Document (#27927)

Author
Kluck, M.
Title
Methoden der Informationsanalyse : Einführung in die empirischen Methoden für die Informationsbedarfsanalyse und die Markt- und Benutzerforschung
Source
Grundlagen der praktischen Information und Dokumentation. 5., völlig neu gefaßte Ausgabe. 2 Bde. Hrsg. von R. Kuhlen, Th. Seeger u. D. Strauch. Begründet von Klaus Laisiepen, Ernst Lutterbeck, Karl-Heinrich Meyer-Uhlenried. Bd.1: Handbuch zur Einführung in die Informationswissenschaft und -praxis
Imprint
München : Saur
Year
2004
Pages
S.271-288
Abstract
Im Bereich der Informationsanalyse, zu der die Benutzerforschung, die Kommunikationsanalyse, die Informationsbedarfsanalyse sowie die Erforschung der Bedienungsfreundlichkeit zu rechnen sind, werden die Methoden der empirischen Sozialforschung angewandt. Unabhängig von der theoretischen Grundausrichtung werden die Verfahrensweisen der quantitativen Sozialforschung weitgehend von allen Theorierichtungen der Sozialwissenschaften gleichermaßen anerkannt. Bei der theoretischen Fundierung der quantitativen Sozialforschung geht man davon aus, dass alle Aussagen einer empirischen Wissenschaft prinzipiell an der Erfahrung scheitern können müssen. Es ist demnach festzustellen: "Aussagen der Erfahrungswissenschaften (Hypothesen, Theorien) sollen über die Realität eines Gegenstandsbereiches, für den sie aufgestellt wurden, informieren. Sie müssen an eben dieser Realität, für die sie gelten sollen, scheitern können. Dieser Anspruch grenzt [quantitative] empirische Theorien von anderen wissenschaftlichen und sonstigen Aussagesystemen ab". Die idealtypische Vorgehensweise für den Entwurf und die Realisierung eines (quantitativen) empirischen Forschungsdesigns ist also nach diesem Ansatz: - Explikation der Theorie oder des theoretisch fundierten Modells, - Formulierung von Hypothesen, - empirischer Test der Hypothesen, - bei Falsifikation: Umformulierung der Hypothesen bzw. Korrektur der Theorie oder des Modells, - bei Verifikation: Verschärfung bzw. Ausdifferenzierung der Testbedingungen und Weiterentwicklung der Theorie oder des Modells. Für die quantitative Sozialforschung gilt: "Die empirische Sozialforschung ermittelt durch Messprozesse Daten über die untersuchte Wirklichkeit, um von dieser Basis Aussagen über soziale Phänomene abzuleiten oder behauptete Zusammenhänge zu überprüfen." Auf der Basis wissenschaftstheoretisch fundierter Kritik an den Methoden und Ergebnissen der quantitativen Sozialforschung haben sich qualitative Untersuchungsansätze etabliert, die gerade in der methodischen Anlage und den Messverfahren der quantitativen Sozialforschung eine Quelle für die unzureichende Erfassung der sozialen Wirklichkeit sehen und einen grundsätzlich anderen theoretischen Ansatz wählen. Dennoch kann man als gemeinsame Gütekriterien für beide Theorierichtungen die Zunahme an empirischem Gehalt, die Erhöhung der internen Konsistenz und die Steigerung der Anschlussfähigkeit formulieren. Inzwischen haben sich interessante Diskussionen über die Möglichkeit und Zulässigkeit der Kombination von quantitativen und qualitativen Methoden ergeben, oft wird dabei von Methoden-Triangulation gesprochen. Zu den qualitativen Auswertungsverfahren siehe die unten stehenden Abschnitte. In der folgenden Darstellung werden primär die quantitativen Methoden behandelt, andernfalls wird dies ausdrücklich vermerkt. Der Schwerpunkt der Darstellung liegt auf den praxisrelevanten Grundlagen empirischer Sozialforschung; die theoretische Fundierung und Diskussionen sind der zitierten Literatur zu entnehmen.

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