Document (#32088)

Author

Hung, C.-M.
Chien, L.-F.

Title

Web-based text classification in the absence of manually labeled training documents

Source

Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology. 58(2007) no.1, S.88-96

Year

2007

Abstract

Most text classification techniques assume that manually labeled documents (corpora) can be easily obtained while learning text classifiers. However, labeled training documents are sometimes unavailable or inadequate even if they are available. The goal of this article is to present a self-learned approach to extract high-quality training documents from the Web when the required manually labeled documents are unavailable or of poor quality. To learn a text classifier automatically, we need only a set of user-defined categories and some highly related keywords. Extensive experiments are conducted to evaluate the performance of the proposed approach using the test set from the Reuters-21578 news data set. The experiments show that very promising results can be achieved only by using automatically extracted documents from the Web.

Theme

Automatisches Klassifizieren

Similar documents (content)

1. Ko, Y.; Seo, J.: Text classification from unlabeled documents with bootstrapping and feature projection techniques (2009) 0.39

   0.38582832 = sum of:
     0.38582832 = product of:
       0.96457076 = sum of:
         0.012819198 = weight(abstract_txt:using in 3452) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.012819198 = score(doc=3452,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.05933319 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.0539556 = boost
               3.4568708 = idf(docFreq=3806, maxDocs=44421)
               0.016285168 = queryNorm
             0.21605442 = fieldWeight in 3452, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               3.4568708 = idf(docFreq=3806, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=3452)
         0.08352045 = weight(abstract_txt:classifier in 3452) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.08352045 = score(doc=3452,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.13038641 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.104777 = boost
               7.2471204 = idf(docFreq=85, maxDocs=44421)
               0.016285168 = queryNorm
             0.640561 = fieldWeight in 3452, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               7.2471204 = idf(docFreq=85, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=3452)
         0.04414891 = weight(abstract_txt:classification in 3452) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.04414891 = score(doc=3452,freq=5.0), product of:
             0.07913108 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.2171581 = boost
               3.9921594 = idf(docFreq=2228, maxDocs=44421)
               0.016285168 = queryNorm
             0.55792123 = fieldWeight in 3452, product of:
               2.236068 = tf(freq=5.0), with freq of:
                 5.0 = termFreq=5.0
               3.9921594 = idf(docFreq=2228, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=3452)
         0.023584217 = weight(abstract_txt:only in 3452) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.023584217 = score(doc=3452,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.089085035 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.2914448 = boost
               4.235812 = idf(docFreq=1746, maxDocs=44421)
               0.016285168 = queryNorm
             0.26473826 = fieldWeight in 3452, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               4.235812 = idf(docFreq=1746, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=3452)
         0.0468497 = weight(abstract_txt:experiments in 3452) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.0468497 = score(doc=3452,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.1407759 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.6234452 = boost
               5.324741 = idf(docFreq=587, maxDocs=44421)
               0.016285168 = queryNorm
             0.3327963 = fieldWeight in 3452, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               5.324741 = idf(docFreq=587, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=3452)
         0.07387305 = weight(abstract_txt:automatically in 3452) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.07387305 = score(doc=3452,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.1513693 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.6834195 = boost
               5.521451 = idf(docFreq=482, maxDocs=44421)
               0.016285168 = queryNorm
             0.48803192 = fieldWeight in 3452, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               5.521451 = idf(docFreq=482, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=3452)
         0.06190373 = weight(abstract_txt:training in 3452) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.06190373 = score(doc=3452,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.19404334 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.3343632 = boost
               5.104322 = idf(docFreq=732, maxDocs=44421)
               0.016285168 = queryNorm
             0.31902012 = fieldWeight in 3452, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               5.104322 = idf(docFreq=732, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=3452)
         0.10834751 = weight(abstract_txt:text in 3452) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.10834751 = score(doc=3452,freq=7.0), product of:
             0.1621488 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.4640262 = boost
               4.040882 = idf(docFreq=2122, maxDocs=44421)
               0.016285168 = queryNorm
             0.66819805 = fieldWeight in 3452, product of:
               2.6457512 = tf(freq=7.0), with freq of:
                 7.0 = termFreq=7.0
               4.040882 = idf(docFreq=2122, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=3452)
         0.13052823 = weight(abstract_txt:documents in 3452) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.13052823 = score(doc=3452,freq=4.0), product of:
             0.25324866 = queryWeight, product of:
               3.7714438 = boost
               4.123322 = idf(docFreq=1954, maxDocs=44421)
               0.016285168 = queryNorm
             0.51541525 = fieldWeight in 3452, product of:
               2.0 = tf(freq=4.0), with freq of:
                 4.0 = termFreq=4.0
               4.123322 = idf(docFreq=1954, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=3452)
         0.3789958 = weight(abstract_txt:labeled in 3452) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.3789958 = score(doc=3452,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.5673008 = queryWeight, product of:
               4.608877 = boost
               7.558333 = idf(docFreq=62, maxDocs=44421)
               0.016285168 = queryNorm
             0.6680685 = fieldWeight in 3452, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               7.558333 = idf(docFreq=62, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=3452)
       0.4 = coord(10/25)
   

2. Gauch, S.; Chandramouli, A.; Ranganathan, S.: Training a hierarchical classifier using inter document relationships (2009) 0.34

   0.33636066 = sum of:
     0.33636066 = product of:
       0.8409017 = sum of:
         0.016023997 = weight(abstract_txt:using in 3697) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.016023997 = score(doc=3697,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.05933319 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.0539556 = boost
               3.4568708 = idf(docFreq=3806, maxDocs=44421)
               0.016285168 = queryNorm
             0.27006802 = fieldWeight in 3697, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               3.4568708 = idf(docFreq=3806, maxDocs=44421)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=3697)
         0.10440057 = weight(abstract_txt:classifier in 3697) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.10440057 = score(doc=3697,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.13038641 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.104777 = boost
               7.2471204 = idf(docFreq=85, maxDocs=44421)
               0.016285168 = queryNorm
             0.80070126 = fieldWeight in 3697, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               7.2471204 = idf(docFreq=85, maxDocs=44421)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=3697)
         0.14326225 = weight(abstract_txt:classifiers in 3697) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.14326225 = score(doc=3697,freq=3.0), product of:
             0.14065479 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.1474551 = boost
               7.5270805 = idf(docFreq=64, maxDocs=44421)
               0.016285168 = queryNorm
             1.018538 = fieldWeight in 3697, product of:
               1.7320508 = tf(freq=3.0), with freq of:
                 3.0 = termFreq=3.0
               7.5270805 = idf(docFreq=64, maxDocs=44421)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=3697)
         0.04935998 = weight(abstract_txt:classification in 3697) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.04935998 = score(doc=3697,freq=4.0), product of:
             0.07913108 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.2171581 = boost
               3.9921594 = idf(docFreq=2228, maxDocs=44421)
               0.016285168 = queryNorm
             0.6237749 = fieldWeight in 3697, product of:
               2.0 = tf(freq=4.0), with freq of:
                 4.0 = termFreq=4.0
               3.9921594 = idf(docFreq=2228, maxDocs=44421)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=3697)
         0.017289048 = weight(abstract_txt:from in 3697) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.017289048 = score(doc=3697,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.056708947 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.2619579 = boost
               2.759399 = idf(docFreq=7646, maxDocs=44421)
               0.016285168 = queryNorm
             0.30487338 = fieldWeight in 3697, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               2.759399 = idf(docFreq=7646, maxDocs=44421)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=3697)
         0.05495837 = weight(abstract_txt:quality in 3697) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.05495837 = score(doc=3697,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.107101694 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.4160273 = boost
               4.6444306 = idf(docFreq=1160, maxDocs=44421)
               0.016285168 = queryNorm
             0.51314193 = fieldWeight in 3697, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               4.6444306 = idf(docFreq=1160, maxDocs=44421)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=3697)
         0.06529517 = weight(abstract_txt:automatically in 3697) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.06529517 = score(doc=3697,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.1513693 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.6834195 = boost
               5.521451 = idf(docFreq=482, maxDocs=44421)
               0.016285168 = queryNorm
             0.43136334 = fieldWeight in 3697, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               5.521451 = idf(docFreq=482, maxDocs=44421)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=3697)
         0.15475933 = weight(abstract_txt:training in 3697) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.15475933 = score(doc=3697,freq=4.0), product of:
             0.19404334 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.3343632 = boost
               5.104322 = idf(docFreq=732, maxDocs=44421)
               0.016285168 = queryNorm
             0.7975503 = fieldWeight in 3697, product of:
               2.0 = tf(freq=4.0), with freq of:
                 4.0 = termFreq=4.0
               5.104322 = idf(docFreq=732, maxDocs=44421)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=3697)
         0.07239273 = weight(abstract_txt:text in 3697) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.07239273 = score(doc=3697,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.1621488 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.4640262 = boost
               4.040882 = idf(docFreq=2122, maxDocs=44421)
               0.016285168 = queryNorm
             0.4464586 = fieldWeight in 3697, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               4.040882 = idf(docFreq=2122, maxDocs=44421)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=3697)
         0.16316028 = weight(abstract_txt:documents in 3697) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.16316028 = score(doc=3697,freq=4.0), product of:
             0.25324866 = queryWeight, product of:
               3.7714438 = boost
               4.123322 = idf(docFreq=1954, maxDocs=44421)
               0.016285168 = queryNorm
             0.64426905 = fieldWeight in 3697, product of:
               2.0 = tf(freq=4.0), with freq of:
                 4.0 = termFreq=4.0
               4.123322 = idf(docFreq=1954, maxDocs=44421)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=3697)
       0.4 = coord(10/25)
   

3. Sun, A.; Lim, E.-P.; Ng, W.-K.: Performance measurement framework for hierarchical text classification (2003) 0.30

   0.2995752 = sum of:
     0.2995752 = product of:
       0.748938 = sum of:
         0.059057876 = weight(abstract_txt:classifier in 2808) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.059057876 = score(doc=2808,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.13038641 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.104777 = boost
               7.2471204 = idf(docFreq=85, maxDocs=44421)
               0.016285168 = queryNorm
             0.45294502 = fieldWeight in 2808, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               7.2471204 = idf(docFreq=85, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=2808)
         0.06180177 = weight(abstract_txt:assume in 2808) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.06180177 = score(doc=2808,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.13439436 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.1216284 = boost
               7.357662 = idf(docFreq=76, maxDocs=44421)
               0.016285168 = queryNorm
             0.4598539 = fieldWeight in 2808, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               7.357662 = idf(docFreq=76, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=2808)
         0.1479606 = weight(abstract_txt:classifiers in 2808) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.1479606 = score(doc=2808,freq=5.0), product of:
             0.14065479 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.1474551 = boost
               7.5270805 = idf(docFreq=64, maxDocs=44421)
               0.016285168 = queryNorm
             1.0519415 = fieldWeight in 2808, product of:
               2.236068 = tf(freq=5.0), with freq of:
                 5.0 = termFreq=5.0
               7.5270805 = idf(docFreq=64, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=2808)
         0.067424014 = weight(abstract_txt:reuters in 2808) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.067424014 = score(doc=2808,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.1424263 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.1546584 = boost
               7.574333 = idf(docFreq=61, maxDocs=44421)
               0.016285168 = queryNorm
             0.47339582 = fieldWeight in 2808, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               7.574333 = idf(docFreq=61, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=2808)
         0.048362713 = weight(abstract_txt:classification in 2808) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.048362713 = score(doc=2808,freq=6.0), product of:
             0.07913108 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.2171581 = boost
               3.9921594 = idf(docFreq=2228, maxDocs=44421)
               0.016285168 = queryNorm
             0.61117214 = fieldWeight in 2808, product of:
               2.4494898 = tf(freq=6.0), with freq of:
                 6.0 = termFreq=6.0
               3.9921594 = idf(docFreq=2228, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=2808)
         0.013831238 = weight(abstract_txt:from in 2808) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.013831238 = score(doc=2808,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.056708947 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.2619579 = boost
               2.759399 = idf(docFreq=7646, maxDocs=44421)
               0.016285168 = queryNorm
             0.2438987 = fieldWeight in 2808, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               2.759399 = idf(docFreq=7646, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=2808)
         0.1509955 = weight(abstract_txt:21578 in 2808) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.1509955 = score(doc=2808,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.24379405 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.5106714 = boost
               9.909708 = idf(docFreq=5, maxDocs=44421)
               0.016285168 = queryNorm
             0.61935675 = fieldWeight in 2808, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               9.909708 = idf(docFreq=5, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=2808)
         0.06625548 = weight(abstract_txt:experiments in 2808) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.06625548 = score(doc=2808,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.1407759 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.6234452 = boost
               5.324741 = idf(docFreq=587, maxDocs=44421)
               0.016285168 = queryNorm
             0.47064504 = fieldWeight in 2808, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               5.324741 = idf(docFreq=587, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=2808)
         0.040951513 = weight(abstract_txt:text in 2808) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.040951513 = score(doc=2808,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.1621488 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.4640262 = boost
               4.040882 = idf(docFreq=2122, maxDocs=44421)
               0.016285168 = queryNorm
             0.25255513 = fieldWeight in 2808, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               4.040882 = idf(docFreq=2122, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=2808)
         0.09229739 = weight(abstract_txt:documents in 2808) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.09229739 = score(doc=2808,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.25324866 = queryWeight, product of:
               3.7714438 = boost
               4.123322 = idf(docFreq=1954, maxDocs=44421)
               0.016285168 = queryNorm
             0.3644536 = fieldWeight in 2808, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               4.123322 = idf(docFreq=1954, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=2808)
       0.4 = coord(10/25)
   

4. Giorgetti, D.; Sebastiani, F.: Automating survey coding by multiclass text categorization techniques (2003) 0.24

   0.23648582 = sum of:
     0.23648582 = product of:
       0.59121454 = sum of:
         0.012819198 = weight(abstract_txt:using in 172) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.012819198 = score(doc=172,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.05933319 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.0539556 = boost
               3.4568708 = idf(docFreq=3806, maxDocs=44421)
               0.016285168 = queryNorm
             0.21605442 = fieldWeight in 172, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               3.4568708 = idf(docFreq=3806, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=172)
         0.028143967 = weight(abstract_txt:approach in 172) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.028143967 = score(doc=172,freq=3.0), product of:
             0.06949287 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.1406268 = boost
               3.741144 = idf(docFreq=2864, maxDocs=44421)
               0.016285168 = queryNorm
             0.4049907 = fieldWeight in 172, product of:
               1.7320508 = tf(freq=3.0), with freq of:
                 3.0 = termFreq=3.0
               3.741144 = idf(docFreq=2864, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=172)
         0.0935785 = weight(abstract_txt:classifiers in 172) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.0935785 = score(doc=172,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.14065479 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.1474551 = boost
               7.5270805 = idf(docFreq=64, maxDocs=44421)
               0.016285168 = queryNorm
             0.6653062 = fieldWeight in 172, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               7.5270805 = idf(docFreq=64, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=172)
         0.019560326 = weight(abstract_txt:from in 172) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.019560326 = score(doc=172,freq=4.0), product of:
             0.056708947 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.2619579 = boost
               2.759399 = idf(docFreq=7646, maxDocs=44421)
               0.016285168 = queryNorm
             0.34492487 = fieldWeight in 172, product of:
               2.0 = tf(freq=4.0), with freq of:
                 4.0 = termFreq=4.0
               2.759399 = idf(docFreq=7646, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=172)
         0.023584217 = weight(abstract_txt:only in 172) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.023584217 = score(doc=172,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.089085035 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.2914448 = boost
               4.235812 = idf(docFreq=1746, maxDocs=44421)
               0.016285168 = queryNorm
             0.26473826 = fieldWeight in 172, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               4.235812 = idf(docFreq=1746, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=172)
         0.052236136 = weight(abstract_txt:automatically in 172) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.052236136 = score(doc=172,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.1513693 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.6834195 = boost
               5.521451 = idf(docFreq=482, maxDocs=44421)
               0.016285168 = queryNorm
             0.3450907 = fieldWeight in 172, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               5.521451 = idf(docFreq=482, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=172)
         0.06190373 = weight(abstract_txt:training in 172) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.06190373 = score(doc=172,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.19404334 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.3343632 = boost
               5.104322 = idf(docFreq=732, maxDocs=44421)
               0.016285168 = queryNorm
             0.31902012 = fieldWeight in 172, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               5.104322 = idf(docFreq=732, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=172)
         0.040951513 = weight(abstract_txt:text in 172) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.040951513 = score(doc=172,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.1621488 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.4640262 = boost
               4.040882 = idf(docFreq=2122, maxDocs=44421)
               0.016285168 = queryNorm
             0.25255513 = fieldWeight in 172, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               4.040882 = idf(docFreq=2122, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=172)
         0.19317283 = weight(abstract_txt:manually in 172) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.19317283 = score(doc=172,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.3288831 = queryWeight, product of:
               3.0390642 = boost
               6.6452217 = idf(docFreq=156, maxDocs=44421)
               0.016285168 = queryNorm
             0.58736014 = fieldWeight in 172, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               6.6452217 = idf(docFreq=156, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=172)
         0.06526411 = weight(abstract_txt:documents in 172) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.06526411 = score(doc=172,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.25324866 = queryWeight, product of:
               3.7714438 = boost
               4.123322 = idf(docFreq=1954, maxDocs=44421)
               0.016285168 = queryNorm
             0.25770763 = fieldWeight in 172, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               4.123322 = idf(docFreq=1954, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=172)
       0.4 = coord(10/25)
   

5. Mengle, S.S.R.; Goharian, N.: Ambiguity measure feature-selection algorithm (2009) 0.23

   0.22509508 = sum of:
     0.22509508 = product of:
       0.5627377 = sum of:
         0.022203503 = weight(abstract_txt:using in 3804) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.022203503 = score(doc=3804,freq=3.0), product of:
             0.05933319 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.0539556 = boost
               3.4568708 = idf(docFreq=3806, maxDocs=44421)
               0.016285168 = queryNorm
             0.37421724 = fieldWeight in 3804, product of:
               1.7320508 = tf(freq=3.0), with freq of:
                 3.0 = termFreq=3.0
               3.4568708 = idf(docFreq=3806, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=3804)
         0.13205743 = weight(abstract_txt:classifier in 3804) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.13205743 = score(doc=3804,freq=5.0), product of:
             0.13038641 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.104777 = boost
               7.2471204 = idf(docFreq=85, maxDocs=44421)
               0.016285168 = queryNorm
             1.0128158 = fieldWeight in 3804, product of:
               2.236068 = tf(freq=5.0), with freq of:
                 5.0 = termFreq=5.0
               7.2471204 = idf(docFreq=85, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=3804)
         0.022979451 = weight(abstract_txt:approach in 3804) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.022979451 = score(doc=3804,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.06949287 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.1406268 = boost
               3.741144 = idf(docFreq=2864, maxDocs=44421)
               0.016285168 = queryNorm
             0.33067352 = fieldWeight in 3804, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               3.741144 = idf(docFreq=2864, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=3804)
         0.019743994 = weight(abstract_txt:classification in 3804) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.019743994 = score(doc=3804,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.07913108 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.2171581 = boost
               3.9921594 = idf(docFreq=2228, maxDocs=44421)
               0.016285168 = queryNorm
             0.24950996 = fieldWeight in 3804, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               3.9921594 = idf(docFreq=2228, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=3804)
         0.009780163 = weight(abstract_txt:from in 3804) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.009780163 = score(doc=3804,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.056708947 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.2619579 = boost
               2.759399 = idf(docFreq=7646, maxDocs=44421)
               0.016285168 = queryNorm
             0.17246243 = fieldWeight in 3804, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               2.759399 = idf(docFreq=7646, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=3804)
         0.023584217 = weight(abstract_txt:only in 3804) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.023584217 = score(doc=3804,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.089085035 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.2914448 = boost
               4.235812 = idf(docFreq=1746, maxDocs=44421)
               0.016285168 = queryNorm
             0.26473826 = fieldWeight in 3804, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               4.235812 = idf(docFreq=1746, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=3804)
         0.052236136 = weight(abstract_txt:automatically in 3804) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.052236136 = score(doc=3804,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.1513693 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.6834195 = boost
               5.521451 = idf(docFreq=482, maxDocs=44421)
               0.016285168 = queryNorm
             0.3450907 = fieldWeight in 3804, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               5.521451 = idf(docFreq=482, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=3804)
         0.08754509 = weight(abstract_txt:training in 3804) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.08754509 = score(doc=3804,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.19404334 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.3343632 = boost
               5.104322 = idf(docFreq=732, maxDocs=44421)
               0.016285168 = queryNorm
             0.45116258 = fieldWeight in 3804, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               5.104322 = idf(docFreq=732, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=3804)
         0.10031032 = weight(abstract_txt:text in 3804) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.10031032 = score(doc=3804,freq=6.0), product of:
             0.1621488 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.4640262 = boost
               4.040882 = idf(docFreq=2122, maxDocs=44421)
               0.016285168 = queryNorm
             0.61863124 = fieldWeight in 3804, product of:
               2.4494898 = tf(freq=6.0), with freq of:
                 6.0 = termFreq=6.0
               4.040882 = idf(docFreq=2122, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=3804)
         0.09229739 = weight(abstract_txt:documents in 3804) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.09229739 = score(doc=3804,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.25324866 = queryWeight, product of:
               3.7714438 = boost
               4.123322 = idf(docFreq=1954, maxDocs=44421)
               0.016285168 = queryNorm
             0.3644536 = fieldWeight in 3804, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               4.123322 = idf(docFreq=1954, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=3804)
       0.4 = coord(10/25)