Document (#34879)

Author

Kämmerer, C.

Title

Vom Image zum Volltext : Möglichkeiten und Grenzen des Einsatzes von OCR beim alten Buch

Source

Bibliotheksdienst. 43(2009) H.6, S.626-659

Year

2009

Series

Themen: Technik

Abstract

Ziel dieses Beitrags ist ein Überblick über aktuelle Entwicklungen bei der Volltextgenerierung im Bereich Altbestandsdigitalisierun Die Digitalisierung von Bibliotheksgut wurde des öfteren als "Medienrevolution" bezeichnet. Dabei liegt der Brückenschlag zum Alten Buch gar nicht einmal so fern: Die Erfindung des Buchdrucks und der damit verbundene Medienwechsel von den handgeschriebenen Codices zum Druck mit beweglichen Lettern (Gutenberg, um 1450) war wohl seinerzeit ebenso mit der Hoffnung auf bahnbrechenden Fortschritt sowie Wissenserschließung und -diffundierung verbunden wie die Transferierung von bisher nur auf Papier gedruckt vorliegenden Texten in die digitale Welt. Im Folgenden gilt es daher, vorzustellen, wie diese Wissenserschließung durch einen besonderen Bereich der Digitalisierung, nämlich der Volltextgenerierung durch Optical Character Recognition (OCR) erstrebt wird. Die Möglichkeiten und Grenzen des Einsatzes von OCR zum augenblicklichen Zeitpunkt (2009) und speziell beim Alten Buch werden daher im Zentrum der Betrachtungen stehen. Für die Zukunft wünschenswert wäre, dass diejenigen Textpassagen, die sich der Vorstellung der Grenzen des OCR-Einsatzes widmen, bald durch neue Erkenntnisse und Entwicklungen überholt sein werden. Die Notwendigkeit, die Arbeiten im Bereich Digitalisierung in Bibliotheken und Archiven voranzutreiben, ist offensichtlich: Digitalisierte Textausgaben können zeit- und ortsunabhängig für jeden Benutzer im Internet zugänglich gemacht werden. Für den Bereich des Alten Buchs bedeutet dies sowohl eine Transparentmachung der Katalogsituation als auch eine Zugänglichmachung des Primärmaterials durch sogenannte Images, d.h. die in einem Bildformat eingescannten Buchseiten. Die besondere Serviceleistung von Bibliotheken ist hierbei evident: Es kann auf so manch mühsame und kostspielige Forschungsreise durch die Ermöglichung der Arbeit mit Digitalisaten am heimischen Schreibtisch verzichtet werden. Aber nicht nur aus Benutzerperspektive sind die Vorteile von digitalisierten Sammlungen nicht von der Hand zu weisen. Die Bibliotheken selbst fördern durch die Bereitstellung von Digitalisaten eine breite öffentliche Wahrnehmung ihrer Institution im Internet und man hofft außerdem - ein weitaus wichtigerer Aspekt - auf eine schonendere Benutzung der Altbestände. Ob dieser konservatorische Gedanke in Zukunft jedoch tragen wird, wurde bisher noch nicht statistisch untersucht. Ein weiterer wichtiger Gesichtspunkt der Digitalisierung von Altbeständen ist aber auch die Bewahrung ohne Textverlust bei vom Verfall bedrohten Exemplaren. Katastrophenfälle wie der Einsturz des Stadtarchivs Köln und der Brand der Anna Amalia Bibliothek in Weimar haben die Vernichtung von unglaublichen Mengen von Kulturgütern mit sich gebracht. Hier ist die Digitalisierung (bzw. Mikroverfilmung) bisher das einzige Mittel, den Text für nachfolgende Generationen zu sichern. Doch was nutzt das schönste Digitalisat, wenn es nur mühselig oder gar nicht durchsuch-bar ist? Die Forderung der Benutzer zur Überführung digitaler Abbildungen eingescannter Buchseiten in einen maschinenlesbaren Text sowie die Bereitstellung entsprechender Browsingfunktionen ist den Bibliotheken und Archiven Anlass, die Arbeiten im Bereich Volltextgenerierung durch OCR voranzutreiben. Einige im folgenden exemplarisch vorgestellte Digitalisierungsprojekte zeugen von den damit verbundenen Bemühungen.

Form

Altes Buch

Object

OCR

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5. Thomas, P.: Verteilte digitale Medienarchivsysteme für kooperative Fernsehproduktion : das Projekt EUROMEDIA (1998) 0.18

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