Document (#23088)

Author

Lehmann, F.

Title

Semiosis complicates high-level ontology

Issue

Extended abstract of talk.

Source

Paper, delivered at the conference: Conceptual structures: logical, linguistic, and computational issues. 8th International Conference on Conceptual Structures, ICCS 2000, Darmstadt, Germany, August 14-18, 2000

Year

2000

Pages

7 S

Abstract

For automated question-answering, natural-language understanding, semantic integration of different databases/standards/thesauri/etc., you need a big complicated ontology of concepts and a logical language to combine them. Cyc (www.cyc.com) is such a system. It's good for your upper ontology to be systematic and clear, One way is to have a small number of well-defined distinctions at the top, by which all more specific concepts are partitioned. This is a system of "factors", or "facets" in Ranganathan's sense Iyer 1995) much like Aristotle's "differentia" in his "categories", as promoted in John Sowa's "ontological crystal". Practical considerations have driven Cyc's builders to mess up the neatness of such upper divisions. In particular, the simplicity of some very high "factors" is confounded, for practical use, by the occurrence in our world of semiosis and representation This talk will report on some of our experiences

Object

Cyc

Similar documents (author)

1. Lehmann, O.; Lehmann, A.: Top-Platzierungen in Suchmaschinen (2002) 5.03

   5.0321255 = sum of:
     5.0321255 = weight(author_txt:lehmann in 7631) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
       5.0321255 = fieldWeight in 7631, product of:
         1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
           2.0 = termFreq=2.0
         7.1165 = idf(docFreq=97, maxDocs=44421)
         0.5 = fieldNorm(doc=7631)
   

2. Lehmann, K.: Zu ausgewählten Problemen der neuen Gliederung der Hauptgruppe R Belletristik : Hinweise und Titel (1984) 4.45

   4.4478126 = sum of:
     4.4478126 = weight(author_txt:lehmann in 1019) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
       4.4478126 = fieldWeight in 1019, product of:
         1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
           1.0 = termFreq=1.0
         7.1165 = idf(docFreq=97, maxDocs=44421)
         0.625 = fieldNorm(doc=1019)
   

3. Lehmann, K.: ¬Die Klassifikation für Allgemeinbibliotheken (KAB) (1992) 4.45

   4.4478126 = sum of:
     4.4478126 = weight(author_txt:lehmann in 1047) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
       4.4478126 = fieldWeight in 1047, product of:
         1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
           1.0 = termFreq=1.0
         7.1165 = idf(docFreq=97, maxDocs=44421)
         0.625 = fieldNorm(doc=1047)
   

4. Lehmann, K.: Einzelfragen der Überarbeitung der KAB/E (1991) 4.45

   4.4478126 = sum of:
     4.4478126 = weight(author_txt:lehmann in 3056) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
       4.4478126 = fieldWeight in 3056, product of:
         1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
           1.0 = termFreq=1.0
         7.1165 = idf(docFreq=97, maxDocs=44421)
         0.625 = fieldNorm(doc=3056)
   

5. Lehmann, K.: Zur Klassifizierung von Darstellungen über einzelne Familien (1991) 4.45

   4.4478126 = sum of:
     4.4478126 = weight(author_txt:lehmann in 3086) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
       4.4478126 = fieldWeight in 3086, product of:
         1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
           1.0 = termFreq=1.0
         7.1165 = idf(docFreq=97, maxDocs=44421)
         0.625 = fieldNorm(doc=3086)
   

Similar documents (content)

1. Fischer, D.H.: From thesauri towards ontologies? (1998) 0.12

   0.12492825 = sum of:
     0.12492825 = product of:
       0.62464124 = sum of:
         0.023320235 = weight(abstract_txt:some in 3176) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.023320235 = score(doc=3176,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.08114538 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.0872098 = boost
               3.6785707 = idf(docFreq=3049, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0202895 = queryNorm
             0.28738832 = fieldWeight in 3176, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               3.6785707 = idf(docFreq=3049, maxDocs=44421)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=3176)
         0.033994786 = weight(abstract_txt:language in 3176) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.033994786 = score(doc=3176,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.10432379 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.2327447 = boost
               4.1709876 = idf(docFreq=1863, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0202895 = queryNorm
             0.3258584 = fieldWeight in 3176, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               4.1709876 = idf(docFreq=1863, maxDocs=44421)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=3176)
         0.04412906 = weight(abstract_txt:concepts in 3176) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.04412906 = score(doc=3176,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.12414377 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.3447573 = boost
               4.549982 = idf(docFreq=1275, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0202895 = queryNorm
             0.35546735 = fieldWeight in 3176, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               4.549982 = idf(docFreq=1275, maxDocs=44421)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=3176)
         0.31808278 = weight(abstract_txt:upper in 3176) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.31808278 = score(doc=3176,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.36767036 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.3142526 = boost
               7.8302665 = idf(docFreq=47, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0202895 = queryNorm
             0.86513036 = fieldWeight in 3176, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               7.8302665 = idf(docFreq=47, maxDocs=44421)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=3176)
         0.20511438 = weight(abstract_txt:ontology in 3176) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.20511438 = score(doc=3176,freq=3.0), product of:
             0.27442852 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.4487345 = boost
               5.5235233 = idf(docFreq=481, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0202895 = queryNorm
             0.7474237 = fieldWeight in 3176, product of:
               1.7320508 = tf(freq=3.0), with freq of:
                 3.0 = termFreq=3.0
               5.5235233 = idf(docFreq=481, maxDocs=44421)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=3176)
       0.2 = coord(5/25)
   

2. Kiryakov, A.; Popov, B.; Terziev, I.; Manov, D.; Ognyanoff, D.: Semantic annotation, indexing, and retrieval (2004) 0.12

   0.124121524 = sum of:
     0.124121524 = product of:
       0.44329116 = sum of:
         0.015915668 = weight(abstract_txt:such in 1700) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.015915668 = score(doc=1700,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.07018015 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.0110872 = boost
               3.42101 = idf(docFreq=3945, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0202895 = queryNorm
             0.22678305 = fieldWeight in 1700, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               3.42101 = idf(docFreq=3945, maxDocs=44421)
               0.046875 = fieldNorm(doc=1700)
         0.024235101 = weight(abstract_txt:some in 1700) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.024235101 = score(doc=1700,freq=3.0), product of:
             0.08114538 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.0872098 = boost
               3.6785707 = idf(docFreq=3049, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0202895 = queryNorm
             0.29866272 = fieldWeight in 1700, product of:
               1.7320508 = tf(freq=3.0), with freq of:
                 3.0 = termFreq=3.0
               3.6785707 = idf(docFreq=3049, maxDocs=44421)
               0.046875 = fieldNorm(doc=1700)
         0.0685818 = weight(abstract_txt:distinctions in 1700) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.0685818 = score(doc=1700,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.18583903 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.1634157 = boost
               7.872826 = idf(docFreq=45, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0202895 = queryNorm
             0.36903873 = fieldWeight in 1700, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               7.872826 = idf(docFreq=45, maxDocs=44421)
               0.046875 = fieldNorm(doc=1700)
         0.026477434 = weight(abstract_txt:concepts in 1700) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.026477434 = score(doc=1700,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.12414377 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.3447573 = boost
               4.549982 = idf(docFreq=1275, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0202895 = queryNorm
             0.21328041 = fieldWeight in 1700, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               4.549982 = idf(docFreq=1275, maxDocs=44421)
               0.046875 = fieldNorm(doc=1700)
         0.031022659 = weight(abstract_txt:practical in 1700) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.031022659 = score(doc=1700,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.13797286 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.4176803 = boost
               4.7967167 = idf(docFreq=996, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0202895 = queryNorm
             0.2248461 = fieldWeight in 1700, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               4.7967167 = idf(docFreq=996, maxDocs=44421)
               0.046875 = fieldNorm(doc=1700)
         0.1349511 = weight(abstract_txt:upper in 1700) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.1349511 = score(doc=1700,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.36767036 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.3142526 = boost
               7.8302665 = idf(docFreq=47, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0202895 = queryNorm
             0.36704373 = fieldWeight in 1700, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               7.8302665 = idf(docFreq=47, maxDocs=44421)
               0.046875 = fieldNorm(doc=1700)
         0.1421074 = weight(abstract_txt:ontology in 1700) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.1421074 = score(doc=1700,freq=4.0), product of:
             0.27442852 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.4487345 = boost
               5.5235233 = idf(docFreq=481, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0202895 = queryNorm
             0.5178303 = fieldWeight in 1700, product of:
               2.0 = tf(freq=4.0), with freq of:
                 4.0 = termFreq=4.0
               5.5235233 = idf(docFreq=481, maxDocs=44421)
               0.046875 = fieldNorm(doc=1700)
       0.28 = coord(7/25)
   

3. Fullwood, C.; Melrose, K.; Morris, N.; Floyd, S.: Sex, blogs, and baring your soul : factors influencing UK blogging strategies (2013) 0.09

   0.09251174 = sum of:
     0.09251174 = product of:
       0.46255872 = sum of:
         0.2514039 = weight(title_txt:your in 1614) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.2514039 = score(doc=1614,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.1447371 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.0267303 = boost
               6.9478774 = idf(docFreq=115, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0202895 = queryNorm
             1.7369694 = fieldWeight in 1614, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               6.9478774 = idf(docFreq=115, maxDocs=44421)
               0.25 = fieldNorm(doc=1614)
         0.01865619 = weight(abstract_txt:some in 1614) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.01865619 = score(doc=1614,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.08114538 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.0872098 = boost
               3.6785707 = idf(docFreq=3049, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0202895 = queryNorm
             0.22991067 = fieldWeight in 1614, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               3.6785707 = idf(docFreq=3049, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=1614)
         0.10847385 = weight(abstract_txt:talk in 1614) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.10847385 = score(doc=1614,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.16528948 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.0972083 = boost
               7.4248013 = idf(docFreq=71, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0202895 = queryNorm
             0.6562659 = fieldWeight in 1614, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               7.4248013 = idf(docFreq=71, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=1614)
         0.03846071 = weight(abstract_txt:language in 1614) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.03846071 = score(doc=1614,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.10432379 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.2327447 = boost
               4.1709876 = idf(docFreq=1863, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0202895 = queryNorm
             0.3686667 = fieldWeight in 1614, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               4.1709876 = idf(docFreq=1863, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=1614)
         0.045564055 = weight(abstract_txt:factors in 1614) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.045564055 = score(doc=1614,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.14716236 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.4641306 = boost
               4.9538813 = idf(docFreq=851, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0202895 = queryNorm
             0.30961758 = fieldWeight in 1614, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               4.9538813 = idf(docFreq=851, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=1614)
       0.2 = coord(5/25)
   

4. Niininen, S.; Nykyri, S.; Suominen, O.: ¬The future of metadata : open, linked, and multilingual - the YSO case (2017) 0.09

   0.09106423 = sum of:
     0.09106423 = product of:
       0.3794343 = sum of:
         0.013129758 = weight(abstract_txt:such in 4707) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.013129758 = score(doc=4707,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.07018015 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.0110872 = boost
               3.42101 = idf(docFreq=3945, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0202895 = queryNorm
             0.1870865 = fieldWeight in 4707, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               3.42101 = idf(docFreq=3945, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=4707)
         0.041216485 = weight(abstract_txt:language in 4707) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.041216485 = score(doc=4707,freq=3.0), product of:
             0.10432379 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.2327447 = boost
               4.1709876 = idf(docFreq=1863, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0202895 = queryNorm
             0.39508232 = fieldWeight in 4707, product of:
               1.7320508 = tf(freq=3.0), with freq of:
                 3.0 = termFreq=3.0
               4.1709876 = idf(docFreq=1863, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=4707)
         0.03089034 = weight(abstract_txt:concepts in 4707) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.03089034 = score(doc=4707,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.12414377 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.3447573 = boost
               4.549982 = idf(docFreq=1275, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0202895 = queryNorm
             0.24882714 = fieldWeight in 4707, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               4.549982 = idf(docFreq=1275, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=4707)
         0.14077199 = weight(abstract_txt:builders in 4707) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.14077199 = score(doc=4707,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.27083865 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.4045001 = boost
               9.504243 = idf(docFreq=8, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0202895 = queryNorm
             0.5197633 = fieldWeight in 4707, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               9.504243 = idf(docFreq=8, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=4707)
         0.036193103 = weight(abstract_txt:practical in 4707) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.036193103 = score(doc=4707,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.13797286 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.4176803 = boost
               4.7967167 = idf(docFreq=996, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0202895 = queryNorm
             0.26232046 = fieldWeight in 4707, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               4.7967167 = idf(docFreq=996, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=4707)
         0.11723263 = weight(abstract_txt:ontology in 4707) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.11723263 = score(doc=4707,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.27442852 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.4487345 = boost
               5.5235233 = idf(docFreq=481, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0202895 = queryNorm
             0.42718822 = fieldWeight in 4707, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               5.5235233 = idf(docFreq=481, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=4707)
       0.24 = coord(6/25)
   

5. Breeding, M.: Thinking about your next OPAC (2007) 0.09

   0.0898247 = sum of:
     0.0898247 = product of:
       0.74853915 = sum of:
         0.43995684 = weight(title_txt:your in 745) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.43995684 = score(doc=745,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.1447371 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.0267303 = boost
               6.9478774 = idf(docFreq=115, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0202895 = queryNorm
             3.0396965 = fieldWeight in 745, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               6.9478774 = idf(docFreq=115, maxDocs=44421)
               0.4375 = fieldNorm(doc=745)
         0.18762513 = weight(abstract_txt:it's in 745) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.18762513 = score(doc=745,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.18903658 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.1733819 = boost
               7.9402676 = idf(docFreq=42, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0202895 = queryNorm
             0.99253345 = fieldWeight in 745, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               7.9402676 = idf(docFreq=42, maxDocs=44421)
               0.125 = fieldNorm(doc=745)
         0.120957196 = weight(abstract_txt:high in 745) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.120957196 = score(doc=745,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.14107162 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.4335119 = boost
               4.8502827 = idf(docFreq=944, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0202895 = queryNorm
             0.8574169 = fieldWeight in 745, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               4.8502827 = idf(docFreq=944, maxDocs=44421)
               0.125 = fieldNorm(doc=745)
       0.12 = coord(3/25)