Document (#24029)

Author

Meghabghab, G.

Title

Google's Web page ranking applied to different topological Web graph structures

Source

Journal of the American Society for Information Science and technology. 52(2001) no.9, S.736-747

Year

2001

Abstract

This research is part of the ongoing study to better understand web page ranking on the web. It looks at a web page as a graph structure or a web graph, and tries to classify different web graphs in the new coordinate space: (out-degree, in-degree). The out-degree coordinate od is defined as the number of outgoing web pages from a given web page. The in-degree id coordinate is the number of web pages that point to a given web page. In this new coordinate space a metric is built to classify how close or far different web graphs are. Google's web ranking algorithm (Brin & Page, 1998) on ranking web pages is applied in this new coordinate space. The results of the algorithm has been modified to fit different topological web graph structures. Also the algorithm was not successful in the case of general web graphs and new ranking web algorithms have to be considered. This study does not look at enhancing web ranking by adding any contextual information. It only considers web links as a source to web page ranking. The author believes that understanding the underlying web page as a graph will help design better ranking web algorithms, enhance retrieval and web performance, and recommends using graphs as a part of visual aid for browsing engine designers

Theme

Suchmaschinen
Retrievalalgorithmen

Object

Google

Similar documents (content)

1. Cheng, S.; YunTao, P.; JunPeng, Y.; Hong, G.; ZhengLu, Y.; ZhiYu, H.: PageRank, HITS and impact factor for journal ranking (2009) 0.26

   0.2605841 = sum of:
     0.2605841 = product of:
       0.81432533 = sum of:
         0.018744936 = weight(abstract_txt:number in 3513) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.018744936 = score(doc=3513,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.051279362 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.0724624 = boost
               4.1356745 = idf(docFreq=1930, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0115615 = queryNorm
             0.36554542 = fieldWeight in 3513, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               4.1356745 = idf(docFreq=1930, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=3513)
         0.019423548 = weight(abstract_txt:given in 3513) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.019423548 = score(doc=3513,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.066158 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.2181534 = boost
               4.6974936 = idf(docFreq=1100, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0115615 = queryNorm
             0.29359335 = fieldWeight in 3513, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               4.6974936 = idf(docFreq=1100, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=3513)
         0.034702964 = weight(abstract_txt:algorithms in 3513) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.034702964 = score(doc=3513,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.09741093 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.4781368 = boost
               5.7000527 = idf(docFreq=403, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0115615 = queryNorm
             0.3562533 = fieldWeight in 3513, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               5.7000527 = idf(docFreq=403, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=3513)
         0.090689704 = weight(abstract_txt:google's in 3513) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.090689704 = score(doc=3513,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.18481418 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.036003 = boost
               7.85132 = idf(docFreq=46, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0115615 = queryNorm
             0.4907075 = fieldWeight in 3513, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               7.85132 = idf(docFreq=46, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=3513)
         0.070018455 = weight(abstract_txt:pages in 3513) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.070018455 = score(doc=3513,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.14131624 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.1804817 = boost
               5.6056433 = idf(docFreq=443, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0115615 = queryNorm
             0.49547353 = fieldWeight in 3513, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               5.6056433 = idf(docFreq=443, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=3513)
         0.09039666 = weight(abstract_txt:algorithm in 3513) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.09039666 = score(doc=3513,freq=3.0), product of:
             0.14637095 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.2191358 = boost
               5.7050157 = idf(docFreq=401, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0115615 = queryNorm
             0.6175861 = fieldWeight in 3513, product of:
               1.7320508 = tf(freq=3.0), with freq of:
                 3.0 = termFreq=3.0
               5.7050157 = idf(docFreq=401, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=3513)
         0.26279077 = weight(abstract_txt:ranking in 3513) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.26279077 = score(doc=3513,freq=4.0), product of:
             0.37563846 = queryWeight, product of:
               5.805315 = boost
               5.5966744 = idf(docFreq=447, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0115615 = queryNorm
             0.6995843 = fieldWeight in 3513, product of:
               2.0 = tf(freq=4.0), with freq of:
                 4.0 = termFreq=4.0
               5.5966744 = idf(docFreq=447, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=3513)
         0.22755827 = weight(abstract_txt:page in 3513) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.22755827 = score(doc=3513,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.42996693 = queryWeight, product of:
               6.2109537 = boost
               5.987735 = idf(docFreq=302, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0115615 = queryNorm
             0.529246 = fieldWeight in 3513, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               5.987735 = idf(docFreq=302, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=3513)
       0.32 = coord(8/25)
   

2. Boldi, P.; Santini, M.; Vigna, S.: PageRank as a function of the damping factor (2005) 0.23

   0.22874598 = sum of:
     0.22874598 = product of:
       0.71483123 = sum of:
         0.06669461 = weight(abstract_txt:brin in 3564) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.06669461 = score(doc=3564,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.119512625 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.1577177 = boost
               8.928879 = idf(docFreq=15, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0115615 = queryNorm
             0.5580549 = fieldWeight in 3564, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               8.928879 = idf(docFreq=15, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=3564)
         0.0180143 = weight(abstract_txt:part in 3564) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.0180143 = score(doc=3564,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.062918 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.1879503 = boost
               4.581023 = idf(docFreq=1236, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0115615 = queryNorm
             0.28631395 = fieldWeight in 3564, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               4.581023 = idf(docFreq=1236, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=3564)
         0.005221243 = weight(abstract_txt:this in 3564) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.005221243 = score(doc=3564,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.034718096 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.2479688 = boost
               2.4062347 = idf(docFreq=10885, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0115615 = queryNorm
             0.15038967 = fieldWeight in 3564, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               2.4062347 = idf(docFreq=10885, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=3564)
         0.06791114 = weight(abstract_txt:degree in 3564) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.06791114 = score(doc=3564,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.19201449 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.9348965 = boost
               5.658835 = idf(docFreq=420, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0115615 = queryNorm
             0.35367718 = fieldWeight in 3564, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               5.658835 = idf(docFreq=420, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=3564)
         0.13280502 = weight(abstract_txt:graphs in 3564) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.13280502 = score(doc=3564,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.300273 = queryWeight, product of:
               3.670151 = boost
               7.0764947 = idf(docFreq=101, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0115615 = queryNorm
             0.44228092 = fieldWeight in 3564, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               7.0764947 = idf(docFreq=101, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=3564)
         0.13188154 = weight(abstract_txt:graph in 3564) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.13188154 = score(doc=3564,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.32195807 = queryWeight, product of:
               4.2489386 = boost
               6.553973 = idf(docFreq=171, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0115615 = queryNorm
             0.40962332 = fieldWeight in 3564, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               6.553973 = idf(docFreq=171, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=3564)
         0.13139538 = weight(abstract_txt:ranking in 3564) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.13139538 = score(doc=3564,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.37563846 = queryWeight, product of:
               5.805315 = boost
               5.5966744 = idf(docFreq=447, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0115615 = queryNorm
             0.34979215 = fieldWeight in 3564, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               5.5966744 = idf(docFreq=447, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=3564)
         0.160908 = weight(abstract_txt:page in 3564) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.160908 = score(doc=3564,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.42996693 = queryWeight, product of:
               6.2109537 = boost
               5.987735 = idf(docFreq=302, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0115615 = queryNorm
             0.37423342 = fieldWeight in 3564, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               5.987735 = idf(docFreq=302, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=3564)
       0.32 = coord(8/25)
   

3. Bidoki, A.M.Z.; Yazdani, N.: an intelligent ranking algorithm for web pages : DistanceRank (2008) 0.21

   0.20843989 = sum of:
     0.20843989 = product of:
       0.8684995 = sum of:
         0.016568338 = weight(abstract_txt:number in 3068) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.016568338 = score(doc=3068,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.051279362 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.0724624 = boost
               4.1356745 = idf(docFreq=1930, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0115615 = queryNorm
             0.32309955 = fieldWeight in 3068, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               4.1356745 = idf(docFreq=1930, maxDocs=44421)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=3068)
         0.006526554 = weight(abstract_txt:this in 3068) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.006526554 = score(doc=3068,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.034718096 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.2479688 = boost
               2.4062347 = idf(docFreq=10885, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0115615 = queryNorm
             0.18798709 = fieldWeight in 3068, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               2.4062347 = idf(docFreq=10885, maxDocs=44421)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=3068)
         0.061346754 = weight(abstract_txt:algorithms in 3068) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.061346754 = score(doc=3068,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.09741093 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.4781368 = boost
               5.7000527 = idf(docFreq=403, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0115615 = queryNorm
             0.6297728 = fieldWeight in 3068, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               5.7000527 = idf(docFreq=403, maxDocs=44421)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=3068)
         0.10719343 = weight(abstract_txt:pages in 3068) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.10719343 = score(doc=3068,freq=3.0), product of:
             0.14131624 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.1804817 = boost
               5.6056433 = idf(docFreq=443, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0115615 = queryNorm
             0.75853586 = fieldWeight in 3068, product of:
               1.7320508 = tf(freq=3.0), with freq of:
                 3.0 = termFreq=3.0
               5.6056433 = idf(docFreq=443, maxDocs=44421)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=3068)
         0.32848844 = weight(abstract_txt:ranking in 3068) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.32848844 = score(doc=3068,freq=4.0), product of:
             0.37563846 = queryWeight, product of:
               5.805315 = boost
               5.5966744 = idf(docFreq=447, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0115615 = queryNorm
             0.87448037 = fieldWeight in 3068, product of:
               2.0 = tf(freq=4.0), with freq of:
                 4.0 = termFreq=4.0
               5.5966744 = idf(docFreq=447, maxDocs=44421)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=3068)
         0.348376 = weight(abstract_txt:page in 3068) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.348376 = score(doc=3068,freq=3.0), product of:
             0.42996693 = queryWeight, product of:
               6.2109537 = boost
               5.987735 = idf(docFreq=302, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0115615 = queryNorm
             0.8102391 = fieldWeight in 3068, product of:
               1.7320508 = tf(freq=3.0), with freq of:
                 3.0 = termFreq=3.0
               5.987735 = idf(docFreq=302, maxDocs=44421)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=3068)
       0.24 = coord(6/25)
   

4. Baeza-Yates, R.; Boldi, P.; Castillo, C.: Generalizing PageRank : damping functions for linkbased ranking algorithms (2006) 0.20

   0.1951059 = sum of:
     0.1951059 = product of:
       0.6968068 = sum of:
         0.013254672 = weight(abstract_txt:number in 3565) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.013254672 = score(doc=3565,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.051279362 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.0724624 = boost
               4.1356745 = idf(docFreq=1930, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0115615 = queryNorm
             0.25847965 = fieldWeight in 3565, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               4.1356745 = idf(docFreq=1930, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=3565)
         0.010442486 = weight(abstract_txt:this in 3565) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.010442486 = score(doc=3565,freq=4.0), product of:
             0.034718096 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.2479688 = boost
               2.4062347 = idf(docFreq=10885, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0115615 = queryNorm
             0.30077934 = fieldWeight in 3565, product of:
               2.0 = tf(freq=4.0), with freq of:
                 4.0 = termFreq=4.0
               2.4062347 = idf(docFreq=10885, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=3565)
         0.0601073 = weight(abstract_txt:algorithms in 3565) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.0601073 = score(doc=3565,freq=3.0), product of:
             0.09741093 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.4781368 = boost
               5.7000527 = idf(docFreq=403, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0115615 = queryNorm
             0.6170488 = fieldWeight in 3565, product of:
               1.7320508 = tf(freq=3.0), with freq of:
                 3.0 = termFreq=3.0
               5.7000527 = idf(docFreq=403, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=3565)
         0.02597904 = weight(abstract_txt:different in 3565) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.02597904 = score(doc=3565,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.08031168 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.8980827 = boost
               3.6597328 = idf(docFreq=3107, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0115615 = queryNorm
             0.32347775 = fieldWeight in 3565, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               3.6597328 = idf(docFreq=3107, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=3565)
         0.13188154 = weight(abstract_txt:graph in 3565) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.13188154 = score(doc=3565,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.32195807 = queryWeight, product of:
               4.2489386 = boost
               6.553973 = idf(docFreq=171, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0115615 = queryNorm
             0.40962332 = fieldWeight in 3565, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               6.553973 = idf(docFreq=171, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=3565)
         0.22758348 = weight(abstract_txt:ranking in 3565) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.22758348 = score(doc=3565,freq=3.0), product of:
             0.37563846 = queryWeight, product of:
               5.805315 = boost
               5.5966744 = idf(docFreq=447, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0115615 = queryNorm
             0.6058578 = fieldWeight in 3565, product of:
               1.7320508 = tf(freq=3.0), with freq of:
                 3.0 = termFreq=3.0
               5.5966744 = idf(docFreq=447, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=3565)
         0.22755827 = weight(abstract_txt:page in 3565) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.22755827 = score(doc=3565,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.42996693 = queryWeight, product of:
               6.2109537 = boost
               5.987735 = idf(docFreq=302, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0115615 = queryNorm
             0.529246 = fieldWeight in 3565, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               5.987735 = idf(docFreq=302, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=3565)
       0.28 = coord(7/25)
   

5. Bressan, M.; Peserico, E.: Choose the damping, choose the ranking? (2010) 0.18

   0.18232091 = sum of:
     0.18232091 = product of:
       0.5697529 = sum of:
         0.016995603 = weight(abstract_txt:given in 3563) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.016995603 = score(doc=3563,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.066158 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.2181534 = boost
               4.6974936 = idf(docFreq=1100, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0115615 = queryNorm
             0.25689417 = fieldWeight in 3563, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               4.6974936 = idf(docFreq=1100, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=3563)
         0.0045685875 = weight(abstract_txt:this in 3563) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.0045685875 = score(doc=3563,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.034718096 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.2479688 = boost
               2.4062347 = idf(docFreq=10885, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0115615 = queryNorm
             0.13159096 = fieldWeight in 3563, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               2.4062347 = idf(docFreq=10885, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=3563)
         0.030365095 = weight(abstract_txt:algorithms in 3563) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.030365095 = score(doc=3563,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.09741093 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.4781368 = boost
               5.7000527 = idf(docFreq=403, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0115615 = queryNorm
             0.31172162 = fieldWeight in 3563, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               5.7000527 = idf(docFreq=403, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=3563)
         0.016073711 = weight(abstract_txt:different in 3563) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.016073711 = score(doc=3563,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.08031168 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.8980827 = boost
               3.6597328 = idf(docFreq=3107, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0115615 = queryNorm
             0.20014164 = fieldWeight in 3563, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               3.6597328 = idf(docFreq=3107, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=3563)
         0.059422247 = weight(abstract_txt:degree in 3563) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.059422247 = score(doc=3563,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.19201449 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.9348965 = boost
               5.658835 = idf(docFreq=420, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0115615 = queryNorm
             0.30946752 = fieldWeight in 3563, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               5.658835 = idf(docFreq=420, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=3563)
         0.16433781 = weight(abstract_txt:graphs in 3563) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.16433781 = score(doc=3563,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.300273 = queryWeight, product of:
               3.670151 = boost
               7.0764947 = idf(docFreq=101, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0115615 = queryNorm
             0.5472947 = fieldWeight in 3563, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               7.0764947 = idf(docFreq=101, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=3563)
         0.115396336 = weight(abstract_txt:graph in 3563) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.115396336 = score(doc=3563,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.32195807 = queryWeight, product of:
               4.2489386 = boost
               6.553973 = idf(docFreq=171, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0115615 = queryNorm
             0.3584204 = fieldWeight in 3563, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               6.553973 = idf(docFreq=171, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=3563)
         0.16259348 = weight(abstract_txt:ranking in 3563) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.16259348 = score(doc=3563,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.37563846 = queryWeight, product of:
               5.805315 = boost
               5.5966744 = idf(docFreq=447, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0115615 = queryNorm
             0.43284568 = fieldWeight in 3563, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               5.5966744 = idf(docFreq=447, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=3563)
       0.32 = coord(8/25)