Document (#20571)

Author
Pritchard-Schoch, T.
Title
Natural language comes of age
Source
Online. 17(1993) no.3, S.33-43
Year
1993
Abstract
Discusses natural languages and the natural language implementations of Westlaw's full-text legal documents, Westlaw Is Natural. Natural language is not aritificial intelligence but a hybrid of linguistics, mathematics and statistics. Provides 3 classes of retrieval models. Explains how Westlaw processes an English query. Assesses WIN. Covers WIN enhancements; the natural language features of Congressional Quarterly's Washington Alert using a document for a query; the personal librarian front end search software and Dowquest from Dow Jones news/retrieval. Conmsiders whether natural language encourages fuzzy thinking and whether Boolean logic will still be needed
Theme
Automatisches Indexieren
Computerlinguistik

Similar documents (author)

  1. Pritchard, J.: Information retrieval : smarter indexing (1991) 5.87
    5.874302 = sum of:
      5.874302 = weight(author_txt:pritchard in 4889) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
        5.874302 = fieldWeight in 4889, product of:
          1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
            1.0 = termFreq=1.0
          9.398883 = idf(docFreq=9, maxDocs=44421)
          0.625 = fieldNorm(doc=4889)
    
  2. Pritchard, J.A.T.: Integrated text and image management (1991) 5.87
    5.874302 = sum of:
      5.874302 = weight(author_txt:pritchard in 4145) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
        5.874302 = fieldWeight in 4145, product of:
          1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
            1.0 = termFreq=1.0
          9.398883 = idf(docFreq=9, maxDocs=44421)
          0.625 = fieldNorm(doc=4145)
    
  3. Pritchard, J.A.T.: Geographic information systems : report from GIS'99 (1999) 5.87
    5.874302 = sum of:
      5.874302 = weight(author_txt:pritchard in 458) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
        5.874302 = fieldWeight in 458, product of:
          1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
            1.0 = termFreq=1.0
          9.398883 = idf(docFreq=9, maxDocs=44421)
          0.625 = fieldNorm(doc=458)
    
  4. Pritchard, E.E.: Retrospective conversion of journal titles to online formats : which disciplines make good choices? (1999) 5.87
    5.874302 = sum of:
      5.874302 = weight(author_txt:pritchard in 705) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
        5.874302 = fieldWeight in 705, product of:
          1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
            1.0 = termFreq=1.0
          9.398883 = idf(docFreq=9, maxDocs=44421)
          0.625 = fieldNorm(doc=705)
    
  5. Pritchard, J.A.T.: Developments in document management systems (1998) 5.87
    5.874302 = sum of:
      5.874302 = weight(author_txt:pritchard in 1440) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
        5.874302 = fieldWeight in 1440, product of:
          1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
            1.0 = termFreq=1.0
          9.398883 = idf(docFreq=9, maxDocs=44421)
          0.625 = fieldNorm(doc=1440)
    

Similar documents (content)

  1. Tenopir, C.: Online databases : natural language searching with WIN (1993) 0.37
    0.37474123 = sum of:
      0.37474123 = product of:
        1.8737061 = sum of:
          0.11848248 = weight(abstract_txt:logic in 7037) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.11848248 = score(doc=7037,freq=2.0), product of:
              0.107450664 = queryWeight, product of:
                1.0033724 = boost
                6.2376356 = idf(docFreq=235, maxDocs=44421)
                0.017168285 = queryNorm
              1.1026686 = fieldWeight in 7037, product of:
                1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                  2.0 = termFreq=2.0
                6.2376356 = idf(docFreq=235, maxDocs=44421)
                0.125 = fieldNorm(doc=7037)
          0.11945926 = weight(abstract_txt:boolean in 7037) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.11945926 = score(doc=7037,freq=2.0), product of:
              0.108040415 = queryWeight, product of:
                1.0061222 = boost
                6.25473 = idf(docFreq=231, maxDocs=44421)
                0.017168285 = queryNorm
              1.1056905 = fieldWeight in 7037, product of:
                1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                  2.0 = termFreq=2.0
                6.25473 = idf(docFreq=231, maxDocs=44421)
                0.125 = fieldNorm(doc=7037)
          1.0652937 = weight(abstract_txt:westlaw in 7037) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            1.0652937 = score(doc=7037,freq=3.0), product of:
              0.51136637 = queryWeight, product of:
                3.0955563 = boost
                9.622026 = idf(docFreq=7, maxDocs=44421)
                0.017168285 = queryNorm
              2.0832298 = fieldWeight in 7037, product of:
                1.7320508 = tf(freq=3.0), with freq of:
                  3.0 = termFreq=3.0
                9.622026 = idf(docFreq=7, maxDocs=44421)
                0.125 = fieldNorm(doc=7037)
          0.12524655 = weight(abstract_txt:language in 7037) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.12524655 = score(doc=7037,freq=1.0), product of:
              0.24022427 = queryWeight, product of:
                3.3546798 = boost
                4.1709876 = idf(docFreq=1863, maxDocs=44421)
                0.017168285 = queryNorm
              0.52137345 = fieldWeight in 7037, product of:
                1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                  1.0 = termFreq=1.0
                4.1709876 = idf(docFreq=1863, maxDocs=44421)
                0.125 = fieldNorm(doc=7037)
          0.4452241 = weight(abstract_txt:natural in 7037) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.4452241 = score(doc=7037,freq=2.0), product of:
              0.49681133 = queryWeight, product of:
                5.708242 = boost
                5.0694656 = idf(docFreq=758, maxDocs=44421)
                0.017168285 = queryNorm
              0.89616334 = fieldWeight in 7037, product of:
                1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                  2.0 = termFreq=2.0
                5.0694656 = idf(docFreq=758, maxDocs=44421)
                0.125 = fieldNorm(doc=7037)
        0.2 = coord(5/25)
    
  2. Pritchard-Schoch, T.: Comparing natural language retrieval : Win & Freestyle (1995) 0.21
    0.21290065 = sum of:
      0.21290065 = product of:
        1.3306291 = sum of:
          0.1451108 = weight(abstract_txt:legal in 3546) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.1451108 = score(doc=3546,freq=3.0), product of:
              0.107450664 = queryWeight, product of:
                1.0033724 = boost
                6.2376356 = idf(docFreq=235, maxDocs=44421)
                0.017168285 = queryNorm
              1.3504877 = fieldWeight in 3546, product of:
                1.7320508 = tf(freq=3.0), with freq of:
                  3.0 = termFreq=3.0
                6.2376356 = idf(docFreq=235, maxDocs=44421)
                0.125 = fieldNorm(doc=3546)
          0.6150476 = weight(abstract_txt:westlaw in 3546) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.6150476 = score(doc=3546,freq=1.0), product of:
              0.51136637 = queryWeight, product of:
                3.0955563 = boost
                9.622026 = idf(docFreq=7, maxDocs=44421)
                0.017168285 = queryNorm
              1.2027533 = fieldWeight in 3546, product of:
                1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                  1.0 = termFreq=1.0
                9.622026 = idf(docFreq=7, maxDocs=44421)
                0.125 = fieldNorm(doc=3546)
          0.12524655 = weight(abstract_txt:language in 3546) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.12524655 = score(doc=3546,freq=1.0), product of:
              0.24022427 = queryWeight, product of:
                3.3546798 = boost
                4.1709876 = idf(docFreq=1863, maxDocs=44421)
                0.017168285 = queryNorm
              0.52137345 = fieldWeight in 3546, product of:
                1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                  1.0 = termFreq=1.0
                4.1709876 = idf(docFreq=1863, maxDocs=44421)
                0.125 = fieldNorm(doc=3546)
          0.4452241 = weight(abstract_txt:natural in 3546) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.4452241 = score(doc=3546,freq=2.0), product of:
              0.49681133 = queryWeight, product of:
                5.708242 = boost
                5.0694656 = idf(docFreq=758, maxDocs=44421)
                0.017168285 = queryNorm
              0.89616334 = fieldWeight in 3546, product of:
                1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                  2.0 = termFreq=2.0
                5.0694656 = idf(docFreq=758, maxDocs=44421)
                0.125 = fieldNorm(doc=3546)
        0.16 = coord(4/25)
    
  3. Samstag-Schnock, U.; Meadow, C.T.: PBS: an ecomical natural language query interpreter (1993) 0.19
    0.19147608 = sum of:
      0.19147608 = product of:
        0.797817 = sum of:
          0.08377976 = weight(abstract_txt:logic in 5090) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.08377976 = score(doc=5090,freq=1.0), product of:
              0.107450664 = queryWeight, product of:
                1.0033724 = boost
                6.2376356 = idf(docFreq=235, maxDocs=44421)
                0.017168285 = queryNorm
              0.77970445 = fieldWeight in 5090, product of:
                1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                  1.0 = termFreq=1.0
                6.2376356 = idf(docFreq=235, maxDocs=44421)
                0.125 = fieldNorm(doc=5090)
          0.11945926 = weight(abstract_txt:boolean in 5090) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.11945926 = score(doc=5090,freq=2.0), product of:
              0.108040415 = queryWeight, product of:
                1.0061222 = boost
                6.25473 = idf(docFreq=231, maxDocs=44421)
                0.017168285 = queryNorm
              1.1056905 = fieldWeight in 5090, product of:
                1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                  2.0 = termFreq=2.0
                6.25473 = idf(docFreq=231, maxDocs=44421)
                0.125 = fieldNorm(doc=5090)
          0.029009202 = weight(abstract_txt:retrieval in 5090) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.029009202 = score(doc=5090,freq=1.0), product of:
              0.06675496 = queryWeight, product of:
                1.1184443 = boost
                3.4765 = idf(docFreq=3732, maxDocs=44421)
                0.017168285 = queryNorm
              0.4345625 = fieldWeight in 5090, product of:
                1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                  1.0 = termFreq=1.0
                3.4765 = idf(docFreq=3732, maxDocs=44421)
                0.125 = fieldNorm(doc=5090)
          0.12550123 = weight(abstract_txt:front in 5090) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.12550123 = score(doc=5090,freq=1.0), product of:
              0.14067438 = queryWeight, product of:
                1.1480614 = boost
                7.1371193 = idf(docFreq=95, maxDocs=44421)
                0.017168285 = queryNorm
              0.8921399 = fieldWeight in 5090, product of:
                1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                  1.0 = termFreq=1.0
                7.1371193 = idf(docFreq=95, maxDocs=44421)
                0.125 = fieldNorm(doc=5090)
          0.12524655 = weight(abstract_txt:language in 5090) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.12524655 = score(doc=5090,freq=1.0), product of:
              0.24022427 = queryWeight, product of:
                3.3546798 = boost
                4.1709876 = idf(docFreq=1863, maxDocs=44421)
                0.017168285 = queryNorm
              0.52137345 = fieldWeight in 5090, product of:
                1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                  1.0 = termFreq=1.0
                4.1709876 = idf(docFreq=1863, maxDocs=44421)
                0.125 = fieldNorm(doc=5090)
          0.314821 = weight(abstract_txt:natural in 5090) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.314821 = score(doc=5090,freq=1.0), product of:
              0.49681133 = queryWeight, product of:
                5.708242 = boost
                5.0694656 = idf(docFreq=758, maxDocs=44421)
                0.017168285 = queryNorm
              0.6336832 = fieldWeight in 5090, product of:
                1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                  1.0 = termFreq=1.0
                5.0694656 = idf(docFreq=758, maxDocs=44421)
                0.125 = fieldNorm(doc=5090)
        0.24 = coord(6/25)
    
  4. Chowdhury, G.G.: Natural language processing (2002) 0.14
    0.14281188 = sum of:
      0.14281188 = product of:
        0.71405935 = sum of:
          0.06331221 = weight(abstract_txt:linguistics in 5284) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.06331221 = score(doc=5284,freq=1.0), product of:
              0.12195174 = queryWeight, product of:
                1.0689358 = boost
                6.6452217 = idf(docFreq=156, maxDocs=44421)
                0.017168285 = queryNorm
              0.51915795 = fieldWeight in 5284, product of:
                1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                  1.0 = termFreq=1.0
                6.6452217 = idf(docFreq=156, maxDocs=44421)
                0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=5284)
          0.06405274 = weight(abstract_txt:mathematics in 5284) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.06405274 = score(doc=5284,freq=1.0), product of:
              0.12290083 = queryWeight, product of:
                1.0730872 = boost
                6.6710296 = idf(docFreq=152, maxDocs=44421)
                0.017168285 = queryNorm
              0.5211742 = fieldWeight in 5284, product of:
                1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                  1.0 = termFreq=1.0
                6.6710296 = idf(docFreq=152, maxDocs=44421)
                0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=5284)
          0.018130751 = weight(abstract_txt:retrieval in 5284) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.018130751 = score(doc=5284,freq=1.0), product of:
              0.06675496 = queryWeight, product of:
                1.1184443 = boost
                3.4765 = idf(docFreq=3732, maxDocs=44421)
                0.017168285 = queryNorm
              0.27160156 = fieldWeight in 5284, product of:
                1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                  1.0 = termFreq=1.0
                3.4765 = idf(docFreq=3732, maxDocs=44421)
                0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=5284)
          0.17503737 = weight(abstract_txt:language in 5284) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.17503737 = score(doc=5284,freq=5.0), product of:
              0.24022427 = queryWeight, product of:
                3.3546798 = boost
                4.1709876 = idf(docFreq=1863, maxDocs=44421)
                0.017168285 = queryNorm
              0.7286415 = fieldWeight in 5284, product of:
                2.236068 = tf(freq=5.0), with freq of:
                  5.0 = termFreq=5.0
                4.1709876 = idf(docFreq=1863, maxDocs=44421)
                0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=5284)
          0.39352626 = weight(abstract_txt:natural in 5284) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.39352626 = score(doc=5284,freq=4.0), product of:
              0.49681133 = queryWeight, product of:
                5.708242 = boost
                5.0694656 = idf(docFreq=758, maxDocs=44421)
                0.017168285 = queryNorm
              0.792104 = fieldWeight in 5284, product of:
                2.0 = tf(freq=4.0), with freq of:
                  4.0 = termFreq=4.0
                5.0694656 = idf(docFreq=758, maxDocs=44421)
                0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=5284)
        0.2 = coord(5/25)
    
  5. Paris, L.A.H.; Tibbo, H.R.: Freestyle vs. Boolean : a comparison of partial and exact match retrieval systems (1998) 0.13
    0.13316594 = sum of:
      0.13316594 = product of:
        0.66582966 = sum of:
          0.089594446 = weight(abstract_txt:boolean in 4329) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.089594446 = score(doc=4329,freq=2.0), product of:
              0.108040415 = queryWeight, product of:
                1.0061222 = boost
                6.25473 = idf(docFreq=231, maxDocs=44421)
                0.017168285 = queryNorm
              0.82926786 = fieldWeight in 4329, product of:
                1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                  2.0 = termFreq=2.0
                6.25473 = idf(docFreq=231, maxDocs=44421)
                0.09375 = fieldNorm(doc=4329)
          0.030768905 = weight(abstract_txt:retrieval in 4329) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.030768905 = score(doc=4329,freq=2.0), product of:
              0.06675496 = queryWeight, product of:
                1.1184443 = boost
                3.4765 = idf(docFreq=3732, maxDocs=44421)
                0.017168285 = queryNorm
              0.46092314 = fieldWeight in 4329, product of:
                1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                  2.0 = termFreq=2.0
                3.4765 = idf(docFreq=3732, maxDocs=44421)
                0.09375 = fieldNorm(doc=4329)
          0.078704156 = weight(abstract_txt:query in 4329) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.078704156 = score(doc=4329,freq=2.0), product of:
              0.12485539 = queryWeight, product of:
                1.5295943 = boost
                4.754492 = idf(docFreq=1039, maxDocs=44421)
                0.017168285 = queryNorm
              0.6303625 = fieldWeight in 4329, product of:
                1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                  2.0 = termFreq=2.0
                4.754492 = idf(docFreq=1039, maxDocs=44421)
                0.09375 = fieldNorm(doc=4329)
          0.13284405 = weight(abstract_txt:language in 4329) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.13284405 = score(doc=4329,freq=2.0), product of:
              0.24022427 = queryWeight, product of:
                3.3546798 = boost
                4.1709876 = idf(docFreq=1863, maxDocs=44421)
                0.017168285 = queryNorm
              0.5530001 = fieldWeight in 4329, product of:
                1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                  2.0 = termFreq=2.0
                4.1709876 = idf(docFreq=1863, maxDocs=44421)
                0.09375 = fieldNorm(doc=4329)
          0.33391806 = weight(abstract_txt:natural in 4329) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.33391806 = score(doc=4329,freq=2.0), product of:
              0.49681133 = queryWeight, product of:
                5.708242 = boost
                5.0694656 = idf(docFreq=758, maxDocs=44421)
                0.017168285 = queryNorm
              0.6721225 = fieldWeight in 4329, product of:
                1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                  2.0 = termFreq=2.0
                5.0694656 = idf(docFreq=758, maxDocs=44421)
                0.09375 = fieldNorm(doc=4329)
        0.2 = coord(5/25)