Document (#29580)

Author
Collins-Thompson, K.
Callan, J.
Title
Predicting reading difficulty with statistical language models
Source
Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology. 56(2005) no.13, S.1448-1462
Year
2005
Abstract
A potentially useful feature of information retrieval systems for students is the ability to identify documents that not only are relevant to the query but also match the student's reading level. Manually obtaining an estimate of reading difficulty for each document is not feasible for very large collections, so we require an automated technique. Traditional readability measures, such as the widely used Flesch-Kincaid measure, are simple to apply but perform poorly an Web pages and other nontraditional documents. This work focuses an building a broadly applicable statistical model of text for different reading levels that works for a wide range of documents. To do this, we recast the weIl-studied problem of readability in terms of text categorization and use straightforward techniques from statistical language modeling. We show that with a modified form of text categorization, it is possible to build generally applicable cIassifiers with relatively little training data. We apply this method to the problem of classifying Web pages according to their reading difficulty level and show that by using a mixture model to interpolate evidence of a word's frequency across grades, it is possible to build a classifier that achieves an average root mean squared error of between one and two grade levels for 9 of 12 grades. Such cIassifiers have very efficient implementations and can be applied in many different scenarios. The models can be varied to focus an smaller or larger grade ranges or easily retrained for a variety of tasks or populations.

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  5. Han, K.; Rezapour, R.; Nakamura, K.; Devkota, D.; Miller, D.C.; Diesner, J.: ¬An expert-in-the-loop method for domain-specific document categorization based on small training data (2023) 0.14 
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