
               1.0 = termFreq=1.0
             7.168868 = idf(docFreq=92, maxDocs=44421)
             0.25 = fieldNorm(doc=2211)
       1.3676598 = weight(author_txt:zhao in 2211) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
         1.3676598 = score(doc=2211,freq=1.0), product of:
           0.7340211 = queryWeight, product of:
             1.0396303 = boost
             7.4529724 = idf(docFreq=69, maxDocs=44421)
             0.09473275 = queryNorm
           1.8632431 = fieldWeight in 2211, product of:
             1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
               1.0 = termFreq=1.0
             7.4529724 = idf(docFreq=69, maxDocs=44421)
             0.25 = fieldNorm(doc=2211)
   

2. Zhao, L.: Save space for "newcomers" : analyzing problems in book number assignment under the LCC system (2004) 1.71

   1.7095747 = sum of:
     1.7095747 = product of:
       3.4191494 = sum of:
         3.4191494 = weight(author_txt:zhao in 4081) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           3.4191494 = score(doc=4081,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.7340211 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.0396303 = boost
               7.4529724 = idf(docFreq=69, maxDocs=44421)
               0.09473275 = queryNorm
             4.6581078 = fieldWeight in 4081, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               7.4529724 = idf(docFreq=69, maxDocs=44421)
               0.625 = fieldNorm(doc=4081)
       0.5 = coord(1/2)
   

3. Zhao, L.: How librarians used e-resources : an analysis of citations in CCQ (2006) 1.71

   1.7095747 = sum of:
     1.7095747 = product of:
       3.4191494 = sum of:
         3.4191494 = weight(author_txt:zhao in 766) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           3.4191494 = score(doc=766,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.7340211 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.0396303 = boost
               7.4529724 = idf(docFreq=69, maxDocs=44421)
               0.09473275 = queryNorm
             4.6581078 = fieldWeight in 766, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               7.4529724 = idf(docFreq=69, maxDocs=44421)
               0.625 = fieldNorm(doc=766)
       0.5 = coord(1/2)
   

4. Zhao, D.: Challenges of scholarly publications on the Web to the evaluation of science : a comparison of author visibility on the Web and in print journals (2005) 1.71

   1.7095747 = sum of:
     1.7095747 = product of:
       3.4191494 = sum of:
         3.4191494 = weight(author_txt:zhao in 2065) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           3.4191494 = score(doc=2065,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.7340211 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.0396303 = boost
               7.4529724 = idf(docFreq=69, maxDocs=44421)
               0.09473275 = queryNorm
             4.6581078 = fieldWeight in 2065, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               7.4529724 = idf(docFreq=69, maxDocs=44421)
               0.625 = fieldNorm(doc=2065)
       0.5 = coord(1/2)
   

5. Yang, S.C.: ¬An interpretive and situated approach to an evaluation of Perseus digital libraries (2001) 1.52

   1.5214278 = sum of:
     1.5214278 = product of:
       3.0428555 = sum of:
         3.0428555 = weight(author_txt:yang in 933) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           3.0428555 = score(doc=933,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.67912656 = queryWeight, product of:
               7.168868 = idf(docFreq=92, maxDocs=44421)
               0.09473275 = queryNorm
             4.4805427 = fieldWeight in 933, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               7.168868 = idf(docFreq=92, maxDocs=44421)
               0.625 = fieldNorm(doc=933)
       0.5 = coord(1/2)
   

Similar documents (content)

1. Haas, S.W.: Disciplinary variation in automatic sublanguage term identification (1997) 0.25

   0.25095028 = sum of:
     0.25095028 = product of:
       0.896251 = sum of:
         0.029911043 = weight(abstract_txt:than in 6568) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.029911043 = score(doc=6568,freq=3.0), product of:
             0.07097995 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.0955665 = boost
               3.8927383 = idf(docFreq=2461, maxDocs=44421)
               0.016643388 = queryNorm
             0.4214013 = fieldWeight in 6568, product of:
               1.7320508 = tf(freq=3.0), with freq of:
                 3.0 = termFreq=3.0
               3.8927383 = idf(docFreq=2461, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=6568)
         0.051214743 = weight(abstract_txt:terms in 6568) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.051214743 = score(doc=6568,freq=7.0), product of:
             0.076592416 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.1380564 = boost
               4.043712 = idf(docFreq=2116, maxDocs=44421)
               0.016643388 = queryNorm
             0.668666 = fieldWeight in 6568, product of:
               2.6457512 = tf(freq=7.0), with freq of:
                 7.0 = termFreq=7.0
               4.043712 = idf(docFreq=2116, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=6568)
         0.05654622 = weight(abstract_txt:method in 6568) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.05654622 = score(doc=6568,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.14220381 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.8992063 = boost
               4.4988065 = idf(docFreq=1342, maxDocs=44421)
               0.016643388 = queryNorm
             0.39764208 = fieldWeight in 6568, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               4.4988065 = idf(docFreq=1342, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=6568)
         0.09857365 = weight(abstract_txt:step in 6568) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.09857365 = score(doc=6568,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.25951317 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.565643 = boost
               6.0774503 = idf(docFreq=276, maxDocs=44421)
               0.016643388 = queryNorm
             0.37984064 = fieldWeight in 6568, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               6.0774503 = idf(docFreq=276, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=6568)
         0.14744192 = weight(abstract_txt:extraction in 6568) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.14744192 = score(doc=6568,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.269395 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.6140344 = boost
               6.192079 = idf(docFreq=246, maxDocs=44421)
               0.016643388 = queryNorm
             0.5473076 = fieldWeight in 6568, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               6.192079 = idf(docFreq=246, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=6568)
         0.28667647 = weight(abstract_txt:domain in 6568) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.28667647 = score(doc=6568,freq=7.0), product of:
             0.3666118 = queryWeight, product of:
               4.658093 = boost
               4.7288613 = idf(docFreq=1066, maxDocs=44421)
               0.016643388 = queryNorm
             0.7819619 = fieldWeight in 6568, product of:
               2.6457512 = tf(freq=7.0), with freq of:
                 7.0 = termFreq=7.0
               4.7288613 = idf(docFreq=1066, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=6568)
         0.22588699 = weight(abstract_txt:term in 6568) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.22588699 = score(doc=6568,freq=4.0), product of:
             0.37689343 = queryWeight, product of:
               4.7229595 = boost
               4.794713 = idf(docFreq=998, maxDocs=44421)
               0.016643388 = queryNorm
             0.5993391 = fieldWeight in 6568, product of:
               2.0 = tf(freq=4.0), with freq of:
                 4.0 = termFreq=4.0
               4.794713 = idf(docFreq=998, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=6568)
       0.28 = coord(7/25)
   

2. Nagy T., I.: Detecting multiword expressions and named entities in natural language texts (2014) 0.24

   0.2425814 = sum of:
     0.2425814 = product of:
       0.6064535 = sum of:
         0.03587477 = weight(abstract_txt:candidate in 2536) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.03587477 = score(doc=2536,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.12547325 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.0299864 = boost
               7.319441 = idf(docFreq=79, maxDocs=44421)
               0.016643388 = queryNorm
             0.28591567 = fieldWeight in 2536, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               7.319441 = idf(docFreq=79, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0390625 = fieldNorm(doc=2536)
         0.010793218 = weight(abstract_txt:than in 2536) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.010793218 = score(doc=2536,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.07097995 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.0955665 = boost
               3.8927383 = idf(docFreq=2461, maxDocs=44421)
               0.016643388 = queryNorm
             0.15206009 = fieldWeight in 2536, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               3.8927383 = idf(docFreq=2461, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0390625 = fieldNorm(doc=2536)
         0.025035849 = weight(abstract_txt:based in 2536) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.025035849 = score(doc=2536,freq=8.0), product of:
             0.07118859 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.34376 = boost
               3.1830752 = idf(docFreq=5005, maxDocs=44421)
               0.016643388 = queryNorm
             0.35168344 = fieldWeight in 2536, product of:
               2.828427 = tf(freq=8.0), with freq of:
                 8.0 = termFreq=8.0
               3.1830752 = idf(docFreq=5005, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0390625 = fieldNorm(doc=2536)
         0.055879638 = weight(abstract_txt:method in 2536) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.055879638 = score(doc=2536,freq=5.0), product of:
             0.14220381 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.8992063 = boost
               4.4988065 = idf(docFreq=1342, maxDocs=44421)
               0.016643388 = queryNorm
             0.3929546 = fieldWeight in 2536, product of:
               2.236068 = tf(freq=5.0), with freq of:
                 5.0 = termFreq=5.0
               4.4988065 = idf(docFreq=1342, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0390625 = fieldNorm(doc=2536)
         0.027098395 = weight(abstract_txt:approach in 2536) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.027098395 = score(doc=2536,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.13111855 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.1058042 = boost
               3.741144 = idf(docFreq=2864, maxDocs=44421)
               0.016643388 = queryNorm
             0.20667094 = fieldWeight in 2536, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               3.741144 = idf(docFreq=2864, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0390625 = fieldNorm(doc=2536)
         0.047602315 = weight(abstract_txt:domains in 2536) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.047602315 = score(doc=2536,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.21851648 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.3542829 = boost
               5.576784 = idf(docFreq=456, maxDocs=44421)
               0.016643388 = queryNorm
             0.21784313 = fieldWeight in 2536, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               5.576784 = idf(docFreq=456, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0390625 = fieldNorm(doc=2536)
         0.06160853 = weight(abstract_txt:step in 2536) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.06160853 = score(doc=2536,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.25951317 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.565643 = boost
               6.0774503 = idf(docFreq=276, maxDocs=44421)
               0.016643388 = queryNorm
             0.2374004 = fieldWeight in 2536, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               6.0774503 = idf(docFreq=276, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0390625 = fieldNorm(doc=2536)
         0.11286172 = weight(abstract_txt:extraction in 2536) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.11286172 = score(doc=2536,freq=3.0), product of:
             0.269395 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.6140344 = boost
               6.192079 = idf(docFreq=246, maxDocs=44421)
               0.016643388 = queryNorm
             0.41894513 = fieldWeight in 2536, product of:
               1.7320508 = tf(freq=3.0), with freq of:
                 3.0 = termFreq=3.0
               6.192079 = idf(docFreq=246, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0390625 = fieldNorm(doc=2536)
         0.13392714 = weight(abstract_txt:candidates in 2536) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.13392714 = score(doc=2536,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.43548968 = queryWeight, product of:
               3.323575 = boost
               7.872826 = idf(docFreq=45, maxDocs=44421)
               0.016643388 = queryNorm
             0.30753228 = fieldWeight in 2536, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               7.872826 = idf(docFreq=45, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0390625 = fieldNorm(doc=2536)
         0.09577189 = weight(abstract_txt:domain in 2536) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.09577189 = score(doc=2536,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.3666118 = queryWeight, product of:
               4.658093 = boost
               4.7288613 = idf(docFreq=1066, maxDocs=44421)
               0.016643388 = queryNorm
             0.26123515 = fieldWeight in 2536, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               4.7288613 = idf(docFreq=1066, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0390625 = fieldNorm(doc=2536)
       0.4 = coord(10/25)
   

3. Terada, A.; Tokunaga, T.; Tanaka, H.: Automatic expansion of abbreviations by using context and character information (2004) 0.24

   0.23854229 = sum of:
     0.23854229 = product of:
       0.74544466 = sum of:
         0.08117533 = weight(abstract_txt:candidate in 3560) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.08117533 = score(doc=3560,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.12547325 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.0299864 = boost
               7.319441 = idf(docFreq=79, maxDocs=44421)
               0.016643388 = queryNorm
             0.6469533 = fieldWeight in 3560, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               7.319441 = idf(docFreq=79, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=3560)
         0.06814251 = weight(abstract_txt:calculate in 3560) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.06814251 = score(doc=3560,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.14067724 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.0906059 = boost
               7.750224 = idf(docFreq=51, maxDocs=44421)
               0.016643388 = queryNorm
             0.484389 = fieldWeight in 3560, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               7.750224 = idf(docFreq=51, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=3560)
         0.01726915 = weight(abstract_txt:than in 3560) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.01726915 = score(doc=3560,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.07097995 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.0955665 = boost
               3.8927383 = idf(docFreq=2461, maxDocs=44421)
               0.016643388 = queryNorm
             0.24329615 = fieldWeight in 3560, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               3.8927383 = idf(docFreq=2461, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=3560)
         0.028645778 = weight(abstract_txt:proposed in 3560) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.028645778 = score(doc=3560,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.09946314 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.2968866 = boost
               4.608063 = idf(docFreq=1203, maxDocs=44421)
               0.016643388 = queryNorm
             0.28800395 = fieldWeight in 3560, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               4.608063 = idf(docFreq=1203, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=3560)
         0.014162415 = weight(abstract_txt:based in 3560) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.014162415 = score(doc=3560,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.07118859 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.34376 = boost
               3.1830752 = idf(docFreq=5005, maxDocs=44421)
               0.016643388 = queryNorm
             0.1989422 = fieldWeight in 3560, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               3.1830752 = idf(docFreq=5005, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=3560)
         0.05654622 = weight(abstract_txt:method in 3560) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.05654622 = score(doc=3560,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.14220381 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.8992063 = boost
               4.4988065 = idf(docFreq=1342, maxDocs=44421)
               0.016643388 = queryNorm
             0.39764208 = fieldWeight in 3560, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               4.4988065 = idf(docFreq=1342, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=3560)
         0.37114975 = weight(abstract_txt:candidates in 3560) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.37114975 = score(doc=3560,freq=3.0), product of:
             0.43548968 = queryWeight, product of:
               3.323575 = boost
               7.872826 = idf(docFreq=45, maxDocs=44421)
               0.016643388 = queryNorm
             0.8522584 = fieldWeight in 3560, product of:
               1.7320508 = tf(freq=3.0), with freq of:
                 3.0 = termFreq=3.0
               7.872826 = idf(docFreq=45, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=3560)
         0.108353525 = weight(abstract_txt:domain in 3560) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.108353525 = score(doc=3560,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.3666118 = queryWeight, product of:
               4.658093 = boost
               4.7288613 = idf(docFreq=1066, maxDocs=44421)
               0.016643388 = queryNorm
             0.29555383 = fieldWeight in 3560, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               4.7288613 = idf(docFreq=1066, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=3560)
       0.32 = coord(8/25)
   

4. Huang, C.-K.; Chien, L.-F.; Oyang, Y.-J.: Relevant term suggestion in interactive Web search based on contextual information in query session logs (2003) 0.22

   0.21917747 = sum of:
     0.21917747 = product of:
       0.6849296 = sum of:
         0.024422264 = weight(abstract_txt:than in 2612) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.024422264 = score(doc=2612,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.07097995 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.0955665 = boost
               3.8927383 = idf(docFreq=2461, maxDocs=44421)
               0.016643388 = queryNorm
             0.3440727 = fieldWeight in 2612, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               3.8927383 = idf(docFreq=2461, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=2612)
         0.03871471 = weight(abstract_txt:terms in 2612) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.03871471 = score(doc=2612,freq=4.0), product of:
             0.076592416 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.1380564 = boost
               4.043712 = idf(docFreq=2116, maxDocs=44421)
               0.016643388 = queryNorm
             0.505464 = fieldWeight in 2612, product of:
               2.0 = tf(freq=4.0), with freq of:
                 4.0 = termFreq=4.0
               4.043712 = idf(docFreq=2116, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=2612)
         0.040511247 = weight(abstract_txt:proposed in 2612) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.040511247 = score(doc=2612,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.09946314 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.2968866 = boost
               4.608063 = idf(docFreq=1203, maxDocs=44421)
               0.016643388 = queryNorm
             0.4072991 = fieldWeight in 2612, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               4.608063 = idf(docFreq=1203, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=2612)
         0.014162415 = weight(abstract_txt:based in 2612) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.014162415 = score(doc=2612,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.07118859 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.34376 = boost
               3.1830752 = idf(docFreq=5005, maxDocs=44421)
               0.016643388 = queryNorm
             0.1989422 = fieldWeight in 2612, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               3.1830752 = idf(docFreq=5005, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=2612)
         0.068554126 = weight(abstract_txt:approach in 2612) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.068554126 = score(doc=2612,freq=5.0), product of:
             0.13111855 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.1058042 = boost
               3.741144 = idf(docFreq=2864, maxDocs=44421)
               0.016643388 = queryNorm
             0.5228408 = fieldWeight in 2612, product of:
               2.236068 = tf(freq=5.0), with freq of:
                 5.0 = termFreq=5.0
               3.741144 = idf(docFreq=2864, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=2612)
         0.09857365 = weight(abstract_txt:step in 2612) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.09857365 = score(doc=2612,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.25951317 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.565643 = boost
               6.0774503 = idf(docFreq=276, maxDocs=44421)
               0.016643388 = queryNorm
             0.37984064 = fieldWeight in 2612, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               6.0774503 = idf(docFreq=276, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=2612)
         0.14744192 = weight(abstract_txt:extraction in 2612) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.14744192 = score(doc=2612,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.269395 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.6140344 = boost
               6.192079 = idf(docFreq=246, maxDocs=44421)
               0.016643388 = queryNorm
             0.5473076 = fieldWeight in 2612, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               6.192079 = idf(docFreq=246, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=2612)
         0.25254932 = weight(abstract_txt:term in 2612) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.25254932 = score(doc=2612,freq=5.0), product of:
             0.37689343 = queryWeight, product of:
               4.7229595 = boost
               4.794713 = idf(docFreq=998, maxDocs=44421)
               0.016643388 = queryNorm
             0.6700815 = fieldWeight in 2612, product of:
               2.236068 = tf(freq=5.0), with freq of:
                 5.0 = termFreq=5.0
               4.794713 = idf(docFreq=998, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=2612)
       0.32 = coord(8/25)
   

5. Conde, A.; Larrañaga, M.; Arruarte, A.; Elorriaga, J.A.; Roth, D.: litewi: a combined term extraction and entity linking method for eliciting educational ontologies from textbooks (2016) 0.21

   0.20879154 = sum of:
     0.20879154 = product of:
       0.7456841 = sum of:
         0.01726915 = weight(abstract_txt:than in 3645) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.01726915 = score(doc=3645,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.07097995 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.0955665 = boost
               3.8927383 = idf(docFreq=2461, maxDocs=44421)
               0.016643388 = queryNorm
             0.24329615 = fieldWeight in 3645, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               3.8927383 = idf(docFreq=2461, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=3645)
         0.019357355 = weight(abstract_txt:terms in 3645) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.019357355 = score(doc=3645,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.076592416 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.1380564 = boost
               4.043712 = idf(docFreq=2116, maxDocs=44421)
               0.016643388 = queryNorm
             0.252732 = fieldWeight in 3645, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               4.043712 = idf(docFreq=2116, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=3645)
         0.039984215 = weight(abstract_txt:method in 3645) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.039984215 = score(doc=3645,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.14220381 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.8992063 = boost
               4.4988065 = idf(docFreq=1342, maxDocs=44421)
               0.016643388 = queryNorm
             0.2811754 = fieldWeight in 3645, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               4.4988065 = idf(docFreq=1342, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=3645)
         0.0761637 = weight(abstract_txt:domains in 3645) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.0761637 = score(doc=3645,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.21851648 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.3542829 = boost
               5.576784 = idf(docFreq=456, maxDocs=44421)
               0.016643388 = queryNorm
             0.348549 = fieldWeight in 3645, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               5.576784 = idf(docFreq=456, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=3645)
         0.18057875 = weight(abstract_txt:extraction in 3645) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.18057875 = score(doc=3645,freq=3.0), product of:
             0.269395 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.6140344 = boost
               6.192079 = idf(docFreq=246, maxDocs=44421)
               0.016643388 = queryNorm
             0.6703122 = fieldWeight in 3645, product of:
               1.7320508 = tf(freq=3.0), with freq of:
                 3.0 = termFreq=3.0
               6.192079 = idf(docFreq=246, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=3645)
         0.21670705 = weight(abstract_txt:domain in 3645) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.21670705 = score(doc=3645,freq=4.0), product of:
             0.3666118 = queryWeight, product of:
               4.658093 = boost
               4.7288613 = idf(docFreq=1066, maxDocs=44421)
               0.016643388 = queryNorm
             0.59110767 = fieldWeight in 3645, product of:
               2.0 = tf(freq=4.0), with freq of:
                 4.0 = termFreq=4.0
               4.7288613 = idf(docFreq=1066, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=3645)
         0.19562386 = weight(abstract_txt:term in 3645) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.19562386 = score(doc=3645,freq=3.0), product of:
             0.37689343 = queryWeight, product of:
               4.7229595 = boost
               4.794713 = idf(docFreq=998, maxDocs=44421)
               0.016643388 = queryNorm
             0.5190429 = fieldWeight in 3645, product of:
               1.7320508 = tf(freq=3.0), with freq of:
                 3.0 = termFreq=3.0
               4.794713 = idf(docFreq=998, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=3645)
       0.28 = coord(7/25)