Document (#25446)

Author
Niemann, H.
Title
Auch für das Gehirn gibt es ein Tempolimit : Göttinger Forscher entdecken Geschwindigkeitsbegrenzung des Denkens / Nervenzellen habe keine universale Schaltzentrale
Source
Frankfurter Rundschau. Nr.71 vom 24.3.2004, S.16
Year
2004
Series
Aus aller Welt
Abstract
Auch wer blitzgescheit ist, kann nicht unbegrenzt schnell denken. Nach jüngsten Forschungsergebnissen gibt es im Gehirn eine Maximalgeschwindigkeit, die auch bei größter Anstrengung des Denkens nicht überschritten werden kann.
Content
"Neurophysiker des Göttinger Max-Planck-Instituts für Strömungsforschung und der Fakultät für Physik der Universität Göttingen haben herausgefunden, dass der Grund für das "Tempolimit" im Gehirn die komplizierte Struktur des Oberstübchens ist: Da nicht alle Nervenzellen direkt miteinander verbunden sind, sondern viele nur indirekt kommunizieren können, braucht es eine gewisse Zeit, bis elektrische Impulse an alle Adressaten gelangen. Je stärker die Vernetzung ist, desto höher ist auch die Denkgeschwindigkeit. Die Forschergruppe um Professor Theo Geisel, Direktor am Max-Planck-Institut für Strömungsforschung, hat an Modellen neuronaler Netzwerke im Hirn untersucht, wie schnell Nervenzellen ihre Aktivität koordinieren können. "Anders als im Telefonnetz gibt es im Gehirn keine Schaltzentrale"; erläutert der Neurophysiker Fred Wolf. Deshalb könne auch nicht jede Nervenzelle mit jeder anderen kommunizieren, sondern jede Zelle verfüge nur über eine begrenzte Zahl von direkten "Gesprächspartnern": Damit ihre in Form von elektrischen Impulsen abgesandten Signale auch bei anderen Zellen landen können, müssen sie über Vermittlungsstellen weitertransportiert werden, ehe es zu einer Synchronisation kommen kann. Bei ihren Untersuchungen benutzten die Göttinger Forscher das mathematische Modell der so genannten Zufalls-Matrizen. Dabei stellten sie fest, dass die Geschwindigkeit der Signalübertragung von der Ver schaltung der "Telefonleitungen" im Hirn abhängt: Je mehr Verbindungen bestehen und je komplexer die Verschaltung ist, umso schneller klappt die Verständigung. Dies bedeutet, dass nur eine hochgradige Vernetzung, wie sie beispielsweise in der menschlichen Großhirnrinde zu finden ist, einen schnellen Informationsaustausch ermöglicht. Allerdings lässt sich diese Dynamik des Denkens nicht ins Unendliche steigern, Selbst bei beliebig starken Synapsenverbindungen gebe es eine Tempo-Höchstgrenze, die nicht überschritten werden könne, sagt Wolf. Auch Denken braucht eben seine Zeit."
Footnote
Vgl.: www.mpisf.mpg.de
Field
Kognitionswissenschaft

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