Document (#22938)

Author
Ross, P.E.
Title
Wie Genies denken
Source
Spektrum der Wissenschaft. 2007, H.1, S.36-43
Year
2007
Series
Hirnforschung
Abstract
Untersuchungen mentaler Prozesse bei Schachmeistern zeigen: Für Staunen erregende geistige Leistungen - gleich auf welchem Gebiet - braucht es keine Ausnahmebegabung, sondern nur stetigen Drill.
Content
Da sich Fähigkeiten im Schach leicht messen und in Laborversuchen analysieren lassen, ist das Spiel zu einem wichtigen Prüfstein für Theorien der Kognitionswissenschaftler avanciert. Untersuchungen zufolge zeichnen sich Schachgroßmeister durch einen riesigen Wissensschatz über Spielstellungen aus. Nach Ansicht einiger Forscher fassen sie diese Information zu »Brocken« zusammen, die leicht im Langzeitgedächtnis auffindbar sind und für Denkprozesse ins Arbeitsgedächtnis geholt werden können. Um dieses strukturierte Wissen zu erwerben, müssen Großmeister typischerweise viele Jahre lang intensive Schachstudien betreiben und sich dabei jeweils Aufgaben stellen, die sie knapp überfordern. Spitzenkönner in Musik, Mathematik und Sport erlangen ihre Fähigkeiten offenbar auf dieselbe Weise. Dabei sorgen Wettbewerbe und Erfolgserlebnisse für die nötige Motivation.
Field
Kognitionswissenschaft

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