Document (#17381)

Author
Losee, R.M.
Title
¬A discipline independent definition of information
Source
Journal of the American Society for Information Science. 48(1997) no.3, S.254-269
Year
1997
Abstract
Information may be defined as the characteristics of the output of a process, these being informative about the process and the input. This discipline independent definition may be applied to all domains, from physics to epistemology. Hierarchies of processes linked together, provide a communication channel between each of the corresponding functions and layers in the hierarchies. Models of communication, perception, observation, belief, and knowledge are suggested that are consistent with this conceptual framework of information as the value of the output of any process in a hierarchy of processes. Misinformation and errors are considered
Theme
Information

Similar documents (author)

  1. Losee, R.M.: ¬A Gray code based ordering for documents on shelves : classification for browsing and retrieval (1992) 5.19
    5.187669 = sum of:
      5.187669 = weight(author_txt:losee in 2334) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
        5.187669 = fieldWeight in 2334, product of:
          1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
            1.0 = termFreq=1.0
          8.30027 = idf(docFreq=29, maxDocs=44421)
          0.625 = fieldNorm(doc=2334)
    
  2. Losee, R.M.: ¬The relative shelf location of circulated books : a study of classification, users, and browsing (1993) 5.19
    5.187669 = sum of:
      5.187669 = weight(author_txt:losee in 4484) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
        5.187669 = fieldWeight in 4484, product of:
          1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
            1.0 = termFreq=1.0
          8.30027 = idf(docFreq=29, maxDocs=44421)
          0.625 = fieldNorm(doc=4484)
    
  3. Losee, R.M.: Seven fundamental questions for the science of library classification (1993) 5.19
    5.187669 = sum of:
      5.187669 = weight(author_txt:losee in 4507) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
        5.187669 = fieldWeight in 4507, product of:
          1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
            1.0 = termFreq=1.0
          8.30027 = idf(docFreq=29, maxDocs=44421)
          0.625 = fieldNorm(doc=4507)
    
  4. Losee, R.M.: Term dependence : truncating the Bahadur Lazarsfeld expansion (1994) 5.19
    5.187669 = sum of:
      5.187669 = weight(author_txt:losee in 7389) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
        5.187669 = fieldWeight in 7389, product of:
          1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
            1.0 = termFreq=1.0
          8.30027 = idf(docFreq=29, maxDocs=44421)
          0.625 = fieldNorm(doc=7389)
    
  5. Losee, R.M.: Upper bounds for retrieval performance and their user measuring performance and generating optimal queries : can it get any better than this? (1994) 5.19
    5.187669 = sum of:
      5.187669 = weight(author_txt:losee in 7417) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
        5.187669 = fieldWeight in 7417, product of:
          1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
            1.0 = termFreq=1.0
          8.30027 = idf(docFreq=29, maxDocs=44421)
          0.625 = fieldNorm(doc=7417)
    

Similar documents (content)

  1. King, D.W.: Some economic aspects of the Internet (1998) 0.13
    0.13429418 = sum of:
      0.13429418 = product of:
        0.5595591 = sum of:
          0.0794303 = weight(abstract_txt:input in 3020) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.0794303 = score(doc=3020,freq=1.0), product of:
              0.13865627 = queryWeight, product of:
                1.0956997 = boost
                6.110481 = idf(docFreq=267, maxDocs=44421)
                0.020709643 = queryNorm
              0.57285756 = fieldWeight in 3020, product of:
                1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                  1.0 = termFreq=1.0
                6.110481 = idf(docFreq=267, maxDocs=44421)
                0.09375 = fieldNorm(doc=3020)
          0.02956411 = weight(abstract_txt:information in 3020) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.02956411 = score(doc=3020,freq=4.0), product of:
              0.065184705 = queryWeight, product of:
                1.3012335 = boost
                2.4188995 = idf(docFreq=10748, maxDocs=44421)
                0.020709643 = queryNorm
              0.45354366 = fieldWeight in 3020, product of:
                2.0 = tf(freq=4.0), with freq of:
                  4.0 = termFreq=4.0
                2.4188995 = idf(docFreq=10748, maxDocs=44421)
                0.09375 = fieldNorm(doc=3020)
          0.074473314 = weight(abstract_txt:communication in 3020) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.074473314 = score(doc=3020,freq=1.0), product of:
              0.16735005 = queryWeight, product of:
                1.7023534 = boost
                4.7468286 = idf(docFreq=1047, maxDocs=44421)
                0.020709643 = queryNorm
              0.4450152 = fieldWeight in 3020, product of:
                1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                  1.0 = termFreq=1.0
                4.7468286 = idf(docFreq=1047, maxDocs=44421)
                0.09375 = fieldNorm(doc=3020)
          0.16247483 = weight(abstract_txt:processes in 3020) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.16247483 = score(doc=3020,freq=3.0), product of:
              0.19518317 = queryWeight, product of:
                1.838476 = boost
                5.126392 = idf(docFreq=716, maxDocs=44421)
                0.020709643 = queryNorm
              0.8324223 = fieldWeight in 3020, product of:
                1.7320508 = tf(freq=3.0), with freq of:
                  3.0 = termFreq=3.0
                5.126392 = idf(docFreq=716, maxDocs=44421)
                0.09375 = fieldNorm(doc=3020)
          0.14429 = weight(abstract_txt:output in 3020) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.14429 = score(doc=3020,freq=1.0), product of:
              0.26008555 = queryWeight, product of:
                2.122242 = boost
                5.9176426 = idf(docFreq=324, maxDocs=44421)
                0.020709643 = queryNorm
              0.554779 = fieldWeight in 3020, product of:
                1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                  1.0 = termFreq=1.0
                5.9176426 = idf(docFreq=324, maxDocs=44421)
                0.09375 = fieldNorm(doc=3020)
          0.06932655 = weight(abstract_txt:process in 3020) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.06932655 = score(doc=3020,freq=1.0), product of:
              0.18263705 = queryWeight, product of:
                2.178095 = boost
                4.048922 = idf(docFreq=2105, maxDocs=44421)
                0.020709643 = queryNorm
              0.37958646 = fieldWeight in 3020, product of:
                1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                  1.0 = termFreq=1.0
                4.048922 = idf(docFreq=2105, maxDocs=44421)
                0.09375 = fieldNorm(doc=3020)
        0.24 = coord(6/25)
    
  2. Gomez, F.: ¬A representation of complex events and processes for the acquisition of knowledge from texts (1998) 0.13
    0.12622483 = sum of:
      0.12622483 = product of:
        0.63112414 = sum of:
          0.08167568 = weight(abstract_txt:hierarchy in 4245) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.08167568 = score(doc=4245,freq=1.0), product of:
              0.15951373 = queryWeight, product of:
                1.1752244 = boost
                6.553973 = idf(docFreq=171, maxDocs=44421)
                0.020709643 = queryNorm
              0.5120292 = fieldWeight in 4245, product of:
                1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                  1.0 = termFreq=1.0
                6.553973 = idf(docFreq=171, maxDocs=44421)
                0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=4245)
          0.08664127 = weight(abstract_txt:physics in 4245) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.08664127 = score(doc=4245,freq=1.0), product of:
              0.16591518 = queryWeight, product of:
                1.198574 = boost
                6.684188 = idf(docFreq=150, maxDocs=44421)
                0.020709643 = queryNorm
              0.5222022 = fieldWeight in 4245, product of:
                1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                  1.0 = termFreq=1.0
                6.684188 = idf(docFreq=150, maxDocs=44421)
                0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=4245)
          0.110550106 = weight(abstract_txt:processes in 4245) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.110550106 = score(doc=4245,freq=2.0), product of:
              0.19518317 = queryWeight, product of:
                1.838476 = boost
                5.126392 = idf(docFreq=716, maxDocs=44421)
                0.020709643 = queryNorm
              0.5663916 = fieldWeight in 4245, product of:
                1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                  2.0 = termFreq=2.0
                5.126392 = idf(docFreq=716, maxDocs=44421)
                0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=4245)
          0.057772122 = weight(abstract_txt:process in 4245) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.057772122 = score(doc=4245,freq=1.0), product of:
              0.18263705 = queryWeight, product of:
                2.178095 = boost
                4.048922 = idf(docFreq=2105, maxDocs=44421)
                0.020709643 = queryNorm
              0.31632203 = fieldWeight in 4245, product of:
                1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                  1.0 = termFreq=1.0
                4.048922 = idf(docFreq=2105, maxDocs=44421)
                0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=4245)
          0.29448497 = weight(abstract_txt:hierarchies in 4245) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.29448497 = score(doc=4245,freq=2.0), product of:
              0.37506944 = queryWeight, product of:
                2.5485468 = boost
                7.1063476 = idf(docFreq=98, maxDocs=44421)
                0.020709643 = queryNorm
              0.7851479 = fieldWeight in 4245, product of:
                1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                  2.0 = termFreq=2.0
                7.1063476 = idf(docFreq=98, maxDocs=44421)
                0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=4245)
        0.2 = coord(5/25)
    
  3. Cornelius, I.: Theorizing information for information science (2002) 0.12
    0.11556487 = sum of:
      0.11556487 = product of:
        0.41273168 = sum of:
          0.042567413 = weight(abstract_txt:perception in 5244) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.042567413 = score(doc=5244,freq=1.0), product of:
              0.16398637 = queryWeight, product of:
                1.1915867 = boost
                6.6452217 = idf(docFreq=156, maxDocs=44421)
                0.020709643 = queryNorm
              0.25957897 = fieldWeight in 5244, product of:
                1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                  1.0 = termFreq=1.0
                6.6452217 = idf(docFreq=156, maxDocs=44421)
                0.0390625 = fieldNorm(doc=5244)
          0.035913937 = weight(abstract_txt:information in 5244) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.035913937 = score(doc=5244,freq=34.0), product of:
              0.065184705 = queryWeight, product of:
                1.3012335 = boost
                2.4188995 = idf(docFreq=10748, maxDocs=44421)
                0.020709643 = queryNorm
              0.5509565 = fieldWeight in 5244, product of:
                5.8309517 = tf(freq=34.0), with freq of:
                  34.0 = termFreq=34.0
                2.4188995 = idf(docFreq=10748, maxDocs=44421)
                0.0390625 = fieldNorm(doc=5244)
          0.07020642 = weight(abstract_txt:channel in 5244) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.07020642 = score(doc=5244,freq=1.0), product of:
              0.22891492 = queryWeight, product of:
                1.4078579 = boost
                7.85132 = idf(docFreq=46, maxDocs=44421)
                0.020709643 = queryNorm
              0.30669218 = fieldWeight in 5244, product of:
                1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                  1.0 = termFreq=1.0
                7.85132 = idf(docFreq=46, maxDocs=44421)
                0.0390625 = fieldNorm(doc=5244)
          0.08731652 = weight(abstract_txt:misinformation in 5244) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.08731652 = score(doc=5244,freq=1.0), product of:
              0.2647406 = queryWeight, product of:
                1.5140214 = boost
                8.443371 = idf(docFreq=25, maxDocs=44421)
                0.020709643 = queryNorm
              0.32981917 = fieldWeight in 5244, product of:
                1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                  1.0 = termFreq=1.0
                8.443371 = idf(docFreq=25, maxDocs=44421)
                0.0390625 = fieldNorm(doc=5244)
          0.062061094 = weight(abstract_txt:communication in 5244) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.062061094 = score(doc=5244,freq=4.0), product of:
              0.16735005 = queryWeight, product of:
                1.7023534 = boost
                4.7468286 = idf(docFreq=1047, maxDocs=44421)
                0.020709643 = queryNorm
              0.37084597 = fieldWeight in 5244, product of:
                2.0 = tf(freq=4.0), with freq of:
                  4.0 = termFreq=4.0
                4.7468286 = idf(docFreq=1047, maxDocs=44421)
                0.0390625 = fieldNorm(doc=5244)
          0.05689415 = weight(abstract_txt:independent in 5244) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.05689415 = score(doc=5244,freq=1.0), product of:
              0.2506944 = queryWeight, product of:
                2.0835748 = boost
                5.8098235 = idf(docFreq=361, maxDocs=44421)
                0.020709643 = queryNorm
              0.22694623 = fieldWeight in 5244, product of:
                1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                  1.0 = termFreq=1.0
                5.8098235 = idf(docFreq=361, maxDocs=44421)
                0.0390625 = fieldNorm(doc=5244)
          0.057772122 = weight(abstract_txt:process in 5244) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.057772122 = score(doc=5244,freq=4.0), product of:
              0.18263705 = queryWeight, product of:
                2.178095 = boost
                4.048922 = idf(docFreq=2105, maxDocs=44421)
                0.020709643 = queryNorm
              0.31632203 = fieldWeight in 5244, product of:
                2.0 = tf(freq=4.0), with freq of:
                  4.0 = termFreq=4.0
                4.048922 = idf(docFreq=2105, maxDocs=44421)
                0.0390625 = fieldNorm(doc=5244)
        0.28 = coord(7/25)
    
  4. Foster, J.: On the interpretative authority of information systems (1999) 0.08
    0.08482247 = sum of:
      0.08482247 = product of:
        0.35342696 = sum of:
          0.059594378 = weight(abstract_txt:perception in 1274) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.059594378 = score(doc=1274,freq=1.0), product of:
              0.16398637 = queryWeight, product of:
                1.1915867 = boost
                6.6452217 = idf(docFreq=156, maxDocs=44421)
                0.020709643 = queryNorm
              0.36341056 = fieldWeight in 1274, product of:
                1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                  1.0 = termFreq=1.0
                6.6452217 = idf(docFreq=156, maxDocs=44421)
                0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=1274)
          0.035552982 = weight(abstract_txt:information in 1274) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.035552982 = score(doc=1274,freq=17.0), product of:
              0.065184705 = queryWeight, product of:
                1.3012335 = boost
                2.4188995 = idf(docFreq=10748, maxDocs=44421)
                0.020709643 = queryNorm
              0.5454191 = fieldWeight in 1274, product of:
                4.1231055 = tf(freq=17.0), with freq of:
                  17.0 = termFreq=17.0
                2.4188995 = idf(docFreq=10748, maxDocs=44421)
                0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=1274)
          0.043442763 = weight(abstract_txt:communication in 1274) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.043442763 = score(doc=1274,freq=1.0), product of:
              0.16735005 = queryWeight, product of:
                1.7023534 = boost
                4.7468286 = idf(docFreq=1047, maxDocs=44421)
                0.020709643 = queryNorm
              0.25959218 = fieldWeight in 1274, product of:
                1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                  1.0 = termFreq=1.0
                4.7468286 = idf(docFreq=1047, maxDocs=44421)
                0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=1274)
          0.07799354 = weight(abstract_txt:discipline in 1274) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.07799354 = score(doc=1274,freq=1.0), product of:
              0.24720275 = queryWeight, product of:
                2.069014 = boost
                5.7692223 = idf(docFreq=376, maxDocs=44421)
                0.020709643 = queryNorm
              0.31550434 = fieldWeight in 1274, product of:
                1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                  1.0 = termFreq=1.0
                5.7692223 = idf(docFreq=376, maxDocs=44421)
                0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=1274)
          0.07965181 = weight(abstract_txt:independent in 1274) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.07965181 = score(doc=1274,freq=1.0), product of:
              0.2506944 = queryWeight, product of:
                2.0835748 = boost
                5.8098235 = idf(docFreq=361, maxDocs=44421)
                0.020709643 = queryNorm
              0.31772473 = fieldWeight in 1274, product of:
                1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                  1.0 = termFreq=1.0
                5.8098235 = idf(docFreq=361, maxDocs=44421)
                0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=1274)
          0.057191484 = weight(abstract_txt:process in 1274) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.057191484 = score(doc=1274,freq=2.0), product of:
              0.18263705 = queryWeight, product of:
                2.178095 = boost
                4.048922 = idf(docFreq=2105, maxDocs=44421)
                0.020709643 = queryNorm
              0.31314284 = fieldWeight in 1274, product of:
                1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                  2.0 = termFreq=2.0
                4.048922 = idf(docFreq=2105, maxDocs=44421)
                0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=1274)
        0.24 = coord(6/25)
    
  5. Agarwal, N.K.: Exploring context in information behavior : seeker, situation, surroundings, and shared identities (2018) 0.08
    0.081573926 = sum of:
      0.081573926 = product of:
        0.33989137 = sum of:
          0.051080897 = weight(abstract_txt:perception in 992) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.051080897 = score(doc=992,freq=1.0), product of:
              0.16398637 = queryWeight, product of:
                1.1915867 = boost
                6.6452217 = idf(docFreq=156, maxDocs=44421)
                0.020709643 = queryNorm
              0.31149477 = fieldWeight in 992, product of:
                1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                  1.0 = termFreq=1.0
                6.6452217 = idf(docFreq=156, maxDocs=44421)
                0.046875 = fieldNorm(doc=992)
          0.022173082 = weight(abstract_txt:information in 992) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.022173082 = score(doc=992,freq=9.0), product of:
              0.065184705 = queryWeight, product of:
                1.3012335 = boost
                2.4188995 = idf(docFreq=10748, maxDocs=44421)
                0.020709643 = queryNorm
              0.34015775 = fieldWeight in 992, product of:
                3.0 = tf(freq=9.0), with freq of:
                  9.0 = termFreq=9.0
                2.4188995 = idf(docFreq=10748, maxDocs=44421)
                0.046875 = fieldNorm(doc=992)
          0.08424769 = weight(abstract_txt:channel in 992) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.08424769 = score(doc=992,freq=1.0), product of:
              0.22891492 = queryWeight, product of:
                1.4078579 = boost
                7.85132 = idf(docFreq=46, maxDocs=44421)
                0.020709643 = queryNorm
              0.3680306 = fieldWeight in 992, product of:
                1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                  1.0 = termFreq=1.0
                7.85132 = idf(docFreq=46, maxDocs=44421)
                0.046875 = fieldNorm(doc=992)
          0.04690244 = weight(abstract_txt:processes in 992) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.04690244 = score(doc=992,freq=1.0), product of:
              0.19518317 = queryWeight, product of:
                1.838476 = boost
                5.126392 = idf(docFreq=716, maxDocs=44421)
                0.020709643 = queryNorm
              0.24029961 = fieldWeight in 992, product of:
                1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                  1.0 = termFreq=1.0
                5.126392 = idf(docFreq=716, maxDocs=44421)
                0.046875 = fieldNorm(doc=992)
          0.10082399 = weight(abstract_txt:definition in 992) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.10082399 = score(doc=992,freq=3.0), product of:
              0.22541401 = queryWeight, product of:
                1.9757283 = boost
                5.509105 = idf(docFreq=488, maxDocs=44421)
                0.020709643 = queryNorm
              0.44728363 = fieldWeight in 992, product of:
                1.7320508 = tf(freq=3.0), with freq of:
                  3.0 = termFreq=3.0
                5.509105 = idf(docFreq=488, maxDocs=44421)
                0.046875 = fieldNorm(doc=992)
          0.034663275 = weight(abstract_txt:process in 992) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
            0.034663275 = score(doc=992,freq=1.0), product of:
              0.18263705 = queryWeight, product of:
                2.178095 = boost
                4.048922 = idf(docFreq=2105, maxDocs=44421)
                0.020709643 = queryNorm
              0.18979323 = fieldWeight in 992, product of:
                1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                  1.0 = termFreq=1.0
                4.048922 = idf(docFreq=2105, maxDocs=44421)
                0.046875 = fieldNorm(doc=992)
        0.24 = coord(6/25)