Document (#33263)

Author

Lynch, C.A.

Title

¬The Z39.50 information retrieval standard : part I: a strategic view of its past, present and future

Source

D-Lib magazine. 3(1997) no.4, xx S

Year

1997

Abstract

The Z39.50 standard for information retrieval is important from a number of perspectives. While still not widely known within the computer networking community, it is a mature standard that represents the culmination of two decades of thinking and debate about how information retrieval functions can be modeled, standardized, and implemented in a distributed systems environment. And - importantly -- it has been tested through substantial deployment experience. Z39.50 is one of the few examples we have to date of a protocol that actually goes beyond codifying mechanism and moves into the area of standardizing shared semantic knowledge. The extent to which this should be a goal of the protocol has been an ongoing source of controversy and tension within the developer community, and differing views on this issue can be seen both in the standard itself and the way that it is used in practice. Given the growing emphasis on issues such as "semantic interoperability" as part of the research agenda for digital libraries (see Clifford A. Lynch and Hector Garcia-Molina. Interoperability, Scaling, and the Digital Libraries Research Agenda, Report on the May 18-19, 1995 IITA Libraries Workshop, <http://www- diglib.stanford.edu/diglib/pub/reports/iita-dlw/main.html>), the insights gained by the Z39.50 community into the complex interactions among various definitions of semantics and interoperability are particularly relevant. The development process for the Z39.50 standard is also of interest in its own right. Its history, dating back to the 1970s, spans a period that saw the eclipse of formal standards-making agencies by groups such as the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) and informal standards development consortia. Moreover, in order to achieve meaningful implementation, Z39.50 had to move beyond its origins in the OSI debacle of the 1980s. Z39.50 has also been, to some extent, a victim of its own success -- or at least promise. Recent versions of the standard are highly extensible, and the consensus process of standards development has made it hospitable to an ever-growing set of new communities and requirements. As this process of extension has proceeded, it has become ever less clear what the appropriate scope and boundaries of the protocol should be, and what expectations one should have of practical interoperability among implementations of the standard. Z39.50 thus offers an excellent case study of the problems involved in managing the evolution of a standard over time. It may well offer useful lessons for the future of other standards such as HTTP and HTML, which seem to be facing some of the same issues.
This paper, which will appear in two parts, starting with this issue of D-Lib, looks at several strategic issues surrounding Z39.50. After a relatively brief overview of the function and history of the protocol, I will examine some of the competing visions of the protocol's role, with emphasis on issues of interoperability and the incorporation of semantics. The second installment of the paper will look at questions related to the management of the standard and the standards development process, with emphasis on the scope of the protocol and how that relates back again to interoperability questions. The paper concludes with a discussion of the adoption and deployment of the standard, its relationship to other standards, and some speculations on future directions for the protocol. This paper is not intended to be a tutorial on the details of how current or past versions of Z39.50 work. These technical details are covered not only in the standard itself (which can admittedly be rather difficult reading) but also in an array of tutorial and review papers (see <http://lcweb.loc.gov/z3950/agency> for bibliographies and pointers to on-line information on Z39.50). Instead, the paper's focus is on how and why Z39.50 developed the way it did, and the conceptual debates that have influenced its evolution and use. While a detailed technical knowledge of the operation of Z39.50 is certainly helpful, it should not be necessary in order to follow most of the material here. Some disclaimers are in order. I have been actively involved in the development of Z39.50 since the early 1980s and have been a participant -- and on occasion, even an instigator -- of some of the activities described here. This paper is an attempt to make a critical assessment of the current state of Z39.50 and a review of its development with the full benefit of hindsight. It recounts a number of debates that occurred within the developer community over the past years. In many of these, I advocated specific positions or approaches, sometimes successfully and sometimes unsuccessfully. What is presented here is one person's perspective - mine --, which is sometimes at odds with the current consensus with the developer community; I've tried to represent opposing views fairly, and to differentiate my opinions from fact or consensus. However, others will undoubtedly disagree with many of the comments here.

Footnote

Vgl.: http://dlib.ukoln.ac.uk/dlib/april97/04lynch.html.

Theme

Datenfernübertragung

Object

Z39.50

Similar documents (author)

1. Lynch, C.A.: ¬The use of heuristics in user interfaces for online information retrieval systems (1987) 4.98

   4.9773736 = sum of:
     4.9773736 = weight(author_txt:lynch in 2235) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
       4.9773736 = fieldWeight in 2235, product of:
         1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
           1.0 = termFreq=1.0
         7.963798 = idf(docFreq=41, maxDocs=44421)
         0.625 = fieldNorm(doc=2235)
   

2. Lynch, C.A.: ¬The MELVYL system : looking back, looking forward (1992) 4.98

   4.9773736 = sum of:
     4.9773736 = weight(author_txt:lynch in 2251) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
       4.9773736 = fieldWeight in 2251, product of:
         1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
           1.0 = termFreq=1.0
         7.963798 = idf(docFreq=41, maxDocs=44421)
         0.625 = fieldNorm(doc=2251)
   

3. Lynch, M.J.: Access technology in academic libraries (1992) 4.98

   4.9773736 = sum of:
     4.9773736 = weight(author_txt:lynch in 2343) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
       4.9773736 = fieldWeight in 2343, product of:
         1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
           1.0 = termFreq=1.0
         7.963798 = idf(docFreq=41, maxDocs=44421)
         0.625 = fieldNorm(doc=2343)
   

4. Lynch, C.A.: Subject access in MELVYL : reducing search results to manageable size (1990) 4.98

   4.9773736 = sum of:
     4.9773736 = weight(author_txt:lynch in 2680) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
       4.9773736 = fieldWeight in 2680, product of:
         1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
           1.0 = termFreq=1.0
         7.963798 = idf(docFreq=41, maxDocs=44421)
         0.625 = fieldNorm(doc=2680)
   

5. Lynch, C.A.: ¬The next generation of public access information retrieval systems for research libraries : lessons from ten years of the MELVYL system (1992) 4.98

   4.9773736 = sum of:
     4.9773736 = weight(author_txt:lynch in 2970) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
       4.9773736 = fieldWeight in 2970, product of:
         1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
           1.0 = termFreq=1.0
         7.963798 = idf(docFreq=41, maxDocs=44421)
         0.625 = fieldNorm(doc=2970)
   

Similar documents (content)

1. Needleman, M.: Z39.50: a review, analysis and some thoughts on the future (2000) 0.49

   0.48746273 = sum of:
     0.48746273 = product of:
       1.2186568 = sum of:
         0.063856 = weight(abstract_txt:tutorial in 5898) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.063856 = score(doc=5898,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.13048036 = queryWeight, product of:
               7.8302665 = idf(docFreq=47, maxDocs=44421)
               0.016663592 = queryNorm
             0.48939165 = fieldWeight in 5898, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               7.8302665 = idf(docFreq=47, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=5898)
         0.015400253 = weight(abstract_txt:have in 5898) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.015400253 = score(doc=5898,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.054458536 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.0214813 = boost
               3.199388 = idf(docFreq=4924, maxDocs=44421)
               0.016663592 = queryNorm
             0.2827886 = fieldWeight in 5898, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               3.199388 = idf(docFreq=4924, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=5898)
         0.013768381 = weight(abstract_txt:that in 5898) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.013768381 = score(doc=5898,freq=5.0), product of:
             0.041658018 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.0570871 = boost
               2.3649352 = idf(docFreq=11344, maxDocs=44421)
               0.016663592 = queryNorm
             0.33050975 = fieldWeight in 5898, product of:
               2.236068 = tf(freq=5.0), with freq of:
                 5.0 = termFreq=5.0
               2.3649352 = idf(docFreq=11344, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=5898)
         0.006485659 = weight(abstract_txt:this in 5898) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.006485659 = score(doc=5898,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.043125696 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.0755472 = boost
               2.4062347 = idf(docFreq=10885, maxDocs=44421)
               0.016663592 = queryNorm
             0.15038967 = fieldWeight in 5898, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               2.4062347 = idf(docFreq=10885, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=5898)
         0.022205006 = weight(abstract_txt:been in 5898) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.022205006 = score(doc=5898,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.069504775 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.1539972 = boost
               3.614442 = idf(docFreq=3251, maxDocs=44421)
               0.016663592 = queryNorm
             0.31947455 = fieldWeight in 5898, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               3.614442 = idf(docFreq=3251, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=5898)
         0.011701831 = weight(abstract_txt:with in 5898) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.011701831 = score(doc=5898,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.053038336 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.2751238 = boost
               2.4961398 = idf(docFreq=9949, maxDocs=44421)
               0.016663592 = queryNorm
             0.22062966 = fieldWeight in 5898, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               2.4961398 = idf(docFreq=9949, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=5898)
         0.052550845 = weight(abstract_txt:some in 5898) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.052550845 = score(doc=5898,freq=7.0), product of:
             0.08639161 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.4093661 = boost
               3.6785707 = idf(docFreq=3049, maxDocs=44421)
               0.016663592 = queryNorm
             0.60828644 = fieldWeight in 5898, product of:
               2.6457512 = tf(freq=7.0), with freq of:
                 7.0 = termFreq=7.0
               3.6785707 = idf(docFreq=3049, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=5898)
         0.035780936 = weight(abstract_txt:community in 5898) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.035780936 = score(doc=5898,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.12036267 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.5185997 = boost
               4.7564163 = idf(docFreq=1037, maxDocs=44421)
               0.016663592 = queryNorm
             0.29727602 = fieldWeight in 5898, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               4.7564163 = idf(docFreq=1037, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=5898)
         0.23485729 = weight(abstract_txt:protocol in 5898) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.23485729 = score(doc=5898,freq=4.0), product of:
             0.28246662 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.5484235 = boost
               6.651612 = idf(docFreq=155, maxDocs=44421)
               0.016663592 = queryNorm
             0.8314515 = fieldWeight in 5898, product of:
               2.0 = tf(freq=4.0), with freq of:
                 4.0 = termFreq=4.0
               6.651612 = idf(docFreq=155, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=5898)
         0.7620505 = weight(abstract_txt:z39.50 in 5898) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.7620505 = score(doc=5898,freq=6.0), product of:
             0.734012 = queryWeight, product of:
               6.4954557 = boost
               6.7814865 = idf(docFreq=136, maxDocs=44421)
               0.016663592 = queryNorm
             1.038199 = fieldWeight in 5898, product of:
               2.4494898 = tf(freq=6.0), with freq of:
                 6.0 = termFreq=6.0
               6.7814865 = idf(docFreq=136, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=5898)
       0.4 = coord(10/25)
   

2. Moen, W.: Information retrieval protocols : Z39.50 and Search & Retrieve via URL (2009) 0.42

   0.42184716 = sum of:
     0.42184716 = product of:
       1.0546179 = sum of:
         0.010889624 = weight(abstract_txt:have in 800) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.010889624 = score(doc=800,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.054458536 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.0214813 = boost
               3.199388 = idf(docFreq=4924, maxDocs=44421)
               0.016663592 = queryNorm
             0.19996175 = fieldWeight in 800, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               3.199388 = idf(docFreq=4924, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=800)
         0.008707888 = weight(abstract_txt:that in 800) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.008707888 = score(doc=800,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.041658018 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.0570871 = boost
               2.3649352 = idf(docFreq=11344, maxDocs=44421)
               0.016663592 = queryNorm
             0.20903271 = fieldWeight in 800, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               2.3649352 = idf(docFreq=11344, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=800)
         0.009172107 = weight(abstract_txt:this in 800) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.009172107 = score(doc=800,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.043125696 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.0755472 = boost
               2.4062347 = idf(docFreq=10885, maxDocs=44421)
               0.016663592 = queryNorm
             0.21268311 = fieldWeight in 800, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               2.4062347 = idf(docFreq=10885, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=800)
         0.01570131 = weight(abstract_txt:been in 800) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.01570131 = score(doc=800,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.069504775 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.1539972 = boost
               3.614442 = idf(docFreq=3251, maxDocs=44421)
               0.016663592 = queryNorm
             0.22590263 = fieldWeight in 800, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               3.614442 = idf(docFreq=3251, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=800)
         0.008274443 = weight(abstract_txt:with in 800) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.008274443 = score(doc=800,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.053038336 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.2751238 = boost
               2.4961398 = idf(docFreq=9949, maxDocs=44421)
               0.016663592 = queryNorm
             0.15600874 = fieldWeight in 800, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               2.4961398 = idf(docFreq=9949, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=800)
         0.022691533 = weight(abstract_txt:development in 800) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.022691533 = score(doc=800,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.094411954 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.4733351 = boost
               3.8455355 = idf(docFreq=2580, maxDocs=44421)
               0.016663592 = queryNorm
             0.24034597 = fieldWeight in 800, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               3.8455355 = idf(docFreq=2580, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=800)
         0.04417642 = weight(abstract_txt:standards in 800) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.04417642 = score(doc=800,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.14720123 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.8396863 = boost
               4.8017445 = idf(docFreq=991, maxDocs=44421)
               0.016663592 = queryNorm
             0.30010903 = fieldWeight in 800, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               4.8017445 = idf(docFreq=991, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=800)
         0.20339237 = weight(abstract_txt:protocol in 800) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.20339237 = score(doc=800,freq=3.0), product of:
             0.28246662 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.5484235 = boost
               6.651612 = idf(docFreq=155, maxDocs=44421)
               0.016663592 = queryNorm
             0.7200581 = fieldWeight in 800, product of:
               1.7320508 = tf(freq=3.0), with freq of:
                 3.0 = termFreq=3.0
               6.651612 = idf(docFreq=155, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=800)
         0.10940056 = weight(abstract_txt:standard in 800) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.10940056 = score(doc=800,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.26173872 = queryWeight, product of:
               3.321565 = boost
               4.7288613 = idf(docFreq=1066, maxDocs=44421)
               0.016663592 = queryNorm
             0.41797623 = fieldWeight in 800, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               4.7288613 = idf(docFreq=1066, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=800)
         0.6222116 = weight(abstract_txt:z39.50 in 800) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.6222116 = score(doc=800,freq=4.0), product of:
             0.734012 = queryWeight, product of:
               6.4954557 = boost
               6.7814865 = idf(docFreq=136, maxDocs=44421)
               0.016663592 = queryNorm
             0.8476858 = fieldWeight in 800, product of:
               2.0 = tf(freq=4.0), with freq of:
                 4.0 = termFreq=4.0
               6.7814865 = idf(docFreq=136, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=800)
       0.4 = coord(10/25)
   

3. Blanchi, C.; Petrone, J.: Distributed interoperable metadata registry (2001) 0.39

   0.38747776 = sum of:
     0.38747776 = product of:
       1.0763271 = sum of:
         0.02310038 = weight(abstract_txt:have in 2228) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.02310038 = score(doc=2228,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.054458536 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.0214813 = boost
               3.199388 = idf(docFreq=4924, maxDocs=44421)
               0.016663592 = queryNorm
             0.4241829 = fieldWeight in 2228, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               3.199388 = idf(docFreq=4924, maxDocs=44421)
               0.09375 = fieldNorm(doc=2228)
         0.00923611 = weight(abstract_txt:that in 2228) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.00923611 = score(doc=2228,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.041658018 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.0570871 = boost
               2.3649352 = idf(docFreq=11344, maxDocs=44421)
               0.016663592 = queryNorm
             0.22171268 = fieldWeight in 2228, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               2.3649352 = idf(docFreq=11344, maxDocs=44421)
               0.09375 = fieldNorm(doc=2228)
         0.009728489 = weight(abstract_txt:this in 2228) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.009728489 = score(doc=2228,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.043125696 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.0755472 = boost
               2.4062347 = idf(docFreq=10885, maxDocs=44421)
               0.016663592 = queryNorm
             0.2255845 = fieldWeight in 2228, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               2.4062347 = idf(docFreq=10885, maxDocs=44421)
               0.09375 = fieldNorm(doc=2228)
         0.012411666 = weight(abstract_txt:with in 2228) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.012411666 = score(doc=2228,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.053038336 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.2751238 = boost
               2.4961398 = idf(docFreq=9949, maxDocs=44421)
               0.016663592 = queryNorm
             0.23401311 = fieldWeight in 2228, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               2.4961398 = idf(docFreq=9949, maxDocs=44421)
               0.09375 = fieldNorm(doc=2228)
         0.06626462 = weight(abstract_txt:standards in 2228) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.06626462 = score(doc=2228,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.14720123 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.8396863 = boost
               4.8017445 = idf(docFreq=991, maxDocs=44421)
               0.016663592 = queryNorm
             0.45016354 = fieldWeight in 2228, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               4.8017445 = idf(docFreq=991, maxDocs=44421)
               0.09375 = fieldNorm(doc=2228)
         0.19674733 = weight(abstract_txt:interoperability in 2228) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.19674733 = score(doc=2228,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.24135308 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.35567 = boost
               6.148508 = idf(docFreq=257, maxDocs=44421)
               0.016663592 = queryNorm
             0.81518465 = fieldWeight in 2228, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               6.148508 = idf(docFreq=257, maxDocs=44421)
               0.09375 = fieldNorm(doc=2228)
         0.17614298 = weight(abstract_txt:protocol in 2228) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.17614298 = score(doc=2228,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.28246662 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.5484235 = boost
               6.651612 = idf(docFreq=155, maxDocs=44421)
               0.016663592 = queryNorm
             0.6235886 = fieldWeight in 2228, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               6.651612 = idf(docFreq=155, maxDocs=44421)
               0.09375 = fieldNorm(doc=2228)
         0.116036825 = weight(abstract_txt:standard in 2228) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.116036825 = score(doc=2228,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.26173872 = queryWeight, product of:
               3.321565 = boost
               4.7288613 = idf(docFreq=1066, maxDocs=44421)
               0.016663592 = queryNorm
             0.44333076 = fieldWeight in 2228, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               4.7288613 = idf(docFreq=1066, maxDocs=44421)
               0.09375 = fieldNorm(doc=2228)
         0.46665868 = weight(abstract_txt:z39.50 in 2228) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.46665868 = score(doc=2228,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.734012 = queryWeight, product of:
               6.4954557 = boost
               6.7814865 = idf(docFreq=136, maxDocs=44421)
               0.016663592 = queryNorm
             0.63576436 = fieldWeight in 2228, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               6.7814865 = idf(docFreq=136, maxDocs=44421)
               0.09375 = fieldNorm(doc=2228)
       0.36 = coord(9/25)
   

4. Corey, J.F.: ¬A grant for Z39.50 (1994) 0.37

   0.3708109 = sum of:
     0.3708109 = product of:
       1.158784 = sum of:
         0.010889624 = weight(abstract_txt:have in 7705) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.010889624 = score(doc=7705,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.054458536 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.0214813 = boost
               3.199388 = idf(docFreq=4924, maxDocs=44421)
               0.016663592 = queryNorm
             0.19996175 = fieldWeight in 7705, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               3.199388 = idf(docFreq=4924, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=7705)
         0.01765714 = weight(abstract_txt:process in 7705) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.01765714 = score(doc=7705,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.06977517 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.0341722 = boost
               4.048922 = idf(docFreq=2105, maxDocs=44421)
               0.016663592 = queryNorm
             0.25305763 = fieldWeight in 7705, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               4.048922 = idf(docFreq=2105, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=7705)
         0.008707888 = weight(abstract_txt:that in 7705) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.008707888 = score(doc=7705,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.041658018 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.0570871 = boost
               2.3649352 = idf(docFreq=11344, maxDocs=44421)
               0.016663592 = queryNorm
             0.20903271 = fieldWeight in 7705, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               2.3649352 = idf(docFreq=11344, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=7705)
         0.006485659 = weight(abstract_txt:this in 7705) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.006485659 = score(doc=7705,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.043125696 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.0755472 = boost
               2.4062347 = idf(docFreq=10885, maxDocs=44421)
               0.016663592 = queryNorm
             0.15038967 = fieldWeight in 7705, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               2.4062347 = idf(docFreq=10885, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=7705)
         0.008274443 = weight(abstract_txt:with in 7705) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.008274443 = score(doc=7705,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.053038336 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.2751238 = boost
               2.4961398 = idf(docFreq=9949, maxDocs=44421)
               0.016663592 = queryNorm
             0.15600874 = fieldWeight in 7705, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               2.4961398 = idf(docFreq=9949, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=7705)
         0.117428645 = weight(abstract_txt:protocol in 7705) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.117428645 = score(doc=7705,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.28246662 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.5484235 = boost
               6.651612 = idf(docFreq=155, maxDocs=44421)
               0.016663592 = queryNorm
             0.41572574 = fieldWeight in 7705, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               6.651612 = idf(docFreq=155, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=7705)
         0.10940056 = weight(abstract_txt:standard in 7705) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.10940056 = score(doc=7705,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.26173872 = queryWeight, product of:
               3.321565 = boost
               4.7288613 = idf(docFreq=1066, maxDocs=44421)
               0.016663592 = queryNorm
             0.41797623 = fieldWeight in 7705, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               4.7288613 = idf(docFreq=1066, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=7705)
         0.87994003 = weight(abstract_txt:z39.50 in 7705) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.87994003 = score(doc=7705,freq=8.0), product of:
             0.734012 = queryWeight, product of:
               6.4954557 = boost
               6.7814865 = idf(docFreq=136, maxDocs=44421)
               0.016663592 = queryNorm
             1.1988088 = fieldWeight in 7705, product of:
               2.828427 = tf(freq=8.0), with freq of:
                 8.0 = termFreq=8.0
               6.7814865 = idf(docFreq=136, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=7705)
       0.32 = coord(8/25)
   

5. East, J.W.: Z39.50 and personal bibliographic software (2003) 0.35

   0.34689757 = sum of:
     0.34689757 = product of:
       1.084055 = sum of:
         0.008107075 = weight(abstract_txt:this in 5783) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.008107075 = score(doc=5783,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.043125696 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.0755472 = boost
               2.4062347 = idf(docFreq=10885, maxDocs=44421)
               0.016663592 = queryNorm
             0.18798709 = fieldWeight in 5783, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               2.4062347 = idf(docFreq=10885, maxDocs=44421)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=5783)
         0.024382131 = weight(abstract_txt:paper in 5783) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.024382131 = score(doc=5783,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.06375121 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.105202 = boost
               3.4616103 = idf(docFreq=3788, maxDocs=44421)
               0.016663592 = queryNorm
             0.38245752 = fieldWeight in 5783, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               3.4616103 = idf(docFreq=3788, maxDocs=44421)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=5783)
         0.014627288 = weight(abstract_txt:with in 5783) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.014627288 = score(doc=5783,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.053038336 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.2751238 = boost
               2.4961398 = idf(docFreq=9949, maxDocs=44421)
               0.016663592 = queryNorm
             0.2757871 = fieldWeight in 5783, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               2.4961398 = idf(docFreq=9949, maxDocs=44421)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=5783)
         0.03511201 = weight(abstract_txt:some in 5783) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.03511201 = score(doc=5783,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.08639161 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.4093661 = boost
               3.6785707 = idf(docFreq=3049, maxDocs=44421)
               0.016663592 = queryNorm
             0.40642846 = fieldWeight in 5783, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               3.6785707 = idf(docFreq=3049, maxDocs=44421)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=5783)
         0.04472617 = weight(abstract_txt:community in 5783) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.04472617 = score(doc=5783,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.12036267 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.5185997 = boost
               4.7564163 = idf(docFreq=1037, maxDocs=44421)
               0.016663592 = queryNorm
             0.37159503 = fieldWeight in 5783, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               4.7564163 = idf(docFreq=1037, maxDocs=44421)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=5783)
         0.14678581 = weight(abstract_txt:protocol in 5783) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.14678581 = score(doc=5783,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.28246662 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.5484235 = boost
               6.651612 = idf(docFreq=155, maxDocs=44421)
               0.016663592 = queryNorm
             0.5196572 = fieldWeight in 5783, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               6.651612 = idf(docFreq=155, maxDocs=44421)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=5783)
         0.1367507 = weight(abstract_txt:standard in 5783) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.1367507 = score(doc=5783,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.26173872 = queryWeight, product of:
               3.321565 = boost
               4.7288613 = idf(docFreq=1066, maxDocs=44421)
               0.016663592 = queryNorm
             0.5224703 = fieldWeight in 5783, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               4.7288613 = idf(docFreq=1066, maxDocs=44421)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=5783)
         0.6735638 = weight(abstract_txt:z39.50 in 5783) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.6735638 = score(doc=5783,freq=3.0), product of:
             0.734012 = queryWeight, product of:
               6.4954557 = boost
               6.7814865 = idf(docFreq=136, maxDocs=44421)
               0.016663592 = queryNorm
             0.9176468 = fieldWeight in 5783, product of:
               1.7320508 = tf(freq=3.0), with freq of:
                 3.0 = termFreq=3.0
               6.7814865 = idf(docFreq=136, maxDocs=44421)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=5783)
       0.32 = coord(8/25)