Document (#17915)

Author

Kirchherr, W.
Li, M.
Vitányi, P.

Title

¬The miraculous universal distribution

Source

Mathematical intelligencer. 19(1997) no.4, S.7-15

Year

1997

Abstract

What is it, exactly, that scientists do? How, exactly, do they do it? How is a scientific hypothesis formulated? How does one choose one hypothesis over another? Scientists engage in what is usually called 'inductive reasoning'. Inductive reasoning entails making predictions about future behavior based on past observations. However, defining the proper method of formulating such predictions has occupied philosophers through the ages

Similar documents (content)

1. Foskett, D.J.: Classification and integrative levels (1985) 0.09

   0.089832745 = sum of:
     0.089832745 = product of:
       0.32083124 = sum of:
         0.020724848 = weight(abstract_txt:does in 4639) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.020724848 = score(doc=4639,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.084701024 = queryWeight, product of:
               5.2198906 = idf(docFreq=652, maxDocs=44421)
               0.01622659 = queryNorm
             0.24468237 = fieldWeight in 4639, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               5.2198906 = idf(docFreq=652, maxDocs=44421)
               0.046875 = fieldNorm(doc=4639)
         0.021688236 = weight(abstract_txt:called in 4639) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.021688236 = score(doc=4639,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.08730596 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.0152608 = boost
               5.2995505 = idf(docFreq=602, maxDocs=44421)
               0.01622659 = queryNorm
             0.24841642 = fieldWeight in 4639, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               5.2995505 = idf(docFreq=602, maxDocs=44421)
               0.046875 = fieldNorm(doc=4639)
         0.023939427 = weight(abstract_txt:another in 4639) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.023939427 = score(doc=4639,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.09324744 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.0492383 = boost
               5.476909 = idf(docFreq=504, maxDocs=44421)
               0.01622659 = queryNorm
             0.2567301 = fieldWeight in 4639, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               5.476909 = idf(docFreq=504, maxDocs=44421)
               0.046875 = fieldNorm(doc=4639)
         0.02509619 = weight(abstract_txt:past in 4639) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.02509619 = score(doc=4639,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.096227586 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.065873 = boost
               5.5637407 = idf(docFreq=462, maxDocs=44421)
               0.01622659 = queryNorm
             0.26080036 = fieldWeight in 4639, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               5.5637407 = idf(docFreq=462, maxDocs=44421)
               0.046875 = fieldNorm(doc=4639)
         0.023293786 = weight(abstract_txt:what in 4639) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.023293786 = score(doc=4639,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.11536245 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.650452 = boost
               4.3075895 = idf(docFreq=1625, maxDocs=44421)
               0.01622659 = queryNorm
             0.20191826 = fieldWeight in 4639, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               4.3075895 = idf(docFreq=1625, maxDocs=44421)
               0.046875 = fieldNorm(doc=4639)
         0.07427471 = weight(abstract_txt:reasoning in 4639) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.07427471 = score(doc=4639,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.2499185 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.429237 = boost
               6.3401756 = idf(docFreq=212, maxDocs=44421)
               0.01622659 = queryNorm
             0.29719573 = fieldWeight in 4639, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               6.3401756 = idf(docFreq=212, maxDocs=44421)
               0.046875 = fieldNorm(doc=4639)
         0.13181405 = weight(abstract_txt:inductive in 4639) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.13181405 = score(doc=4639,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.36633542 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.9411023 = boost
               7.676116 = idf(docFreq=55, maxDocs=44421)
               0.01622659 = queryNorm
             0.35981792 = fieldWeight in 4639, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               7.676116 = idf(docFreq=55, maxDocs=44421)
               0.046875 = fieldNorm(doc=4639)
       0.28 = coord(7/25)
   

2. Fallis, D.: What is disinformation? (2015) 0.06

   0.05884626 = sum of:
     0.05884626 = product of:
       0.36778915 = sum of:
         0.09112737 = weight(abstract_txt:philosophers in 529) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.09112737 = score(doc=529,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.18765832 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.4884683 = boost
               7.769642 = idf(docFreq=50, maxDocs=44421)
               0.01622659 = queryNorm
             0.48560262 = fieldWeight in 529, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               7.769642 = idf(docFreq=50, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=529)
         0.03105838 = weight(abstract_txt:what in 529) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.03105838 = score(doc=529,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.11536245 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.650452 = boost
               4.3075895 = idf(docFreq=1625, maxDocs=44421)
               0.01622659 = queryNorm
             0.26922435 = fieldWeight in 529, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               4.3075895 = idf(docFreq=1625, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=529)
         0.07675028 = weight(abstract_txt:scientists in 529) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.07675028 = score(doc=529,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.21086213 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.2313616 = boost
               5.823732 = idf(docFreq=356, maxDocs=44421)
               0.01622659 = queryNorm
             0.36398324 = fieldWeight in 529, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               5.823732 = idf(docFreq=356, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=529)
         0.16885312 = weight(abstract_txt:exactly in 529) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.16885312 = score(doc=529,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.35668486 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.9021041 = boost
               7.574333 = idf(docFreq=61, maxDocs=44421)
               0.01622659 = queryNorm
             0.47339582 = fieldWeight in 529, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               7.574333 = idf(docFreq=61, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=529)
       0.16 = coord(4/25)
   

3. Larson, E.J.: ¬The myth of artificial intelligence : why computers can't think the way we do (2021) 0.06

   0.05881896 = sum of:
     0.05881896 = product of:
       0.3676185 = sum of:
         0.044218034 = weight(abstract_txt:defining in 2343) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.044218034 = score(doc=2343,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.12666681 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.2228892 = boost
               6.3833475 = idf(docFreq=203, maxDocs=44421)
               0.01622659 = queryNorm
             0.34908932 = fieldWeight in 2343, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               6.3833475 = idf(docFreq=203, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=2343)
         0.047070354 = weight(abstract_txt:what in 2343) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.047070354 = score(doc=2343,freq=3.0), product of:
             0.11536245 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.650452 = boost
               4.3075895 = idf(docFreq=1625, maxDocs=44421)
               0.01622659 = queryNorm
             0.40802145 = fieldWeight in 2343, product of:
               1.7320508 = tf(freq=3.0), with freq of:
                 3.0 = termFreq=3.0
               4.3075895 = idf(docFreq=1625, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=2343)
         0.12254702 = weight(abstract_txt:reasoning in 2343) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.12254702 = score(doc=2343,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.2499185 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.429237 = boost
               6.3401756 = idf(docFreq=212, maxDocs=44421)
               0.01622659 = queryNorm
             0.49034792 = fieldWeight in 2343, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               6.3401756 = idf(docFreq=212, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=2343)
         0.15378307 = weight(abstract_txt:inductive in 2343) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.15378307 = score(doc=2343,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.36633542 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.9411023 = boost
               7.676116 = idf(docFreq=55, maxDocs=44421)
               0.01622659 = queryNorm
             0.4197876 = fieldWeight in 2343, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               7.676116 = idf(docFreq=55, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=2343)
       0.16 = coord(4/25)
   

4. Onofri, A.: Concepts in context (2013) 0.06

   0.05771872 = sum of:
     0.05771872 = product of:
       0.2885936 = sum of:
         0.01807353 = weight(abstract_txt:called in 2077) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.01807353 = score(doc=2077,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.08730596 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.0152608 = boost
               5.2995505 = idf(docFreq=602, maxDocs=44421)
               0.01622659 = queryNorm
             0.2070137 = fieldWeight in 2077, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               5.2995505 = idf(docFreq=602, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0390625 = fieldNorm(doc=2077)
         0.019949524 = weight(abstract_txt:another in 2077) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.019949524 = score(doc=2077,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.09324744 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.0492383 = boost
               5.476909 = idf(docFreq=504, maxDocs=44421)
               0.01622659 = queryNorm
             0.21394177 = fieldWeight in 2077, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               5.476909 = idf(docFreq=504, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0390625 = fieldNorm(doc=2077)
         0.03882298 = weight(abstract_txt:what in 2077) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.03882298 = score(doc=2077,freq=4.0), product of:
             0.11536245 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.650452 = boost
               4.3075895 = idf(docFreq=1625, maxDocs=44421)
               0.01622659 = queryNorm
             0.33653045 = fieldWeight in 2077, product of:
               2.0 = tf(freq=4.0), with freq of:
                 4.0 = termFreq=4.0
               4.3075895 = idf(docFreq=1625, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0390625 = fieldNorm(doc=2077)
         0.105533205 = weight(abstract_txt:exactly in 2077) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.105533205 = score(doc=2077,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.35668486 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.9021041 = boost
               7.574333 = idf(docFreq=61, maxDocs=44421)
               0.01622659 = queryNorm
             0.2958724 = fieldWeight in 2077, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               7.574333 = idf(docFreq=61, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0390625 = fieldNorm(doc=2077)
         0.10621434 = weight(abstract_txt:predictions in 2077) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.10621434 = score(doc=2077,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.35821795 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.9083345 = boost
               7.590594 = idf(docFreq=60, maxDocs=44421)
               0.01622659 = queryNorm
             0.29650757 = fieldWeight in 2077, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               7.590594 = idf(docFreq=60, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0390625 = fieldNorm(doc=2077)
       0.2 = coord(5/25)
   

5. Fairthorne, R.A.: Temporal structure in bibliographic classification (1985) 0.05

   0.053790927 = sum of:
     0.053790927 = product of:
       0.26895463 = sum of:
         0.02991374 = weight(abstract_txt:does in 4651) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.02991374 = score(doc=4651,freq=3.0), product of:
             0.084701024 = queryWeight, product of:
               5.2198906 = idf(docFreq=652, maxDocs=44421)
               0.01622659 = queryNorm
             0.35316858 = fieldWeight in 4651, product of:
               1.7320508 = tf(freq=3.0), with freq of:
                 3.0 = termFreq=3.0
               5.2198906 = idf(docFreq=652, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0390625 = fieldNorm(doc=4651)
         0.019949524 = weight(abstract_txt:another in 4651) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.019949524 = score(doc=4651,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.09324744 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.0492383 = boost
               5.476909 = idf(docFreq=504, maxDocs=44421)
               0.01622659 = queryNorm
             0.21394177 = fieldWeight in 4651, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               5.476909 = idf(docFreq=504, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0390625 = fieldNorm(doc=4651)
         0.036223225 = weight(abstract_txt:past in 4651) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.036223225 = score(doc=4651,freq=3.0), product of:
             0.096227586 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.065873 = boost
               5.5637407 = idf(docFreq=462, maxDocs=44421)
               0.01622659 = queryNorm
             0.37643287 = fieldWeight in 4651, product of:
               1.7320508 = tf(freq=3.0), with freq of:
                 3.0 = termFreq=3.0
               5.5637407 = idf(docFreq=462, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0390625 = fieldNorm(doc=4651)
         0.03362168 = weight(abstract_txt:what in 4651) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.03362168 = score(doc=4651,freq=3.0), product of:
             0.11536245 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.650452 = boost
               4.3075895 = idf(docFreq=1625, maxDocs=44421)
               0.01622659 = queryNorm
             0.29144388 = fieldWeight in 4651, product of:
               1.7320508 = tf(freq=3.0), with freq of:
                 3.0 = termFreq=3.0
               4.3075895 = idf(docFreq=1625, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0390625 = fieldNorm(doc=4651)
         0.14924648 = weight(abstract_txt:exactly in 4651) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.14924648 = score(doc=4651,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.35668486 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.9021041 = boost
               7.574333 = idf(docFreq=61, maxDocs=44421)
               0.01622659 = queryNorm
             0.41842672 = fieldWeight in 4651, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               7.574333 = idf(docFreq=61, maxDocs=44421)
               0.0390625 = fieldNorm(doc=4651)
       0.2 = coord(5/25)