Document (#21914)

Author

Lee, K.H.
Ng, M.K.M.
Lu, Q.

Title

Text segmentation for Chinese spell checking

Source

Journal of the American Society for Information Science. 50(1999) no.9, S.751-759

Year

1999

Abstract

Chinese spell checking is different from its counterparts for Western languages because Chinese words in texts are not separated by spaces. Chinese spell checking in this article refers to how to identify the misuse of characters in text composition. In other words, it is error correction at the word level rather than at the character level. Before Chinese sentences are spell checked, the text is segmented into semantic units. Error detection can then be carried out on the segmented text based on thesaurus and grammar rules. Segmentation is not a trivial process due to ambiguities in the Chinese language and errors in texts. Because it is not practical to define all Chinese words in a dictionary, words not predefined must also be dealt with. The number of word combinations increases exponentially with the length of the sentence. In this article, a Block-of-Combinations (BOC) segmentation method based on frequency of word usage is proposed to reduce the word combinations from exponential growth to linear growth. From experiments carried out on Hong Kong newspapers, BOC can correctly solve 10% more ambiguities than the Maximum Match segmentation method. To make the segmentation more suitable for spell checking, user interaction is also suggested

Theme

Computerlinguistik

Similar documents (content)

1. Wang, F.L.; Yang, C.C.: Mining Web data for Chinese segmentation (2007) 0.42

   0.4236854 = sum of:
     0.4236854 = product of:
       1.3240169 = sum of:
         0.0053265854 = weight(abstract_txt:from in 604) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.0053265854 = score(doc=604,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.030835377 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.0219736 = boost
               2.7638826 = idf(docFreq=7577, maxDocs=44218)
               0.010916665 = queryNorm
             0.17274266 = fieldWeight in 604, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               2.7638826 = idf(docFreq=7577, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=604)
         0.019326977 = weight(abstract_txt:because in 604) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.019326977 = score(doc=604,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.06360563 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.1984425 = boost
               4.8617024 = idf(docFreq=929, maxDocs=44218)
               0.010916665 = queryNorm
             0.3038564 = fieldWeight in 604, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               4.8617024 = idf(docFreq=929, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=604)
         0.04299717 = weight(abstract_txt:texts in 604) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.04299717 = score(doc=604,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.08603388 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.393812 = boost
               5.6542544 = idf(docFreq=420, maxDocs=44218)
               0.010916665 = queryNorm
             0.4997702 = fieldWeight in 604, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               5.6542544 = idf(docFreq=420, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=604)
         0.022244329 = weight(abstract_txt:text in 604) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.022244329 = score(doc=604,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.088012114 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.9936808 = boost
               4.0438666 = idf(docFreq=2106, maxDocs=44218)
               0.010916665 = queryNorm
             0.25274166 = fieldWeight in 604, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               4.0438666 = idf(docFreq=2106, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=604)
         0.10319347 = weight(abstract_txt:words in 604) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.10319347 = score(doc=604,freq=4.0), product of:
             0.15422131 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.6391046 = boost
               5.353007 = idf(docFreq=568, maxDocs=44218)
               0.010916665 = queryNorm
             0.66912585 = fieldWeight in 604, product of:
               2.0 = tf(freq=4.0), with freq of:
                 4.0 = termFreq=4.0
               5.353007 = idf(docFreq=568, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=604)
         0.07639014 = weight(abstract_txt:word in 604) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.07639014 = score(doc=604,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.15900514 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.6797235 = boost
               5.4353957 = idf(docFreq=523, maxDocs=44218)
               0.010916665 = queryNorm
             0.48042563 = fieldWeight in 604, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               5.4353957 = idf(docFreq=523, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=604)
         0.6644961 = weight(abstract_txt:segmentation in 604) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.6644961 = score(doc=604,freq=10.0), product of:
             0.42367017 = queryWeight, product of:
               4.890501 = boost
               7.935687 = idf(docFreq=42, maxDocs=44218)
               0.010916665 = queryNorm
             1.5684279 = fieldWeight in 604, product of:
               3.1622777 = tf(freq=10.0), with freq of:
                 10.0 = termFreq=10.0
               7.935687 = idf(docFreq=42, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=604)
         0.3900421 = weight(abstract_txt:chinese in 604) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.3900421 = score(doc=604,freq=7.0), product of:
             0.3742116 = queryWeight, product of:
               5.4382863 = boost
               6.30326 = idf(docFreq=219, maxDocs=44218)
               0.010916665 = queryNorm
             1.0423036 = fieldWeight in 604, product of:
               2.6457512 = tf(freq=7.0), with freq of:
                 7.0 = termFreq=7.0
               6.30326 = idf(docFreq=219, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=604)
       0.32 = coord(8/25)
   

2. Yang, C.C.; Li, K.W.: ¬A heuristic method based on a statistical approach for chinese text segmentation (2005) 0.42

   0.42189002 = sum of:
     0.42189002 = product of:
       1.5067501 = sum of:
         0.046007916 = weight(abstract_txt:method in 4580) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.046007916 = score(doc=4580,freq=9.0), product of:
             0.054516394 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.1095145 = boost
               4.50095 = idf(docFreq=1333, maxDocs=44218)
               0.010916665 = queryNorm
             0.8439281 = fieldWeight in 4580, product of:
               3.0 = tf(freq=9.0), with freq of:
                 9.0 = termFreq=9.0
               4.50095 = idf(docFreq=1333, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=4580)
         0.05885296 = weight(abstract_txt:text in 4580) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.05885296 = score(doc=4580,freq=7.0), product of:
             0.088012114 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.9936808 = boost
               4.0438666 = idf(docFreq=2106, maxDocs=44218)
               0.010916665 = queryNorm
             0.6686916 = fieldWeight in 4580, product of:
               2.6457512 = tf(freq=7.0), with freq of:
                 7.0 = termFreq=7.0
               4.0438666 = idf(docFreq=2106, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=4580)
         0.13746272 = weight(abstract_txt:ambiguities in 4580) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.13746272 = score(doc=4580,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.18670942 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.0533006 = boost
               8.329592 = idf(docFreq=28, maxDocs=44218)
               0.010916665 = queryNorm
             0.73623884 = fieldWeight in 4580, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               8.329592 = idf(docFreq=28, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=4580)
         0.115373805 = weight(abstract_txt:words in 4580) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.115373805 = score(doc=4580,freq=5.0), product of:
             0.15422131 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.6391046 = boost
               5.353007 = idf(docFreq=568, maxDocs=44218)
               0.010916665 = queryNorm
             0.74810547 = fieldWeight in 4580, product of:
               2.236068 = tf(freq=5.0), with freq of:
                 5.0 = termFreq=5.0
               5.353007 = idf(docFreq=568, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=4580)
         0.07639014 = weight(abstract_txt:word in 4580) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.07639014 = score(doc=4580,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.15900514 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.6797235 = boost
               5.4353957 = idf(docFreq=523, maxDocs=44218)
               0.010916665 = queryNorm
             0.48042563 = fieldWeight in 4580, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               5.4353957 = idf(docFreq=523, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=4580)
         0.6303963 = weight(abstract_txt:segmentation in 4580) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.6303963 = score(doc=4580,freq=9.0), product of:
             0.42367017 = queryWeight, product of:
               4.890501 = boost
               7.935687 = idf(docFreq=42, maxDocs=44218)
               0.010916665 = queryNorm
             1.4879413 = fieldWeight in 4580, product of:
               3.0 = tf(freq=9.0), with freq of:
                 9.0 = termFreq=9.0
               7.935687 = idf(docFreq=42, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=4580)
         0.44226617 = weight(abstract_txt:chinese in 4580) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.44226617 = score(doc=4580,freq=9.0), product of:
             0.3742116 = queryWeight, product of:
               5.4382863 = boost
               6.30326 = idf(docFreq=219, maxDocs=44218)
               0.010916665 = queryNorm
             1.1818612 = fieldWeight in 4580, product of:
               3.0 = tf(freq=9.0), with freq of:
                 9.0 = termFreq=9.0
               6.30326 = idf(docFreq=219, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=4580)
       0.28 = coord(7/25)
   

3. Khoo, C.S.G.; Dai, D.; Loh, T.E.: Using statistical and contextual information to identify two- and three-character words in Chinese text (2002) 0.24

   0.24154466 = sum of:
     0.24154466 = product of:
       1.0064361 = sum of:
         0.0053265854 = weight(abstract_txt:from in 5206) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.0053265854 = score(doc=5206,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.030835377 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.0219736 = boost
               2.7638826 = idf(docFreq=7577, maxDocs=44218)
               0.010916665 = queryNorm
             0.17274266 = fieldWeight in 5206, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               2.7638826 = idf(docFreq=7577, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=5206)
         0.022244329 = weight(abstract_txt:text in 5206) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.022244329 = score(doc=5206,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.088012114 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.9936808 = boost
               4.0438666 = idf(docFreq=2106, maxDocs=44218)
               0.010916665 = queryNorm
             0.25274166 = fieldWeight in 5206, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               4.0438666 = idf(docFreq=2106, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=5206)
         0.15479021 = weight(abstract_txt:words in 5206) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.15479021 = score(doc=5206,freq=9.0), product of:
             0.15422131 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.6391046 = boost
               5.353007 = idf(docFreq=568, maxDocs=44218)
               0.010916665 = queryNorm
             1.0036888 = fieldWeight in 5206, product of:
               3.0 = tf(freq=9.0), with freq of:
                 9.0 = termFreq=9.0
               5.353007 = idf(docFreq=568, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=5206)
         0.05401599 = weight(abstract_txt:word in 5206) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.05401599 = score(doc=5206,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.15900514 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.6797235 = boost
               5.4353957 = idf(docFreq=523, maxDocs=44218)
               0.010916665 = queryNorm
             0.33971223 = fieldWeight in 5206, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               5.4353957 = idf(docFreq=523, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=5206)
         0.5147165 = weight(abstract_txt:segmentation in 5206) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.5147165 = score(doc=5206,freq=6.0), product of:
             0.42367017 = queryWeight, product of:
               4.890501 = boost
               7.935687 = idf(docFreq=42, maxDocs=44218)
               0.010916665 = queryNorm
             1.2148991 = fieldWeight in 5206, product of:
               2.4494898 = tf(freq=6.0), with freq of:
                 6.0 = termFreq=6.0
               7.935687 = idf(docFreq=42, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=5206)
         0.2553425 = weight(abstract_txt:chinese in 5206) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.2553425 = score(doc=5206,freq=3.0), product of:
             0.3742116 = queryWeight, product of:
               5.4382863 = boost
               6.30326 = idf(docFreq=219, maxDocs=44218)
               0.010916665 = queryNorm
             0.6823479 = fieldWeight in 5206, product of:
               1.7320508 = tf(freq=3.0), with freq of:
                 3.0 = termFreq=3.0
               6.30326 = idf(docFreq=219, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=5206)
       0.24 = coord(6/25)
   

4. Peng, F.; Huang, X.: Machine learning for Asian language text classification (2007) 0.21

   0.20604368 = sum of:
     0.20604368 = product of:
       1.0302184 = sum of:
         0.021645088 = weight(abstract_txt:level in 831) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.021645088 = score(doc=831,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.054443892 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.1087765 = boost
               4.497956 = idf(docFreq=1337, maxDocs=44218)
               0.010916665 = queryNorm
             0.39756688 = fieldWeight in 831, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               4.497956 = idf(docFreq=1337, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=831)
         0.049739834 = weight(abstract_txt:text in 831) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.049739834 = score(doc=831,freq=5.0), product of:
             0.088012114 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.9936808 = boost
               4.0438666 = idf(docFreq=2106, maxDocs=44218)
               0.010916665 = queryNorm
             0.5651476 = fieldWeight in 831, product of:
               2.236068 = tf(freq=5.0), with freq of:
                 5.0 = termFreq=5.0
               4.0438666 = idf(docFreq=2106, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=831)
         0.10803198 = weight(abstract_txt:word in 831) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.10803198 = score(doc=831,freq=4.0), product of:
             0.15900514 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.6797235 = boost
               5.4353957 = idf(docFreq=523, maxDocs=44218)
               0.010916665 = queryNorm
             0.67942446 = fieldWeight in 831, product of:
               2.0 = tf(freq=4.0), with freq of:
                 4.0 = termFreq=4.0
               5.4353957 = idf(docFreq=523, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=831)
         0.5559573 = weight(abstract_txt:segmentation in 831) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.5559573 = score(doc=831,freq=7.0), product of:
             0.42367017 = queryWeight, product of:
               4.890501 = boost
               7.935687 = idf(docFreq=42, maxDocs=44218)
               0.010916665 = queryNorm
             1.3122408 = fieldWeight in 831, product of:
               2.6457512 = tf(freq=7.0), with freq of:
                 7.0 = termFreq=7.0
               7.935687 = idf(docFreq=42, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=831)
         0.29484412 = weight(abstract_txt:chinese in 831) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.29484412 = score(doc=831,freq=4.0), product of:
             0.3742116 = queryWeight, product of:
               5.4382863 = boost
               6.30326 = idf(docFreq=219, maxDocs=44218)
               0.010916665 = queryNorm
             0.7879075 = fieldWeight in 831, product of:
               2.0 = tf(freq=4.0), with freq of:
                 4.0 = termFreq=4.0
               6.30326 = idf(docFreq=219, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=831)
       0.2 = coord(5/25)
   

5. Kwok, K.L.: Employing multiple representations for Chinese information retrieval (1999) 0.20

   0.20207024 = sum of:
     0.20207024 = product of:
       0.7216794 = sum of:
         0.010653171 = weight(abstract_txt:from in 3773) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.010653171 = score(doc=3773,freq=4.0), product of:
             0.030835377 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.0219736 = boost
               2.7638826 = idf(docFreq=7577, maxDocs=44218)
               0.010916665 = queryNorm
             0.34548533 = fieldWeight in 3773, product of:
               2.0 = tf(freq=4.0), with freq of:
                 4.0 = termFreq=4.0
               2.7638826 = idf(docFreq=7577, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=3773)
         0.015335972 = weight(abstract_txt:method in 3773) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.015335972 = score(doc=3773,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.054516394 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.1095145 = boost
               4.50095 = idf(docFreq=1333, maxDocs=44218)
               0.010916665 = queryNorm
             0.28130937 = fieldWeight in 3773, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               4.50095 = idf(docFreq=1333, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=3773)
         0.03040359 = weight(abstract_txt:texts in 3773) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.03040359 = score(doc=3773,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.08603388 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.393812 = boost
               5.6542544 = idf(docFreq=420, maxDocs=44218)
               0.010916665 = queryNorm
             0.3533909 = fieldWeight in 3773, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               5.6542544 = idf(docFreq=420, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=3773)
         0.051596735 = weight(abstract_txt:words in 3773) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.051596735 = score(doc=3773,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.15422131 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.6391046 = boost
               5.353007 = idf(docFreq=568, maxDocs=44218)
               0.010916665 = queryNorm
             0.33456293 = fieldWeight in 3773, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               5.353007 = idf(docFreq=568, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=3773)
         0.10803198 = weight(abstract_txt:word in 3773) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.10803198 = score(doc=3773,freq=4.0), product of:
             0.15900514 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.6797235 = boost
               5.4353957 = idf(docFreq=523, maxDocs=44218)
               0.010916665 = queryNorm
             0.67942446 = fieldWeight in 3773, product of:
               2.0 = tf(freq=4.0), with freq of:
                 4.0 = termFreq=4.0
               5.4353957 = idf(docFreq=523, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=3773)
         0.29717168 = weight(abstract_txt:segmentation in 3773) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.29717168 = score(doc=3773,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.42367017 = queryWeight, product of:
               4.890501 = boost
               7.935687 = idf(docFreq=42, maxDocs=44218)
               0.010916665 = queryNorm
             0.7014223 = fieldWeight in 3773, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               7.935687 = idf(docFreq=42, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=3773)
         0.20848627 = weight(abstract_txt:chinese in 3773) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.20848627 = score(doc=3773,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.3742116 = queryWeight, product of:
               5.4382863 = boost
               6.30326 = idf(docFreq=219, maxDocs=44218)
               0.010916665 = queryNorm
             0.5571347 = fieldWeight in 3773, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               6.30326 = idf(docFreq=219, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=3773)
       0.28 = coord(7/25)