Document (#24609)

Author

Berendt, B.

Title

Spatial thinking with geographic maps : an empirical study

Source

Herausforderungen an die Wissensorganisation: Visualisierung, multimediale Dokumente, Internetstrukturen. 5. Tagung der Deutschen Sektion der Internationalen Gesellschaft für Wissensorganisation Berlin, 07.-10. Oktober 1997. Hrsg.: H. Czap u.a

Imprint

Würzburg : Ergon Verlag

Year

1998

Pages

S.63-74

Series

Fortschritte in der Wissensorganisation; Bd.5

Abstract

Geographic maps are a well-established way of representing domain-specific knowledge in a way which integrates symbolic and pictorial representation. This paper proposes an interdisciplinary approach to the understanding of how maps represent and organise knowledge, combining artificial intelligence knowledge representation theory with empirical findings and methods from cognitive psychology. Schematic maps represent knowledge in a different way than topographic or city maps; in particular, distances and directions cannot be evaluated in the same way as in topographic or city maps. However, information from different types of maps must often be combined to answer everyday questions. An inference task involving such a combination, in order to locate a train station shown in a schematic map with respect to a part of a city map, was analysed theoretically with respect to how location judgments change with assumptions about what spatial information is contained in the schematic map. The same task was investigated empirically in a study in which subjects were asked to locate a train station and to describe their thinking in a subsequent verbal report. Results indicate that subjects' judgements and verbal reports can be grouped according to the theoretical analysis

Theme

Suchoberflächen

Similar documents (content)

1. Hill, L.L.: Geographic indexing for bibliographic databases (1989) 0.15

   0.14825718 = sum of:
     0.14825718 = product of:
       0.74128586 = sum of:
         0.035782028 = weight(abstract_txt:same in 3716) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.035782028 = score(doc=3716,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.080487005 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.270079 = boost
               4.7420692 = idf(docFreq=1052, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0133637125 = queryNorm
             0.444569 = fieldWeight in 3716, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               4.7420692 = idf(docFreq=1052, maxDocs=44421)
               0.09375 = fieldNorm(doc=3716)
         0.16405687 = weight(abstract_txt:geographic in 3716) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.16405687 = score(doc=3716,freq=3.0), product of:
             0.15401807 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.756927 = boost
               6.559804 = idf(docFreq=170, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0133637125 = queryNorm
             1.0651793 = fieldWeight in 3716, product of:
               1.7320508 = tf(freq=3.0), with freq of:
                 3.0 = termFreq=3.0
               6.559804 = idf(docFreq=170, maxDocs=44421)
               0.09375 = fieldNorm(doc=3716)
         0.10602702 = weight(abstract_txt:spatial in 3716) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.10602702 = score(doc=3716,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.1660454 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.8242371 = boost
               6.8111186 = idf(docFreq=132, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0133637125 = queryNorm
             0.63854235 = fieldWeight in 3716, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               6.8111186 = idf(docFreq=132, maxDocs=44421)
               0.09375 = fieldNorm(doc=3716)
         0.26270482 = weight(abstract_txt:topographic in 3716) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.26270482 = score(doc=3716,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.30403796 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.4684923 = boost
               9.216561 = idf(docFreq=11, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0133637125 = queryNorm
             0.86405265 = fieldWeight in 3716, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               9.216561 = idf(docFreq=11, maxDocs=44421)
               0.09375 = fieldNorm(doc=3716)
         0.17271511 = weight(abstract_txt:city in 3716) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.17271511 = score(doc=3716,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.26314783 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.812635 = boost
               7.000987 = idf(docFreq=109, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0133637125 = queryNorm
             0.6563425 = fieldWeight in 3716, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               7.000987 = idf(docFreq=109, maxDocs=44421)
               0.09375 = fieldNorm(doc=3716)
       0.2 = coord(5/25)
   

2. Franklin, C.: ¬An introduction to geographic information systems : linking maps to databases (1992) 0.15

   0.14766678 = sum of:
     0.14766678 = product of:
       0.92291737 = sum of:
         0.021744862 = weight(abstract_txt:with in 974) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.021744862 = score(doc=974,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.055752937 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.6713667 = boost
               2.4961398 = idf(docFreq=9949, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0133637125 = queryNorm
             0.39002183 = fieldWeight in 974, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               2.4961398 = idf(docFreq=9949, maxDocs=44421)
               0.15625 = fieldNorm(doc=974)
         0.15786381 = weight(abstract_txt:geographic in 974) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.15786381 = score(doc=974,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.15401807 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.756927 = boost
               6.559804 = idf(docFreq=170, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0133637125 = queryNorm
             1.0249693 = fieldWeight in 974, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               6.559804 = idf(docFreq=170, maxDocs=44421)
               0.15625 = fieldNorm(doc=974)
         0.1767117 = weight(abstract_txt:spatial in 974) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.1767117 = score(doc=974,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.1660454 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.8242371 = boost
               6.8111186 = idf(docFreq=132, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0133637125 = queryNorm
             1.0642372 = fieldWeight in 974, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               6.8111186 = idf(docFreq=132, maxDocs=44421)
               0.15625 = fieldNorm(doc=974)
         0.566597 = weight(abstract_txt:maps in 974) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.566597 = score(doc=974,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.43508977 = queryWeight, product of:
               5.524479 = boost
               5.8933253 = idf(docFreq=332, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0133637125 = queryNorm
             1.3022531 = fieldWeight in 974, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               5.8933253 = idf(docFreq=332, maxDocs=44421)
               0.15625 = fieldNorm(doc=974)
       0.16 = coord(4/25)
   

3. Weimer, K.H.: Subject analysis for cartographic materials (1999) 0.14

   0.14247635 = sum of:
     0.14247635 = product of:
       0.8904772 = sum of:
         0.013046918 = weight(abstract_txt:with in 318) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.013046918 = score(doc=318,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.055752937 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.6713667 = boost
               2.4961398 = idf(docFreq=9949, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0133637125 = queryNorm
             0.23401311 = fieldWeight in 318, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               2.4961398 = idf(docFreq=9949, maxDocs=44421)
               0.09375 = fieldNorm(doc=318)
         0.13395189 = weight(abstract_txt:geographic in 318) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.13395189 = score(doc=318,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.15401807 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.756927 = boost
               6.559804 = idf(docFreq=170, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0133637125 = queryNorm
             0.86971533 = fieldWeight in 318, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               6.559804 = idf(docFreq=170, maxDocs=44421)
               0.09375 = fieldNorm(doc=318)
         0.26270482 = weight(abstract_txt:topographic in 318) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.26270482 = score(doc=318,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.30403796 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.4684923 = boost
               9.216561 = idf(docFreq=11, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0133637125 = queryNorm
             0.86405265 = fieldWeight in 318, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               9.216561 = idf(docFreq=11, maxDocs=44421)
               0.09375 = fieldNorm(doc=318)
         0.48077354 = weight(abstract_txt:maps in 318) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.48077354 = score(doc=318,freq=4.0), product of:
             0.43508977 = queryWeight, product of:
               5.524479 = boost
               5.8933253 = idf(docFreq=332, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0133637125 = queryNorm
             1.1049985 = fieldWeight in 318, product of:
               2.0 = tf(freq=4.0), with freq of:
                 4.0 = termFreq=4.0
               5.8933253 = idf(docFreq=332, maxDocs=44421)
               0.09375 = fieldNorm(doc=318)
       0.16 = coord(4/25)
   

4. XML topic maps : creating and using topic maps for the Web (2003) 0.12

   0.11545998 = sum of:
     0.11545998 = product of:
       0.5772999 = sum of:
         0.02674115 = weight(abstract_txt:representation in 727) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.02674115 = score(doc=727,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.086855374 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.3193688 = boost
               4.9261017 = idf(docFreq=875, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0133637125 = queryNorm
             0.30788136 = fieldWeight in 727, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               4.9261017 = idf(docFreq=875, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=727)
         0.03752906 = weight(abstract_txt:represent in 727) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.03752906 = score(doc=727,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.10887339 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.4771641 = boost
               5.515259 = idf(docFreq=485, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0133637125 = queryNorm
             0.34470367 = fieldWeight in 727, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               5.515259 = idf(docFreq=485, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=727)
         0.012300751 = weight(abstract_txt:with in 727) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.012300751 = score(doc=727,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.055752937 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.6713667 = boost
               2.4961398 = idf(docFreq=9949, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0133637125 = queryNorm
             0.22062966 = fieldWeight in 727, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               2.4961398 = idf(docFreq=9949, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=727)
         0.0199554 = weight(abstract_txt:knowledge in 727) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.0199554 = score(doc=727,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.09003132 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.8996766 = boost
               3.5463927 = idf(docFreq=3480, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0133637125 = queryNorm
             0.22164954 = fieldWeight in 727, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               3.5463927 = idf(docFreq=3480, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=727)
         0.48077354 = weight(abstract_txt:maps in 727) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.48077354 = score(doc=727,freq=9.0), product of:
             0.43508977 = queryWeight, product of:
               5.524479 = boost
               5.8933253 = idf(docFreq=332, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0133637125 = queryNorm
             1.1049985 = fieldWeight in 727, product of:
               3.0 = tf(freq=9.0), with freq of:
                 9.0 = termFreq=9.0
               5.8933253 = idf(docFreq=332, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=727)
       0.2 = coord(5/25)
   

5. Larsgaard, M.L.: Accessing the world of digital spatial data (1992) 0.10

   0.09745897 = sum of:
     0.09745897 = product of:
       0.8121581 = sum of:
         0.14136936 = weight(abstract_txt:spatial in 6492) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.14136936 = score(doc=6492,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.1660454 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.8242371 = boost
               6.8111186 = idf(docFreq=132, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0133637125 = queryNorm
             0.8513898 = fieldWeight in 6492, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               6.8111186 = idf(docFreq=132, maxDocs=44421)
               0.125 = fieldNorm(doc=6492)
         0.35027307 = weight(abstract_txt:topographic in 6492) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.35027307 = score(doc=6492,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.30403796 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.4684923 = boost
               9.216561 = idf(docFreq=11, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0133637125 = queryNorm
             1.1520702 = fieldWeight in 6492, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               9.216561 = idf(docFreq=11, maxDocs=44421)
               0.125 = fieldNorm(doc=6492)
         0.3205157 = weight(abstract_txt:maps in 6492) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.3205157 = score(doc=6492,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.43508977 = queryWeight, product of:
               5.524479 = boost
               5.8933253 = idf(docFreq=332, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0133637125 = queryNorm
             0.73666567 = fieldWeight in 6492, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               5.8933253 = idf(docFreq=332, maxDocs=44421)
               0.125 = fieldNorm(doc=6492)
       0.12 = coord(3/25)