Document (#19464)

Author

Hutchins, J.

Title

From first conception to first demonstration : the nascent years of machine translation, 1947-1954. A chronology

Source

Machine translation. 12(1997) no.3, S.195-252

Year

1997

Abstract

Chronicles the early history of applying electronic computers to the task of translating natural languages, from the 1st suggestions by Warren Weaver in Mar 1947 to the 1st demonstration of a working, if limited, program in Jan 1954

Theme

Computerlinguistik

Similar documents (author)

1. Hutchins, W.J.: Linguistic processes in the indexing and retrieval of documents (1970) 5.81

   5.81187 = sum of:
     5.81187 = weight(author_txt:hutchins in 1306) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
       5.81187 = fieldWeight in 1306, product of:
         1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
           1.0 = termFreq=1.0
         9.298992 = idf(docFreq=10, maxDocs=44218)
         0.625 = fieldNorm(doc=1306)
   

2. Hutchins, J.: Summarization: some problems and methods (1987) 5.81

   5.81187 = sum of:
     5.81187 = weight(author_txt:hutchins in 2738) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
       5.81187 = fieldWeight in 2738, product of:
         1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
           1.0 = termFreq=1.0
         9.298992 = idf(docFreq=10, maxDocs=44218)
         0.625 = fieldNorm(doc=2738)
   

3. Hutchins, M.: Introduction to reference work (1944) 5.81

   5.81187 = sum of:
     5.81187 = weight(author_txt:hutchins in 5745) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
       5.81187 = fieldWeight in 5745, product of:
         1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
           1.0 = termFreq=1.0
         9.298992 = idf(docFreq=10, maxDocs=44218)
         0.625 = fieldNorm(doc=5745)
   

4. Hutchins, W.J.: Languages of indexing and classification : a linguistic study of structures and functions (1978) 5.81

   5.81187 = sum of:
     5.81187 = weight(author_txt:hutchins in 2968) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
       5.81187 = fieldWeight in 2968, product of:
         1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
           1.0 = termFreq=1.0
         9.298992 = idf(docFreq=10, maxDocs=44218)
         0.625 = fieldNorm(doc=2968)
   

5. Hutchins, J.: ¬A new era in machine translation research (1995) 5.81

   5.81187 = sum of:
     5.81187 = weight(author_txt:hutchins in 3846) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
       5.81187 = fieldWeight in 3846, product of:
         1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
           1.0 = termFreq=1.0
         9.298992 = idf(docFreq=10, maxDocs=44218)
         0.625 = fieldNorm(doc=3846)
   

Similar documents (content)

1. Hutchins, W.J.; Somers, H.L.: ¬An introduction to machine translation (1992) 0.07

   0.073960595 = sum of:
     0.073960595 = product of:
       0.36980298 = sum of:
         0.033745345 = weight(abstract_txt:natural in 4512) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.033745345 = score(doc=4512,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.07086356 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.0342444 = boost
               5.0794845 = idf(docFreq=747, maxDocs=44218)
               0.013489013 = queryNorm
             0.47620165 = fieldWeight in 4512, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               5.0794845 = idf(docFreq=747, maxDocs=44218)
               0.09375 = fieldNorm(doc=4512)
         0.07573944 = weight(abstract_txt:machine in 4512) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.07573944 = score(doc=4512,freq=4.0), product of:
             0.076525904 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.074771 = boost
               5.2785225 = idf(docFreq=612, maxDocs=44218)
               0.013489013 = queryNorm
             0.98972297 = fieldWeight in 4512, product of:
               2.0 = tf(freq=4.0), with freq of:
                 4.0 = termFreq=4.0
               5.2785225 = idf(docFreq=612, maxDocs=44218)
               0.09375 = fieldNorm(doc=4512)
         0.05904852 = weight(abstract_txt:computers in 4512) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.05904852 = score(doc=4512,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.10290103 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.246297 = boost
               6.1209383 = idf(docFreq=263, maxDocs=44218)
               0.013489013 = queryNorm
             0.573838 = fieldWeight in 4512, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               6.1209383 = idf(docFreq=263, maxDocs=44218)
               0.09375 = fieldNorm(doc=4512)
         0.14853592 = weight(abstract_txt:translation in 4512) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.14853592 = score(doc=4512,freq=6.0), product of:
             0.104741216 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.2573915 = boost
               6.1754265 = idf(docFreq=249, maxDocs=44218)
               0.013489013 = queryNorm
             1.4181229 = fieldWeight in 4512, product of:
               2.4494898 = tf(freq=6.0), with freq of:
                 6.0 = termFreq=6.0
               6.1754265 = idf(docFreq=249, maxDocs=44218)
               0.09375 = fieldNorm(doc=4512)
         0.05273376 = weight(abstract_txt:first in 4512) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.05273376 = score(doc=4512,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.09542735 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.6973177 = boost
               4.168018 = idf(docFreq=1860, maxDocs=44218)
               0.013489013 = queryNorm
             0.55260634 = fieldWeight in 4512, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               4.168018 = idf(docFreq=1860, maxDocs=44218)
               0.09375 = fieldNorm(doc=4512)
       0.2 = coord(5/25)
   

2. Reyes Ayala, B.; Knudson, R.; Chen, J.; Cao, G.; Wang, X.: Metadata records machine translation combining multi-engine outputs with limited parallel data (2018) 0.06

   0.06306891 = sum of:
     0.06306891 = product of:
       0.26278713 = sum of:
         0.03390067 = weight(abstract_txt:languages in 4010) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.03390067 = score(doc=4010,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.07392706 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.0563636 = boost
               5.188118 = idf(docFreq=670, maxDocs=44218)
               0.013489013 = queryNorm
             0.45856917 = fieldWeight in 4010, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               5.188118 = idf(docFreq=670, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=4010)
         0.025246482 = weight(abstract_txt:machine in 4010) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.025246482 = score(doc=4010,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.076525904 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.074771 = boost
               5.2785225 = idf(docFreq=612, maxDocs=44218)
               0.013489013 = queryNorm
             0.32990766 = fieldWeight in 4010, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               5.2785225 = idf(docFreq=612, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=4010)
         0.01025103 = weight(abstract_txt:from in 4010) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.01025103 = score(doc=4010,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.041961685 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.1255199 = boost
               2.7638826 = idf(docFreq=7577, maxDocs=44218)
               0.013489013 = queryNorm
             0.24429502 = fieldWeight in 4010, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               2.7638826 = idf(docFreq=7577, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=4010)
         0.035215408 = weight(abstract_txt:applying in 4010) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.035215408 = score(doc=4010,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.095535114 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.2008623 = boost
               5.8977947 = idf(docFreq=329, maxDocs=44218)
               0.013489013 = queryNorm
             0.36861217 = fieldWeight in 4010, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               5.8977947 = idf(docFreq=329, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=4010)
         0.070020504 = weight(abstract_txt:translation in 4010) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.070020504 = score(doc=4010,freq=3.0), product of:
             0.104741216 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.2573915 = boost
               6.1754265 = idf(docFreq=249, maxDocs=44218)
               0.013489013 = queryNorm
             0.66850954 = fieldWeight in 4010, product of:
               1.7320508 = tf(freq=3.0), with freq of:
                 3.0 = termFreq=3.0
               6.1754265 = idf(docFreq=249, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=4010)
         0.088153034 = weight(abstract_txt:translating in 4010) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.088153034 = score(doc=4010,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.17612976 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.6305273 = boost
               8.008008 = idf(docFreq=39, maxDocs=44218)
               0.013489013 = queryNorm
             0.5005005 = fieldWeight in 4010, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               8.008008 = idf(docFreq=39, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=4010)
       0.24 = coord(6/25)
   

3. EuropeanaTech and Multilinguality : Issue 1 of EuropeanaTech Insight (2015) 0.06

   0.061602253 = sum of:
     0.061602253 = product of:
       0.22000805 = sum of:
         0.025425503 = weight(abstract_txt:languages in 1832) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.025425503 = score(doc=1832,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.07392706 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.0563636 = boost
               5.188118 = idf(docFreq=670, maxDocs=44218)
               0.013489013 = queryNorm
             0.34392688 = fieldWeight in 1832, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               5.188118 = idf(docFreq=670, maxDocs=44218)
               0.046875 = fieldNorm(doc=1832)
         0.018830236 = weight(abstract_txt:working in 1832) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.018830236 = score(doc=1832,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.07624374 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.0727878 = boost
               5.268782 = idf(docFreq=618, maxDocs=44218)
               0.013489013 = queryNorm
             0.24697417 = fieldWeight in 1832, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               5.268782 = idf(docFreq=618, maxDocs=44218)
               0.046875 = fieldNorm(doc=1832)
         0.026777938 = weight(abstract_txt:machine in 1832) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.026777938 = score(doc=1832,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.076525904 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.074771 = boost
               5.2785225 = idf(docFreq=612, maxDocs=44218)
               0.013489013 = queryNorm
             0.34991992 = fieldWeight in 1832, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               5.2785225 = idf(docFreq=612, maxDocs=44218)
               0.046875 = fieldNorm(doc=1832)
         0.007688273 = weight(abstract_txt:from in 1832) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.007688273 = score(doc=1832,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.041961685 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.1255199 = boost
               2.7638826 = idf(docFreq=7577, maxDocs=44218)
               0.013489013 = queryNorm
             0.18322127 = fieldWeight in 1832, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               2.7638826 = idf(docFreq=7577, maxDocs=44218)
               0.046875 = fieldNorm(doc=1832)
         0.042878624 = weight(abstract_txt:translation in 1832) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.042878624 = score(doc=1832,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.104741216 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.2573915 = boost
               6.1754265 = idf(docFreq=249, maxDocs=44218)
               0.013489013 = queryNorm
             0.4093768 = fieldWeight in 1832, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               6.1754265 = idf(docFreq=249, maxDocs=44218)
               0.046875 = fieldNorm(doc=1832)
         0.066114776 = weight(abstract_txt:translating in 1832) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.066114776 = score(doc=1832,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.17612976 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.6305273 = boost
               8.008008 = idf(docFreq=39, maxDocs=44218)
               0.013489013 = queryNorm
             0.3753754 = fieldWeight in 1832, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               8.008008 = idf(docFreq=39, maxDocs=44218)
               0.046875 = fieldNorm(doc=1832)
         0.032292698 = weight(abstract_txt:first in 1832) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.032292698 = score(doc=1832,freq=3.0), product of:
             0.09542735 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.6973177 = boost
               4.168018 = idf(docFreq=1860, maxDocs=44218)
               0.013489013 = queryNorm
             0.33840087 = fieldWeight in 1832, product of:
               1.7320508 = tf(freq=3.0), with freq of:
                 3.0 = termFreq=3.0
               4.168018 = idf(docFreq=1860, maxDocs=44218)
               0.046875 = fieldNorm(doc=1832)
       0.28 = coord(7/25)
   

4. Day, R.E.: ¬The "Conduit metaphor" and the nature and politics of information studies (2000) 0.06

   0.05782076 = sum of:
     0.05782076 = product of:
       0.4818397 = sum of:
         0.0108728595 = weight(abstract_txt:from in 4852) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.0108728595 = score(doc=4852,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.041961685 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.1255199 = boost
               2.7638826 = idf(docFreq=7577, maxDocs=44218)
               0.013489013 = queryNorm
             0.259114 = fieldWeight in 4852, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               2.7638826 = idf(docFreq=7577, maxDocs=44218)
               0.09375 = fieldNorm(doc=4852)
         0.22073923 = weight(abstract_txt:weaver in 4852) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.22073923 = score(doc=4852,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.24785636 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.9342461 = boost
               9.499662 = idf(docFreq=8, maxDocs=44218)
               0.013489013 = queryNorm
             0.89059335 = fieldWeight in 4852, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               9.499662 = idf(docFreq=8, maxDocs=44218)
               0.09375 = fieldNorm(doc=4852)
         0.2502276 = weight(abstract_txt:warren in 4852) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.2502276 = score(doc=4852,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.26946592 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.0168037 = boost
               9.905128 = idf(docFreq=5, maxDocs=44218)
               0.013489013 = queryNorm
             0.9286057 = fieldWeight in 4852, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               9.905128 = idf(docFreq=5, maxDocs=44218)
               0.09375 = fieldNorm(doc=4852)
       0.12 = coord(3/25)
   

5. Polly, J.A.: Somebody knocking' : the public library at the electronic door (1993) 0.06

   0.05612769 = sum of:
     0.05612769 = product of:
       0.35079807 = sum of:
         0.037080858 = weight(abstract_txt:history in 7391) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.037080858 = score(doc=7391,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.06808985 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.0138015 = boost
               4.9790826 = idf(docFreq=826, maxDocs=44218)
               0.013489013 = queryNorm
             0.54458714 = fieldWeight in 7391, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               4.9790826 = idf(docFreq=826, maxDocs=44218)
               0.109375 = fieldNorm(doc=7391)
         0.012685004 = weight(abstract_txt:from in 7391) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.012685004 = score(doc=7391,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.041961685 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.1255199 = boost
               2.7638826 = idf(docFreq=7577, maxDocs=44218)
               0.013489013 = queryNorm
             0.30229968 = fieldWeight in 7391, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               2.7638826 = idf(docFreq=7577, maxDocs=44218)
               0.109375 = fieldNorm(doc=7391)
         0.043503128 = weight(abstract_txt:first in 7391) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.043503128 = score(doc=7391,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.09542735 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.6973177 = boost
               4.168018 = idf(docFreq=1860, maxDocs=44218)
               0.013489013 = queryNorm
             0.45587695 = fieldWeight in 7391, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               4.168018 = idf(docFreq=1860, maxDocs=44218)
               0.109375 = fieldNorm(doc=7391)
         0.25752908 = weight(abstract_txt:chronicles in 7391) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.25752908 = score(doc=7391,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.24785636 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.9342461 = boost
               9.499662 = idf(docFreq=8, maxDocs=44218)
               0.013489013 = queryNorm
             1.0390255 = fieldWeight in 7391, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               9.499662 = idf(docFreq=8, maxDocs=44218)
               0.109375 = fieldNorm(doc=7391)
       0.16 = coord(4/25)