Document (#32290)

Author

Bar-Ilan, J.
Belous, Y.

Title

Children as architects of Web directories : an exploratory study

Source

Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology. 58(2007) no.6, S.895-907

Year

2007

Abstract

Children are increasingly using the Web. Cognitive theory tells us that directory structures are especially suited for information retrieval by children; however, empirical results show that they prefer keyword searching. One of the reasons for these findings could be that the directory structures and terminology are created by grown-ups. Using a card-sorting method and an enveloping system, we simulated the structure of a directory. Our goal was to try to understand what browsable, hierarchical subject categories children create when suggested terms are supplied and they are free to add or delete terms. Twelve groups of four children each (fourth and fifth graders) participated in our exploratory study. The initial terminology presented to the children was based on names of categories used in popular directories, in the sections on Arts, Television, Music, Cinema, and Celebrities. The children were allowed to introduce additional cards and change the terms appearing on the 61 cards. Findings show that the different groups reached reasonable consensus; the majority of the category names used by existing directories were acceptable by them and only a small minority of the terms caused confusion. Our recommendation is to include children in the design process of directories, not only in designing the interface but also in designing the content structure as well.

Theme

Folksonomies
Klassifikationssysteme im Online-Retrieval
Suchmaschinen
Benutzerstudien

Similar documents (author)

1. Ilan, J. Bar- => Bar-Ilan, J.: 4.29

   4.290662 = sum of:
     4.290662 = weight(author_txt:ilan in 4392) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
       4.290662 = fieldWeight in 4392, product of:
         1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
           2.0 = termFreq=2.0
         8.090549 = idf(docFreq=36, maxDocs=44421)
         0.375 = fieldNorm(doc=4392)
   

2. Ilan, E. Bar- => Bar-Ilan, E.: 4.29

   4.290662 = sum of:
     4.290662 = weight(author_txt:ilan in 4393) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
       4.290662 = fieldWeight in 4393, product of:
         1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
           2.0 = termFreq=2.0
         8.090549 = idf(docFreq=36, maxDocs=44421)
         0.375 = fieldNorm(doc=4393)
   

3. Bar-Ilan, J.: Information hub blogs (2005) 4.05

   4.0452747 = sum of:
     4.0452747 = weight(author_txt:ilan in 193) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
       4.0452747 = fieldWeight in 193, product of:
         1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
           1.0 = termFreq=1.0
         8.090549 = idf(docFreq=36, maxDocs=44421)
         0.5 = fieldNorm(doc=193)
   

4. Bar-Ilan, J.: Evaluating the stability of the search tools Hotbot and Snap : a case study (2000) 4.05

   4.0452747 = sum of:
     4.0452747 = weight(author_txt:ilan in 2180) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
       4.0452747 = fieldWeight in 2180, product of:
         1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
           1.0 = termFreq=1.0
         8.090549 = idf(docFreq=36, maxDocs=44421)
         0.5 = fieldNorm(doc=2180)
   

5. Bar-Ilan, J.: On the overlap, the precision and estimated recall of search engines : a case study of the query 'Erdös' (1998) 4.05

   4.0452747 = sum of:
     4.0452747 = weight(author_txt:ilan in 4753) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
       4.0452747 = fieldWeight in 4753, product of:
         1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
           1.0 = termFreq=1.0
         8.090549 = idf(docFreq=36, maxDocs=44421)
         0.5 = fieldNorm(doc=4753)
   

Similar documents (content)

1. Bilal, D.; Wang, P.: Children's conceptual structures of science categories and the design of Web directories (2005) 0.26

   0.25885242 = sum of:
     0.25885242 = product of:
       1.0785518 = sum of:
         0.016097575 = weight(abstract_txt:findings in 5341) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.016097575 = score(doc=5341,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.062231097 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.0455074 = boost
               4.1387863 = idf(docFreq=1924, maxDocs=44421)
               0.014381604 = queryNorm
             0.25867414 = fieldWeight in 5341, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               4.1387863 = idf(docFreq=1924, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=5341)
         0.006006606 = weight(abstract_txt:that in 5341) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.006006606 = score(doc=5341,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.040637773 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.1948223 = boost
               2.3649352 = idf(docFreq=11344, maxDocs=44421)
               0.014381604 = queryNorm
             0.14780845 = fieldWeight in 5341, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               2.3649352 = idf(docFreq=11344, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=5341)
         0.06812311 = weight(abstract_txt:structures in 5341) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.06812311 = score(doc=5341,freq=5.0), product of:
             0.09521531 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.293233 = boost
               5.1194425 = idf(docFreq=721, maxDocs=44421)
               0.014381604 = queryNorm
             0.7154638 = fieldWeight in 5341, product of:
               2.236068 = tf(freq=5.0), with freq of:
                 5.0 = termFreq=5.0
               5.1194425 = idf(docFreq=721, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=5341)
         0.031521272 = weight(abstract_txt:categories in 5341) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.031521272 = score(doc=5341,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.097402394 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.3080014 = boost
               5.177905 = idf(docFreq=680, maxDocs=44421)
               0.014381604 = queryNorm
             0.32361907 = fieldWeight in 5341, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               5.177905 = idf(docFreq=680, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=5341)
         0.3828364 = weight(abstract_txt:directories in 5341) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.3828364 = score(doc=5341,freq=5.0), product of:
             0.37919503 = queryWeight, product of:
               3.6498053 = boost
               7.2241306 = idf(docFreq=87, maxDocs=44421)
               0.014381604 = queryNorm
             1.0096029 = fieldWeight in 5341, product of:
               2.236068 = tf(freq=5.0), with freq of:
                 5.0 = termFreq=5.0
               7.2241306 = idf(docFreq=87, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=5341)
         0.5739668 = weight(abstract_txt:children in 5341) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.5739668 = score(doc=5341,freq=4.0), product of:
             0.6741528 = queryWeight, product of:
               6.882283 = boost
               6.8111186 = idf(docFreq=132, maxDocs=44421)
               0.014381604 = queryNorm
             0.8513898 = fieldWeight in 5341, product of:
               2.0 = tf(freq=4.0), with freq of:
                 4.0 = termFreq=4.0
               6.8111186 = idf(docFreq=132, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=5341)
       0.24 = coord(6/25)
   

2. Hutchinson, H.B.; Druin, A.; Bederson, B.B.: Supporting elementary-age children's searching and browsing : design and evaluation using the international children's digital library (2007) 0.20

   0.19732454 = sum of:
     0.19732454 = product of:
       0.82218564 = sum of:
         0.017256454 = weight(abstract_txt:only in 1585) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.017256454 = score(doc=1585,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.06518307 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.0700173 = boost
               4.235812 = idf(docFreq=1746, maxDocs=44421)
               0.014381604 = queryNorm
             0.26473826 = fieldWeight in 1585, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               4.235812 = idf(docFreq=1746, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=1585)
         0.018793838 = weight(abstract_txt:structure in 1585) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.018793838 = score(doc=1585,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.06899921 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.1008939 = boost
               4.3580413 = idf(docFreq=1545, maxDocs=44421)
               0.014381604 = queryNorm
             0.27237758 = fieldWeight in 1585, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               4.3580413 = idf(docFreq=1545, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=1585)
         0.008494624 = weight(abstract_txt:that in 1585) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.008494624 = score(doc=1585,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.040637773 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.1948223 = boost
               2.3649352 = idf(docFreq=11344, maxDocs=44421)
               0.014381604 = queryNorm
             0.20903271 = fieldWeight in 1585, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               2.3649352 = idf(docFreq=11344, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=1585)
         0.03009995 = weight(abstract_txt:groups in 1585) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.03009995 = score(doc=1585,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.094451964 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.2880386 = boost
               5.09888 = idf(docFreq=736, maxDocs=44421)
               0.014381604 = queryNorm
             0.31868 = fieldWeight in 1585, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               5.09888 = idf(docFreq=736, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=1585)
         0.044577807 = weight(abstract_txt:categories in 1585) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.044577807 = score(doc=1585,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.097402394 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.3080014 = boost
               5.177905 = idf(docFreq=680, maxDocs=44421)
               0.014381604 = queryNorm
             0.45766646 = fieldWeight in 1585, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               5.177905 = idf(docFreq=680, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=1585)
         0.70296293 = weight(abstract_txt:children in 1585) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.70296293 = score(doc=1585,freq=6.0), product of:
             0.6741528 = queryWeight, product of:
               6.882283 = boost
               6.8111186 = idf(docFreq=132, maxDocs=44421)
               0.014381604 = queryNorm
             1.0427353 = fieldWeight in 1585, product of:
               2.4494898 = tf(freq=6.0), with freq of:
                 6.0 = termFreq=6.0
               6.8111186 = idf(docFreq=132, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=1585)
       0.24 = coord(6/25)
   

3. Bilal, D.; Kirby, J.: Differences and similarities in information seeking : children and adults as Web users (2002) 0.18

   0.17596233 = sum of:
     0.17596233 = product of:
       0.7331764 = sum of:
         0.0140853785 = weight(abstract_txt:findings in 3591) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.0140853785 = score(doc=3591,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.062231097 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.0455074 = boost
               4.1387863 = idf(docFreq=1924, maxDocs=44421)
               0.014381604 = queryNorm
             0.22633988 = fieldWeight in 3591, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               4.1387863 = idf(docFreq=1924, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=3591)
         0.016444607 = weight(abstract_txt:structure in 3591) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.016444607 = score(doc=3591,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.06899921 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.1008939 = boost
               4.3580413 = idf(docFreq=1545, maxDocs=44421)
               0.014381604 = queryNorm
             0.23833038 = fieldWeight in 3591, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               4.3580413 = idf(docFreq=1545, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=3591)
         0.009103278 = weight(abstract_txt:that in 3591) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.009103278 = score(doc=3591,freq=3.0), product of:
             0.040637773 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.1948223 = boost
               2.3649352 = idf(docFreq=11344, maxDocs=44421)
               0.014381604 = queryNorm
             0.22401026 = fieldWeight in 3591, product of:
               1.7320508 = tf(freq=3.0), with freq of:
                 3.0 = termFreq=3.0
               2.3649352 = idf(docFreq=11344, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=3591)
         0.037246786 = weight(abstract_txt:groups in 3591) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.037246786 = score(doc=3591,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.094451964 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.2880386 = boost
               5.09888 = idf(docFreq=736, maxDocs=44421)
               0.014381604 = queryNorm
             0.39434636 = fieldWeight in 3591, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               5.09888 = idf(docFreq=736, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=3591)
         0.09479624 = weight(abstract_txt:directory in 3591) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.09479624 = score(doc=3591,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.25393325 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.5865972 = boost
               6.82627 = idf(docFreq=130, maxDocs=44421)
               0.014381604 = queryNorm
             0.37331164 = fieldWeight in 3591, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               6.82627 = idf(docFreq=130, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=3591)
         0.56150013 = weight(abstract_txt:children in 3591) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.56150013 = score(doc=3591,freq=5.0), product of:
             0.6741528 = queryWeight, product of:
               6.882283 = boost
               6.8111186 = idf(docFreq=132, maxDocs=44421)
               0.014381604 = queryNorm
             0.8328974 = fieldWeight in 3591, product of:
               2.236068 = tf(freq=5.0), with freq of:
                 5.0 = termFreq=5.0
               6.8111186 = idf(docFreq=132, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=3591)
       0.24 = coord(6/25)
   

4. Spink, A.; Danby, S.; Mallan, K.; Butler, C.: Exploring young children's web searching and technoliteracy (2010) 0.17

   0.17480749 = sum of:
     0.17480749 = product of:
       0.87403744 = sum of:
         0.02788182 = weight(abstract_txt:findings in 610) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.02788182 = score(doc=610,freq=3.0), product of:
             0.062231097 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.0455074 = boost
               4.1387863 = idf(docFreq=1924, maxDocs=44421)
               0.014381604 = queryNorm
             0.44803676 = fieldWeight in 610, product of:
               1.7320508 = tf(freq=3.0), with freq of:
                 3.0 = termFreq=3.0
               4.1387863 = idf(docFreq=1924, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=610)
         0.019355038 = weight(abstract_txt:show in 610) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.019355038 = score(doc=610,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.07036605 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.1117444 = boost
               4.400995 = idf(docFreq=1480, maxDocs=44421)
               0.014381604 = queryNorm
             0.27506217 = fieldWeight in 610, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               4.400995 = idf(docFreq=1480, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=610)
         0.006006606 = weight(abstract_txt:that in 610) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.006006606 = score(doc=610,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.040637773 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.1948223 = boost
               2.3649352 = idf(docFreq=11344, maxDocs=44421)
               0.014381604 = queryNorm
             0.14780845 = fieldWeight in 610, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               2.3649352 = idf(docFreq=11344, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=610)
         0.061507292 = weight(abstract_txt:exploratory in 610) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.061507292 = score(doc=610,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.15209615 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.6344908 = boost
               6.470359 = idf(docFreq=186, maxDocs=44421)
               0.014381604 = queryNorm
             0.40439743 = fieldWeight in 610, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               6.470359 = idf(docFreq=186, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=610)
         0.7592867 = weight(abstract_txt:children in 610) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.7592867 = score(doc=610,freq=7.0), product of:
             0.6741528 = queryWeight, product of:
               6.882283 = boost
               6.8111186 = idf(docFreq=132, maxDocs=44421)
               0.014381604 = queryNorm
             1.1262828 = fieldWeight in 610, product of:
               2.6457512 = tf(freq=7.0), with freq of:
                 7.0 = termFreq=7.0
               6.8111186 = idf(docFreq=132, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=610)
       0.2 = coord(5/25)
   

5. Beheshti, J.; Bowler, L.; Large, A.; Nesset, V.: Towards an alternative information retrieval system for children (2005) 0.16

   0.16332497 = sum of:
     0.16332497 = product of:
       0.8166248 = sum of:
         0.04300643 = weight(abstract_txt:twelve in 769) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.04300643 = score(doc=769,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.115205154 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.0058758 = boost
               7.963798 = idf(docFreq=41, maxDocs=44421)
               0.014381604 = queryNorm
             0.37330303 = fieldWeight in 769, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               7.963798 = idf(docFreq=41, maxDocs=44421)
               0.046875 = fieldNorm(doc=769)
         0.06509386 = weight(abstract_txt:fifth in 769) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.06509386 = score(doc=769,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.1205405 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.0289041 = boost
               8.146119 = idf(docFreq=34, maxDocs=44421)
               0.014381604 = queryNorm
             0.54001653 = fieldWeight in 769, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               8.146119 = idf(docFreq=34, maxDocs=44421)
               0.046875 = fieldNorm(doc=769)
         0.01294234 = weight(abstract_txt:only in 769) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.01294234 = score(doc=769,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.06518307 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.0700173 = boost
               4.235812 = idf(docFreq=1746, maxDocs=44421)
               0.014381604 = queryNorm
             0.1985537 = fieldWeight in 769, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               4.235812 = idf(docFreq=1746, maxDocs=44421)
               0.046875 = fieldNorm(doc=769)
         0.014941243 = weight(abstract_txt:that in 769) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.014941243 = score(doc=769,freq=11.0), product of:
             0.040637773 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.1948223 = boost
               2.3649352 = idf(docFreq=11344, maxDocs=44421)
               0.014381604 = queryNorm
             0.36766887 = fieldWeight in 769, product of:
               3.3166249 = tf(freq=11.0), with freq of:
                 11.0 = termFreq=11.0
               2.3649352 = idf(docFreq=11344, maxDocs=44421)
               0.046875 = fieldNorm(doc=769)
         0.68064094 = weight(abstract_txt:children in 769) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.68064094 = score(doc=769,freq=10.0), product of:
             0.6741528 = queryWeight, product of:
               6.882283 = boost
               6.8111186 = idf(docFreq=132, maxDocs=44421)
               0.014381604 = queryNorm
             1.0096241 = fieldWeight in 769, product of:
               3.1622777 = tf(freq=10.0), with freq of:
                 10.0 = termFreq=10.0
               6.8111186 = idf(docFreq=132, maxDocs=44421)
               0.046875 = fieldNorm(doc=769)
       0.2 = coord(5/25)