Document (#25036)

Author

Ponte, J.M.

Title

Language models for relevance feedback

Source

Advances in information retrieval: Recent research from the Center for Intelligent Information Retrieval. Ed.: W.B. Croft

Imprint

Boston, MA : Kluwer Academic Publ.

Year

2000

Pages

S.73-95

Series

The Kluwer international series on information retrieval; 7

Abstract

The language modeling approach to Information Retrieval (IR) is a conceptually simple model of IR originally developed by Ponte and Croft (1998). In this approach, the query is treated as a random event and documents are ranked according to the likelihood that the query would be generated via a language model estimated for each document. The intuition behind this approach is that users have a prototypical document in mind and will choose query terms accordingly. The intuitive appeal of this method is that inferences about the semantic content of documents do not need to be made resulting in a conceptually simple model. In this paper, techniques for relevance feedback and routing are derived from the language modeling approach in a straightforward manner and their effectiveness is demonstrated empirically. These experiments demonstrate further proof of concept for the language modeling approach to retrieval

Theme

Computerlinguistik
Retrievalalgorithmen

Similar documents (content)

1. Li, X.: ¬A new robust relevance model in the language model framework (2008) 0.42

   0.41923684 = sum of:
     0.41923684 = product of:
       0.952811 = sum of:
         0.012941211 = weight(abstract_txt:that in 2076) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.012941211 = score(doc=2076,freq=3.0), product of:
             0.050452437 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.3694751 = idf(docFreq=11241, maxDocs=44218)
               0.021292664 = queryNorm
             0.2565032 = fieldWeight in 2076, product of:
               1.7320508 = tf(freq=3.0), with freq of:
                 3.0 = termFreq=3.0
               2.3694751 = idf(docFreq=11241, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=2076)
         0.04539738 = weight(abstract_txt:documents in 2076) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.04539738 = score(doc=2076,freq=3.0), product of:
             0.10175497 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.1595544 = boost
               4.1213026 = idf(docFreq=1949, maxDocs=44218)
               0.021292664 = queryNorm
             0.44614407 = fieldWeight in 2076, product of:
               1.7320508 = tf(freq=3.0), with freq of:
                 3.0 = termFreq=3.0
               4.1213026 = idf(docFreq=1949, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=2076)
         0.041883733 = weight(abstract_txt:document in 2076) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.041883733 = score(doc=2076,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.11038984 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.2077522 = boost
               4.2926083 = idf(docFreq=1642, maxDocs=44218)
               0.021292664 = queryNorm
             0.37941656 = fieldWeight in 2076, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               4.2926083 = idf(docFreq=1642, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=2076)
         0.16653898 = weight(abstract_txt:croft in 2076) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.16653898 = score(doc=2076,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.27706146 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.3529644 = boost
               9.617446 = idf(docFreq=7, maxDocs=44218)
               0.021292664 = queryNorm
             0.6010904 = fieldWeight in 2076, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               9.617446 = idf(docFreq=7, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=2076)
         0.010521509 = weight(abstract_txt:this in 2076) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.010521509 = score(doc=2076,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.06976499 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.3578352 = boost
               2.4130175 = idf(docFreq=10762, maxDocs=44218)
               0.021292664 = queryNorm
             0.1508136 = fieldWeight in 2076, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               2.4130175 = idf(docFreq=10762, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=2076)
         0.1420351 = weight(abstract_txt:relevance in 2076) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.1420351 = score(doc=2076,freq=10.0), product of:
             0.14571558 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.3876064 = boost
               4.931848 = idf(docFreq=866, maxDocs=44218)
               0.021292664 = queryNorm
             0.97474205 = fieldWeight in 2076, product of:
               3.1622777 = tf(freq=10.0), with freq of:
                 10.0 = termFreq=10.0
               4.931848 = idf(docFreq=866, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=2076)
         0.1362174 = weight(abstract_txt:feedback in 2076) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.1362174 = score(doc=2076,freq=3.0), product of:
             0.21168503 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.6724702 = boost
               5.9443145 = idf(docFreq=314, maxDocs=44218)
               0.021292664 = queryNorm
             0.6434909 = fieldWeight in 2076, product of:
               1.7320508 = tf(freq=3.0), with freq of:
                 3.0 = termFreq=3.0
               5.9443145 = idf(docFreq=314, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=2076)
         0.11798929 = weight(abstract_txt:model in 2076) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.11798929 = score(doc=2076,freq=11.0), product of:
             0.14279185 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.6823279 = boost
               3.986234 = idf(docFreq=2231, maxDocs=44218)
               0.021292664 = queryNorm
             0.82630265 = fieldWeight in 2076, product of:
               3.3166249 = tf(freq=11.0), with freq of:
                 11.0 = termFreq=11.0
               3.986234 = idf(docFreq=2231, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=2076)
         0.060335223 = weight(abstract_txt:query in 2076) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.060335223 = score(doc=2076,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.20307349 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.0062523 = boost
               4.7537646 = idf(docFreq=1035, maxDocs=44218)
               0.021292664 = queryNorm
             0.2971103 = fieldWeight in 2076, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               4.7537646 = idf(docFreq=1035, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=2076)
         0.1221232 = weight(abstract_txt:modeling in 2076) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.1221232 = score(doc=2076,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.32494116 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.5378227 = boost
               6.0133076 = idf(docFreq=293, maxDocs=44218)
               0.021292664 = queryNorm
             0.37583172 = fieldWeight in 2076, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               6.0133076 = idf(docFreq=293, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=2076)
         0.096828006 = weight(abstract_txt:language in 2076) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.096828006 = score(doc=2076,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.26194665 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.9416413 = boost
               4.1820874 = idf(docFreq=1834, maxDocs=44218)
               0.021292664 = queryNorm
             0.3696478 = fieldWeight in 2076, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               4.1820874 = idf(docFreq=1834, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=2076)
       0.44 = coord(11/25)
   

2. Dang, E.K.F.; Luk, R.W.P.; Allan, J.: ¬A context-dependent relevance model (2016) 0.37

   0.3674684 = sum of:
     0.3674684 = product of:
       0.8351554 = sum of:
         0.010566455 = weight(abstract_txt:that in 2778) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.010566455 = score(doc=2778,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.050452437 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.3694751 = idf(docFreq=11241, maxDocs=44218)
               0.021292664 = queryNorm
             0.20943399 = fieldWeight in 2778, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               2.3694751 = idf(docFreq=11241, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=2778)
         0.026210189 = weight(abstract_txt:documents in 2778) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.026210189 = score(doc=2778,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.10175497 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.1595544 = boost
               4.1213026 = idf(docFreq=1949, maxDocs=44218)
               0.021292664 = queryNorm
             0.2575814 = fieldWeight in 2778, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               4.1213026 = idf(docFreq=1949, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=2778)
         0.041883733 = weight(abstract_txt:document in 2778) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.041883733 = score(doc=2778,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.11038984 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.2077522 = boost
               4.2926083 = idf(docFreq=1642, maxDocs=44218)
               0.021292664 = queryNorm
             0.37941656 = fieldWeight in 2778, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               4.2926083 = idf(docFreq=1642, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=2778)
         0.01487966 = weight(abstract_txt:this in 2778) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.01487966 = score(doc=2778,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.06976499 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.3578352 = boost
               2.4130175 = idf(docFreq=10762, maxDocs=44218)
               0.021292664 = queryNorm
             0.21328263 = fieldWeight in 2778, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               2.4130175 = idf(docFreq=10762, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=2778)
         0.10043398 = weight(abstract_txt:relevance in 2778) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.10043398 = score(doc=2778,freq=5.0), product of:
             0.14571558 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.3876064 = boost
               4.931848 = idf(docFreq=866, maxDocs=44218)
               0.021292664 = queryNorm
             0.6892467 = fieldWeight in 2778, product of:
               2.236068 = tf(freq=5.0), with freq of:
                 5.0 = termFreq=5.0
               4.931848 = idf(docFreq=866, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=2778)
         0.1572903 = weight(abstract_txt:feedback in 2778) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.1572903 = score(doc=2778,freq=4.0), product of:
             0.21168503 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.6724702 = boost
               5.9443145 = idf(docFreq=314, maxDocs=44218)
               0.021292664 = queryNorm
             0.7430393 = fieldWeight in 2778, product of:
               2.0 = tf(freq=4.0), with freq of:
                 4.0 = termFreq=4.0
               5.9443145 = idf(docFreq=314, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=2778)
         0.07115021 = weight(abstract_txt:model in 2778) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.07115021 = score(doc=2778,freq=4.0), product of:
             0.14279185 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.6823279 = boost
               3.986234 = idf(docFreq=2231, maxDocs=44218)
               0.021292664 = queryNorm
             0.49827924 = fieldWeight in 2778, product of:
               2.0 = tf(freq=4.0), with freq of:
                 4.0 = termFreq=4.0
               3.986234 = idf(docFreq=2231, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=2778)
         0.10450367 = weight(abstract_txt:query in 2778) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.10450367 = score(doc=2778,freq=3.0), product of:
             0.20307349 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.0062523 = boost
               4.7537646 = idf(docFreq=1035, maxDocs=44218)
               0.021292664 = queryNorm
             0.5146101 = fieldWeight in 2778, product of:
               1.7320508 = tf(freq=3.0), with freq of:
                 3.0 = termFreq=3.0
               4.7537646 = idf(docFreq=1035, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=2778)
         0.1221232 = weight(abstract_txt:modeling in 2778) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.1221232 = score(doc=2778,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.32494116 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.5378227 = boost
               6.0133076 = idf(docFreq=293, maxDocs=44218)
               0.021292664 = queryNorm
             0.37583172 = fieldWeight in 2778, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               6.0133076 = idf(docFreq=293, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=2778)
         0.0491786 = weight(abstract_txt:approach in 2778) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.0491786 = score(doc=2778,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.21009044 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.6344287 = boost
               3.745328 = idf(docFreq=2839, maxDocs=44218)
               0.021292664 = queryNorm
             0.234083 = fieldWeight in 2778, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               3.745328 = idf(docFreq=2839, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=2778)
         0.13693547 = weight(abstract_txt:language in 2778) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.13693547 = score(doc=2778,freq=4.0), product of:
             0.26194665 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.9416413 = boost
               4.1820874 = idf(docFreq=1834, maxDocs=44218)
               0.021292664 = queryNorm
             0.5227609 = fieldWeight in 2778, product of:
               2.0 = tf(freq=4.0), with freq of:
                 4.0 = termFreq=4.0
               4.1820874 = idf(docFreq=1834, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=2778)
       0.44 = coord(11/25)
   

3. Meij, E.; Trieschnigg, D.; Rijke, M. de; Kraaij, W.: Conceptual language models for domain-specific retrieval (2010) 0.35

   0.34609357 = sum of:
     0.34609357 = product of:
       0.8652339 = sum of:
         0.007471612 = weight(abstract_txt:that in 4238) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.007471612 = score(doc=4238,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.050452437 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.3694751 = idf(docFreq=11241, maxDocs=44218)
               0.021292664 = queryNorm
             0.1480922 = fieldWeight in 4238, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               2.3694751 = idf(docFreq=11241, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=4238)
         0.026210189 = weight(abstract_txt:documents in 4238) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.026210189 = score(doc=4238,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.10175497 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.1595544 = boost
               4.1213026 = idf(docFreq=1949, maxDocs=44218)
               0.021292664 = queryNorm
             0.2575814 = fieldWeight in 4238, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               4.1213026 = idf(docFreq=1949, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=4238)
         0.01487966 = weight(abstract_txt:this in 4238) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.01487966 = score(doc=4238,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.06976499 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.3578352 = boost
               2.4130175 = idf(docFreq=10762, maxDocs=44218)
               0.021292664 = queryNorm
             0.21328263 = fieldWeight in 4238, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               2.4130175 = idf(docFreq=10762, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=4238)
         0.10043398 = weight(abstract_txt:relevance in 4238) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.10043398 = score(doc=4238,freq=5.0), product of:
             0.14571558 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.3876064 = boost
               4.931848 = idf(docFreq=866, maxDocs=44218)
               0.021292664 = queryNorm
             0.6892467 = fieldWeight in 4238, product of:
               2.236068 = tf(freq=5.0), with freq of:
                 5.0 = termFreq=5.0
               4.931848 = idf(docFreq=866, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=4238)
         0.1572903 = weight(abstract_txt:feedback in 4238) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.1572903 = score(doc=4238,freq=4.0), product of:
             0.21168503 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.6724702 = boost
               5.9443145 = idf(docFreq=314, maxDocs=44218)
               0.021292664 = queryNorm
             0.7430393 = fieldWeight in 4238, product of:
               2.0 = tf(freq=4.0), with freq of:
                 4.0 = termFreq=4.0
               5.9443145 = idf(docFreq=314, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=4238)
         0.050310798 = weight(abstract_txt:model in 4238) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.050310798 = score(doc=4238,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.14279185 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.6823279 = boost
               3.986234 = idf(docFreq=2231, maxDocs=44218)
               0.021292664 = queryNorm
             0.35233662 = fieldWeight in 4238, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               3.986234 = idf(docFreq=2231, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=4238)
         0.14779052 = weight(abstract_txt:query in 4238) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.14779052 = score(doc=4238,freq=6.0), product of:
             0.20307349 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.0062523 = boost
               4.7537646 = idf(docFreq=1035, maxDocs=44218)
               0.021292664 = queryNorm
             0.72776866 = fieldWeight in 4238, product of:
               2.4494898 = tf(freq=6.0), with freq of:
                 6.0 = termFreq=6.0
               4.7537646 = idf(docFreq=1035, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=4238)
         0.17270827 = weight(abstract_txt:modeling in 4238) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.17270827 = score(doc=4238,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.32494116 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.5378227 = boost
               6.0133076 = idf(docFreq=293, maxDocs=44218)
               0.021292664 = queryNorm
             0.5315063 = fieldWeight in 4238, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               6.0133076 = idf(docFreq=293, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=4238)
         0.06954904 = weight(abstract_txt:approach in 4238) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.06954904 = score(doc=4238,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.21009044 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.6344287 = boost
               3.745328 = idf(docFreq=2839, maxDocs=44218)
               0.021292664 = queryNorm
             0.33104333 = fieldWeight in 4238, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               3.745328 = idf(docFreq=2839, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=4238)
         0.1185896 = weight(abstract_txt:language in 4238) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.1185896 = score(doc=4238,freq=3.0), product of:
             0.26194665 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.9416413 = boost
               4.1820874 = idf(docFreq=1834, maxDocs=44218)
               0.021292664 = queryNorm
             0.45272425 = fieldWeight in 4238, product of:
               1.7320508 = tf(freq=3.0), with freq of:
                 3.0 = termFreq=3.0
               4.1820874 = idf(docFreq=1834, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=4238)
       0.4 = coord(10/25)
   

4. Larkey, L.S.; Connell, M.E.: Structured queries, language modelling, and relevance modelling in cross-language information retrieval (2005) 0.30

   0.30219567 = sum of:
     0.30219567 = product of:
       0.94436145 = sum of:
         0.012941211 = weight(abstract_txt:that in 1022) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.012941211 = score(doc=1022,freq=3.0), product of:
             0.050452437 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.3694751 = idf(docFreq=11241, maxDocs=44218)
               0.021292664 = queryNorm
             0.2565032 = fieldWeight in 1022, product of:
               1.7320508 = tf(freq=3.0), with freq of:
                 3.0 = termFreq=3.0
               2.3694751 = idf(docFreq=11241, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=1022)
         0.10043398 = weight(abstract_txt:relevance in 1022) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.10043398 = score(doc=1022,freq=5.0), product of:
             0.14571558 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.3876064 = boost
               4.931848 = idf(docFreq=866, maxDocs=44218)
               0.021292664 = queryNorm
             0.6892467 = fieldWeight in 1022, product of:
               2.236068 = tf(freq=5.0), with freq of:
                 5.0 = termFreq=5.0
               4.931848 = idf(docFreq=866, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=1022)
         0.11122104 = weight(abstract_txt:feedback in 1022) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.11122104 = score(doc=1022,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.21168503 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.6724702 = boost
               5.9443145 = idf(docFreq=314, maxDocs=44218)
               0.021292664 = queryNorm
             0.52540815 = fieldWeight in 1022, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               5.9443145 = idf(docFreq=314, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=1022)
         0.035575107 = weight(abstract_txt:model in 1022) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.035575107 = score(doc=1022,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.14279185 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.6823279 = boost
               3.986234 = idf(docFreq=2231, maxDocs=44218)
               0.021292664 = queryNorm
             0.24913962 = fieldWeight in 1022, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               3.986234 = idf(docFreq=2231, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=1022)
         0.14779052 = weight(abstract_txt:query in 1022) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.14779052 = score(doc=1022,freq=6.0), product of:
             0.20307349 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.0062523 = boost
               4.7537646 = idf(docFreq=1035, maxDocs=44218)
               0.021292664 = queryNorm
             0.72776866 = fieldWeight in 1022, product of:
               2.4494898 = tf(freq=6.0), with freq of:
                 6.0 = termFreq=6.0
               4.7537646 = idf(docFreq=1035, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=1022)
         0.29913953 = weight(abstract_txt:modeling in 1022) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.29913953 = score(doc=1022,freq=6.0), product of:
             0.32494116 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.5378227 = boost
               6.0133076 = idf(docFreq=293, maxDocs=44218)
               0.021292664 = queryNorm
             0.920596 = fieldWeight in 1022, product of:
               2.4494898 = tf(freq=6.0), with freq of:
                 6.0 = termFreq=6.0
               6.0133076 = idf(docFreq=293, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=1022)
         0.06954904 = weight(abstract_txt:approach in 1022) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.06954904 = score(doc=1022,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.21009044 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.6344287 = boost
               3.745328 = idf(docFreq=2839, maxDocs=44218)
               0.021292664 = queryNorm
             0.33104333 = fieldWeight in 1022, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               3.745328 = idf(docFreq=2839, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=1022)
         0.16771102 = weight(abstract_txt:language in 1022) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.16771102 = score(doc=1022,freq=6.0), product of:
             0.26194665 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.9416413 = boost
               4.1820874 = idf(docFreq=1834, maxDocs=44218)
               0.021292664 = queryNorm
             0.6402488 = fieldWeight in 1022, product of:
               2.4494898 = tf(freq=6.0), with freq of:
                 6.0 = termFreq=6.0
               4.1820874 = idf(docFreq=1834, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=1022)
       0.32 = coord(8/25)
   

5. Liu, X.; Croft, W.B.: Statistical language modeling for information retrieval (2004) 0.30

   0.29785898 = sum of:
     0.29785898 = product of:
       0.827386 = sum of:
         0.013075322 = weight(abstract_txt:that in 4277) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.013075322 = score(doc=4277,freq=4.0), product of:
             0.050452437 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.3694751 = idf(docFreq=11241, maxDocs=44218)
               0.021292664 = queryNorm
             0.25916135 = fieldWeight in 4277, product of:
               2.0 = tf(freq=4.0), with freq of:
                 4.0 = termFreq=4.0
               2.3694751 = idf(docFreq=11241, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=4277)
         0.07016391 = weight(abstract_txt:likelihood in 4277) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.07016391 = score(doc=4277,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.17020383 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.0604323 = boost
               7.538004 = idf(docFreq=63, maxDocs=44218)
               0.021292664 = queryNorm
             0.4122346 = fieldWeight in 4277, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               7.538004 = idf(docFreq=63, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=4277)
         0.07246002 = weight(abstract_txt:estimated in 4277) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.07246002 = score(doc=4277,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.17389715 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.0718759 = boost
               7.61935 = idf(docFreq=58, maxDocs=44218)
               0.021292664 = queryNorm
             0.4166832 = fieldWeight in 4277, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               7.61935 = idf(docFreq=58, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=4277)
         0.03664827 = weight(abstract_txt:document in 4277) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.03664827 = score(doc=4277,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.11038984 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.2077522 = boost
               4.2926083 = idf(docFreq=1642, maxDocs=44218)
               0.021292664 = queryNorm
             0.3319895 = fieldWeight in 4277, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               4.2926083 = idf(docFreq=1642, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=4277)
         0.013019702 = weight(abstract_txt:this in 4277) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.013019702 = score(doc=4277,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.06976499 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.3578352 = boost
               2.4130175 = idf(docFreq=10762, maxDocs=44218)
               0.021292664 = queryNorm
             0.1866223 = fieldWeight in 4277, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               2.4130175 = idf(docFreq=10762, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=4277)
         0.069604814 = weight(abstract_txt:model in 4277) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.069604814 = score(doc=4277,freq=5.0), product of:
             0.14279185 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.6823279 = boost
               3.986234 = idf(docFreq=2231, maxDocs=44218)
               0.021292664 = queryNorm
             0.4874565 = fieldWeight in 4277, product of:
               2.236068 = tf(freq=5.0), with freq of:
                 5.0 = termFreq=5.0
               3.986234 = idf(docFreq=2231, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=4277)
         0.074661024 = weight(abstract_txt:query in 4277) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.074661024 = score(doc=4277,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.20307349 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.0062523 = boost
               4.7537646 = idf(docFreq=1035, maxDocs=44218)
               0.021292664 = queryNorm
             0.36765522 = fieldWeight in 4277, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               4.7537646 = idf(docFreq=1035, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=4277)
         0.2617471 = weight(abstract_txt:modeling in 4277) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.2617471 = score(doc=4277,freq=6.0), product of:
             0.32494116 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.5378227 = boost
               6.0133076 = idf(docFreq=293, maxDocs=44218)
               0.021292664 = queryNorm
             0.8055215 = fieldWeight in 4277, product of:
               2.4494898 = tf(freq=6.0), with freq of:
                 6.0 = termFreq=6.0
               6.0133076 = idf(docFreq=293, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=4277)
         0.21600595 = weight(abstract_txt:language in 4277) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.21600595 = score(doc=4277,freq=13.0), product of:
             0.26194665 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.9416413 = boost
               4.1820874 = idf(docFreq=1834, maxDocs=44218)
               0.021292664 = queryNorm
             0.8246181 = fieldWeight in 4277, product of:
               3.6055512 = tf(freq=13.0), with freq of:
                 13.0 = termFreq=13.0
               4.1820874 = idf(docFreq=1834, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=4277)
       0.36 = coord(9/25)